{ "id": "presidial-system", "title": "The Presidial System", "subtitle": "Garrisons and artillery of Spanish and Mexican California, 1769–1846, against the Russian benchmark", "abstract": "Documented counts of men and cannon at the California presidios, drawn from the muster rolls and ordnance inventories in the C-A transcripts. Open any fort for its full dated series with citations. The point the numbers make: in 1813 a single Russian outpost at Ross reported about 13 mounted cannon, while the entire San Francisco defense in 1802 had only ~5 of its ~13 pieces mounted and serviceable. Province-wide in 1830 there were 54 pieces on paper, most unserviceable, on gun platforms too rotten to work. Where two Savage copies of the same report disagree, both figures are shown.", "date_range": [ 1769, 1846 ], "center": [ 35.8, -120.2 ], "zoom": 6, "cite_key": "presidial", "last_updated": "2026-10-16", "layers": [ { "id": "presidios", "label": "Presidios", "color": "#7a2e2e" }, { "id": "forts", "label": "Forts & Batteries", "color": "#275d7a" }, { "id": "armed", "label": "Armed Missions & Pueblos", "color": "#2e5a4b" }, { "id": "ross", "label": "Colony Ross (Russian benchmark)", "color": "#8e44ad" } ], "legend_note": "Province-wide snapshots: 403 men and $98,650 situado (1799, C-A 10/16); 432 men (1827) and 420 (1828, C-A 56); 54 cannon total across all four presidios (1830, C-A 18 Doc 278); ~64–74 part-time militia gunners for the whole province (1816–19).", "features": [ { "id": "presidio-san-francisco", "register_no": null, "name": "Presidio of San Francisco", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "founded 1776", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 37.7862, -122.4572 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "presidio", "layer": "presidios", "summary": "The northernmost presidio, founded 1776, responsible for the whole contested frontier facing Bodega and Ross. Its company ran about 30 to 56 men for most of the Spanish period and never surged to meet the Russian arrival in 1812. In 1794 its own inspection called it 'abierto y sin defensa ninguna': tule-roofed houses renewed yearly, chapel and warehouses threatening ruin; the March 1831 review counts 44 men all told. At independence the company counted itself whole: June 1822, fuerza efectiva with the militias, 127 men, eight of them artillerymen.", "series": [ [ "1778 Dec 31", "28 soldados + 4 cabos under Tte. Moraga (Sgt. Grijalva); arms counted: 30 muskets, 22 lances, 15 swords, 1 pistol-pair, 26 cueras, 19 adargas, 30 saddles, 67 horses, 48 mules; 2 four-pdr cannon at each presidio — the comparative Estado de Compañías of all the presidial companies", "C-A 22 Doc 105" ], [ "1780", "26 men (Moraga)", "C-A 21 Doc 152" ], [ "1782 Dec 1", "33 plazas — 'Tuvo esta Comp.ª seg.n revistas desde Mzo 1. á la fha 33 plazas': Moraga's own year-of-revistas summary (officers Moraga, Lasso de la Vega, Grijalva)", "C-A 20 Doc 466" ], [ "1783 Mar", "16 escopetas (5 fair, 11 bad), 33 pairs of pistols, 32 espadas (1 good, 31 medium), 2 mounted cannon", "C-A 15 Doc 210" ], [ "1784 Feb", "33 men, Moraga commanding; '2 cañones montados en sus cureñas'; the powder-magazine corner down in the rains", "C-A 54 Doc 37" ], [ "1784 Feb 27", "31 muskets — from the inspector's comparative armament census of all five presidios (muskets, pistols and lances, with reserve)", "C-A 21 Doc 178", "ca21-d178" ], [ "1784 Apr 7", "Moraga's ordnance inventory: 2 four-pdr cannon, 140 ball + 40 grapeshot cartridges, 81 bronze balls, 18 @ 22 lb powder, 1,526 musket cartridges, 16 escopetas (part of the powder held at Monterey)", "C-A 15 Doc 227" ], [ "1787 Apr 6", "31 men — Alf. Lasso de la Vega commanding (teniente vacant), 1 sergeant, 4 corporals, 25 soldiers; +2 inválidos", "C-A 55 Doc 146" ], [ "1787 Jul", "32 men", "presidio register (C-A 54; catalog doc unresolved)" ], [ "1787 Jul 2", "'2 cañones montados', 84 @ powder, 332 gunflints, the small arms mostly broken; 32 men and 174 horses and mules on Argüello's muster and equipment inventory", "C-A 54 Doc 25" ], [ "1794", "38 plazas", "C-A 16 Doc 6" ], [ "1794 Jun", "'20 escopetas y ocho espadas' sent from Mexico for the company, with the priced relación", "C-A 22 Doc 2047; C-A 22 Doc 2061" ], [ "1796", "37 men + 25 Catalonian Volunteers + artillery", "C-A 16 Doc 59" ], [ "1796 Dec", "the year-end munitions account: 1,467 cannonballs (8- to 24-pdr), '274 @ 21 lb.s pólvora', 8,197 cartridges", "C-A 20 Doc 463" ], [ "1797 Nov 1", "38 fuerza (tte., alférez, sgt., 4 cabos, 31 soldados) + 25 Catalonian Volunteers + 7 artillery inválidos; the arsenal counted: 2 escopetas + 46 fusiles in reserve, 4,000 flints, 231 @ coarse + 7 @ fine powder, 3,600 cartridges, 5 @ 20-lb metralla; 8 horses per man", "C-A 50 Doc 220" ], [ "1797 Dec", "36 men, each with escopeta, sword, lance, cuera, adarga", "C-A 54 Doc 137 [reg. II-40]" ], [ "1799 Jan", "36 plazas — from Borica's fold-out Estado of the whole establishment: the five companies 36/63/57/57/68, +70 Catalonian Volunteers, +18 Royal Artillery = 403 men, $98,650 situado", "C-A 10 Doc 233" ], [ "1801", "30 men + 5 invalids", "C-A 21 Doc 147" ], [ "1802 Dec", "37 men — graduated capt. José Argüello, alférez Luis Argüello, 1 sgt, 4 cabos, cadet, ~30 soldados — plus an artillery party of 1 cabo and 3 soldiers, and 2 invalid alféreces with 2 cabos and 3 soldiers", "C-A 16 Doc 270" ], [ "1806 Jul 18", "73-plaza company keeping only 35 men at the presidio — '1 Compañia de 73, manteniendose 35 hombres, sin incluir guardia de Fuerte de Sn Joaquin' (Arrillaga to the viceroy); quarters ruinous, no guard quarters at Yerba Buena", "C-A 25 Doc 564" ], [ "1808", "70–73 men + 8–9 invalids", "C-A 16 Doc 604; C-A 16 Doc 630" ], [ "[c.1810] Dec", "'Recibió 40 carabinas y 30 pares pistolas p.a Presº de Sn Franco'", "C-A 25 Doc 687" ], [ "1815", "57 soldiers + 4 artillerymen", "C-A 21 Doc 148; C-A 21 Doc 150" ], [ "1818 Oct", "54 soldiers + a 4-gunner artillery detachment (the Bouchard year)", "C-A 21 Doc 66" ], [ "1822 Jun", "127 total under arms, veterans and militia together, 8 of them artillerymen — Luis Argüello's estado de fuerza efectiva (veterana y milicias)", "C-A 18 Doc 1" ], [ "1823 Jan", "36 men (Alf. M. G. Vallejo)", "C-A 54 Doc 186 [reg. III-16]" ], [ "1829 Jun 4", "107 armed men, 1 cannon, 2,500 cartridges — the column Alf. M. G. Vallejo led against Estanislao's fortified river stronghold; 31 grapeshot rounds fired in 4 hours at the second fortification, the force then retiring to Mission San José for want of ammunition (battle report to the comandante of San Francisco)", "C-A 53 Doc 9" ], [ "1829 Nov 2", "63 hombres: captain, teniente, Alf. 1º M. G. Vallejo, 2 sargentos, 6 cabos, 52 soldados; +7 inválidos; the month's presupuesto $1,387", "C-A 40 Doc 126" ], [ "1833 Jul 1", "41 hombres under Alf. 1º M. G. Vallejo — 2 alféreces, 2 sargentos, 4 cabos, 2 clarines, 31 soldados; monthly payroll $914.25 (soldado $19.37½); strength up from 36", "C-A 15 Doc 197" ] ], "series_label": "Garrison", "result": "Roughly 30 to 70 men guarding the Golden Gate across five decades", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault), compiled from C-A 10, 16, 21, 54", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "SF presidio condition report, Jun 1794 · 'abierto y sin defensa' (C-A 14), doc 100", "ca_record": "ca14-d100", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "San Francisco company, Mar 1831 · 44 hombres (C-A 19), doc 76", "ca_record": "ca19-d76", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Estado de fuerza efectiva (veterana y milicias), San Francisco, 26 Jun 1822 · total 127 (C-A 18), doc 1", "ca_record": "ca18-d1", "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "Rows cited 'presidio register' rest on the vault's register compilation; their catalog doc numbers are still being resolved and they carry no link by design.", "symbol": "fort", "symbol_major": true }, { "id": "castillo-san-joaquin-sf", "register_no": null, "name": "Castillo de San Joaquín (Fort Point, San Francisco)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "blessed Dec 1794", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 37.8107, -122.477 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "presidio", "layer": "forts", "summary": "The battery at the Golden Gate narrows, blessed December 1794. Built for 6,491 pesos, partly with mission mule labor. The register's headline series: the fort's serviceable guns never exceeded a handful, and a single Russian outpost at Ross reported more mounted cannon than the whole San Francisco defense.", "series": [ [ "1792 Sep", "a cannon bursts at the saint's-day salute — 'reventó un cañón… se hizo diez pedazos', fragments thrown 145 varas to the church", "C-A 55 Doc 136" ], [ "1792 Oct", "Sal to Arrillaga: the presidio has one cannon, and it 'burst many years ago'; Quadra promises 4–5 guns and allows 10–12 belong on the cantil blanco; 'quieren los ingleses la boca de este puerto por línea divisoria'. ⚠ Whether this names the September gun or an earlier one is unresolved — the two reports may describe different bursts; one leaf read settles it", "C-A 54 Doc 279" ], [ "1793 Jul", "2 cannon, both unserviceable — leaf-read C-A 14 n101 (2026-09-14): the '6' in the ca14-d93 catalogue summary is that summary's error against its own leaf, not a copy variant", "C-A 15 Doc 515" ], [ "1793 Jul", "⭐ the guns and the gunsmiths arrive together: the frigate Aránzazu (24 Jul) lands the Bodega expedition's supplies AND the San Blas fort-builders 'con la comisión de hacer las fuertes en San Francisco, Monterey y San Diego', with cannon and powder in the same lading; when Bodega folds within weeks the record pivots — 'since Bodega failed… fortify SF' — and construction begins in August (eleven brass 9-pdrs per Bancroft I:698; eight mounted at the 8 Dec 1794 blessing) ⭐ The cohort is then countable for 25 years: eight at the blessing, eight in 1798, eight again in 1819 (2 in battery + 6 at the presidio), one by 1833", "C-A 54 Doc 202; C-A 55 Doc 345; C-A 14 Doc 98" ], [ "1796 Dec", "2 mounted field cannon (Alberni inventory)", "C-A 54 Doc 118 [reg. II-19]" ], [ "1797 Jul 30", "3 cañones de á 24 — one was 'descompuesto' and Alberni 'á fuerza de experimentos lo ha dejado apto y útil'; the powder condemned: 'no está buena la pólvora... hace avanzar muy poco la bala'", "C-A 10 Doc 161" ], [ "1798 Dec", "3 iron 24-pdr + 1 iron 12-pdr in the batteries + 8 bronze 8-pdr half-culverins", "C-A 15 Doc 467" ], [ "1802", "~13 pieces but only ~5 mounted and serviceable", "C-A 11 Doc 242" ], [ "1805", "24-pdrs rusted, few serviceable bronze guns, buildings threatening collapse", "C-A 16 Doc 402; C-A 16 Doc 438" ], [ "1815 Dec", "15 cannon counted (likely all pieces incl. dismounted — reconcile before citing as mounted)", "C-A 21 Doc 63" ], [ "1818 Sep 8", "the fort's own inventory, three days after the province-wide count: 1,179 iron balls, 346 cartridges, 8 grapeshot clusters, 8 @ powder", "C-A 21 Doc 64" ], [ "1818 Sep 1", "2 soldiers — the entire manning of the fuerte de San Joaquín in the presidial muster of the Bouchard year; the artillery detachment otherwise Sgt. Manuel Gómez + 1 soldier, both at Monterey (regulars only — the 62 militia gunners of the Sep 5 count are the separate militia company)", "C-A 54 Doc 78" ], [ "1819 Dec", "full ordnance census: 3 iron 24-pdrs, 1 twelve, 1 twelve reventado (burst), 2 eights in the battery; 6 bronze half-culverins (8-pdr) + 2 bronze pedreros at the presidio (battery + presidio combined; battery alone = 7 pieces, one of them burst)", "C-A 17 Doc 352" ], [ "1820", "fort only: 8 cannon, 2 broken, 6 nominally functional (2 more at the landing point unusable for want of platform planking); little grapeshot ('only round shot'), no forge", "C-A 13 Doc 332; C-A 13 Doc 336" ], [ "1823 Jan", "the province's only heavy guns: 'solo hay 3 cañones de á 24' — BOTH Savage copies of Argüello's appeal carry the 3 (they disagree on the powder request, 150 vs 50 qq ordinaria); matching Argüello's own 1819 census — the same officer's returns, consistent four years apart", "C-A 46 Doc 273 (second copy: Doc 7)" ], [ "1833 Jun", "bronze 18-pdr ×5 + 8 + 2½; iron 24-pdr ×3 + 12 + 4 + 2½", "C-A 19 Doc 244" ] ], "series_label": "Ordnance", "result": "Never more than about six serviceable guns at any count, and usually fewer", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault); build cost C-A 24 Docs 62, 70", "ca_record": "ca24-d70", "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "The 1793 '6 vs 2' is resolved: the leaf of C-A 14 (n101, read 2026-09-14) says 2, agreeing with C-A 15; the 6 is a catalogue-summary defect, errata pending. The 1823 copies agree on the 3 heavy guns and disagree only on the powder figure; the earlier '2 (or 3)' note was wrong and the Doc 98 citation was a mis-reference (that record is a cadet discharge).", "symbol": "fort", "symbol_major": true }, { "id": "bateria-yerba-buena", "register_no": null, "name": "Batería de Yerba Buena (San Francisco)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "1797", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 37.8065, -122.4266 ], "coord_precision": "area", "type": "presidio", "layer": "forts", "summary": "The cove battery east of the presidio, garrisoned in the 1790s by a Catalan Volunteers detail relieved every 8 days. Ordered recomposed with adobe, earth, and fascine in 1799; abandoned by 1800 per the intelligence layer of the borderlands map.", "series": [ [ "1798 Feb 1", "6 guns asked for this battery in Borica's harbor plan — 'en la bateria de la Yerba Buena qe se pongan 6 cañones', within 26 pieces 'de a 24' for the port (10 at San Joaquín + 10 at a new fort on the far shore), plus 128 infantry, 19 artillerymen and a guard launch with 10 sailors — a proposal to the viceroy, not an inventory", "C-A 24 Doc 639" ], [ "1798 Dec", "alférez + 1 cabo of Catalan Volunteers on rotation", "C-A 15 Doc 467" ] ], "series_label": "Garrison", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "fort", "symbol_major": true }, { "id": "presidio-monterey", "register_no": null, "name": "Presidio of Monterey", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "founded 1770", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 36.6002, -121.8947 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "presidio", "layer": "presidios", "summary": "The capital's presidio and the largest company in the province, with the Real Cuerpo de Artillería headquartered here. Even so, in 1809 its ~85 men were dispersed as mission escorts and herd guards, with only 4 men on the battery. Its Mexican-era arithmetic survives month by month: March 1829, a lieutenant, an alférez, sergeants, ten corporals and sixty soldiers drawing $1,668, Mariano Vallejo keeping the books as habilitado; by November 1833 the same company musters 35 men.", "series": [ [ "1781", "56 total; 2 cannon, 52 pairs of pistols", "C-A 21 Doc 222; C-A 21 Doc 177" ], [ "1782 Feb", "8 bronze 4-pdr campaign cannon + 346 balls; 49½ pairs of pistols, 5 escopetas, 20 espadas, 17 lance-heads; 7@ 41 lb powder, 2@ 37 lb lead, 70,704 gunflints as copied (10x the adjacent inventories — likely a copy error), 143 balas de á 6: the complete habilitación inventory, Sal among the signatories", "C-A 2 Doc 48" ], [ "1782 Dec", "2 four-pdr cannon received from the naval officer Esteban José Martínez: 'Dn Estevan José Martinez le facilitó 2 cañones de á 4'", "C-A 23 Doc 330" ], [ "1784 Feb 27", "42 muskets — from the inspector's comparative armament census of all five presidios (muskets, pistols and lances, with reserve)", "C-A 21 Doc 178", "ca21-d178" ], [ "1784 Dec", "~53 men (Sal alférez)", "presidio register (C-A 54; catalog doc unresolved)" ], [ "1786 Dec", "391 cannonballs, 100 pedrero balls, 120 ball + 40 grapeshot cannon cartridges, 21 @ powder, 1,570 musket cartridges", "C-A 15 Doc 315" ], [ "1788 Oct–Dec", "50 escopetas received and issued at first cost plus prorated freight, 8 to 10 held 'para repuesto', the displaced arms appraised and resold to needy vecinos; the year's company account carries them at $325", "C-A 4 Doc 275; C-A 62 Doc 8" ], [ "1793 Jul 9", "3 guns (2 six-pdrs + 1 small field piece), 16 men in garrison, 90 pairs of pistols needing repair, 28 @ powder, 200 flints; Goycoechea's Nootka-crisis assessment asks reinforcement with troops and 2 small cannon more ⚠ Arrillaga's report the same month (C-A 15 Doc 515) counts Monterey 8 + 3 pedreros good — unreconciled; one leaf read settles it", "C-A 54 Doc 188" ], [ "1794 Jun 30", "41 escopetas, 40 espadas, 52 lanzas invoiced to Monterey, total $775.4.3¾", "C-A 22 Doc 323" ], [ "1795 Aug", "60 men", "C-A 54 Doc 181 [reg. III-11]" ], [ "1796", "83 men", "C-A 16 Doc 62" ], [ "1796 Dec 31", "10 cannon — 5 bronze 8-pdrs, 3 six-pdrs, 2 three-pdrs — plus 3 pedreros de á 2", "C-A 9 Doc 357; C-A 20 Doc 464" ], [ "1797 Mar–Nov", "the war-year remesa: '200 fusiles con fundas, 200 cartucheras y 16000 piedras de chispa' on the Concepción", "C-A 10 Doc 148; C-A 23 Doc 1257; C-A 24 Doc 599" ], [ "1797 Apr", "57 men (4 plazas vacant); short 13 muskets, 6 cueras, 19 sword-guards, 'armamento en uso… en mediano estado'; 4@ 17 lb powder, 3,600 musket cartridges, 1,900 gunflints, 113 @ lead; 124 horses, 109 mules", "C-A 54 Doc 3" ], [ "1799 Jan", "63 plazas (Borica's Estado; the largest company)", "C-A 10 Doc 233" ], [ "1804 Dec", "~58 active + 24 invalids", "C-A 54 Doc 213 [reg. IV-23]" ], [ "1809 Nov", "~85 men but dispersed; only 4 on the battery", "C-A 54 Doc 239 [reg. IV-49]" ], [ "1810 Feb", "70 plazas and no arms: 'se formo Compª de Artª de a Caballo de 70 plazas hace 3 años, y aun carece de armas'", "C-A 25 Doc 680" ], [ "1812", "7 mounted bronze 8-pdrs + 6-pdrs and 3-pdrs; 1,340 iron balls", "C-A 55 Doc 104; C-A 55 Doc 102" ], [ "1812 Dec", "84–85 men + 27 invalids; 2 artillerymen in the battery in Dec 1812, rising to 5 by Jan 1813", "C-A 54 Doc 65" ], [ "1816 Oct", "the San Carlos lands the era's largest single recorded shipment: 8 eight-pdrs with naval carriages + 800 balls, 30 qq powder, 100 new English muskets with bayonets, 20,000 cartridges — the San Blas manifest (20 powder boxes at 1½ qq each) and the commander's arrival report at Monterey (30 qq) reconcile exactly; both leaf-verified (manifest 09-20, arrival report 09-21)", "C-A 20 Doc 481; manifest C-A 13 Doc 165" ], [ "1816 Nov", "85 active + 5 artillerymen", "C-A 54 Doc 158 [reg. II-60]" ], [ "1818", "82–85 troops monthly; 2 cannon worked by militia gunner J. J. Vallejo during Bouchard's attack", "C-A 54 Doc 181; C-A 54 Doc 153" ], [ "1819 Dec", "300 poor sword-blades 'fit only for sickles' and none of the 500 carbines requested — the viceroy's retort to Solá's complaint: carbines unavailable, troops use muskets like dragoons; 'los 200 hombres de tropa… no los necesita V. ahí, devuélvalos a sus respectivos puestos'", "C-A 13 Doc 65" ], [ "1820", "cannon unusable for want of vent-pins", "C-A 54 Doc 156 [reg. II-58]" ], [ "1826(?) Jun 22", "sent by Argüello from Monterey: '25 Carabinas — 200 lanzas, 50 fusiles, 50 espadas, 3000 Cartuchos, 200 piedras de chispa, 500 estopines de á 8 y 1000 de á 4 y 14 Cuñetes de pólvora' (year queried in the copy)", "C-A 46 Doc 748" ], [ "1826 Aug 22", "262 effectives in the four Alta California companies: Monterrey 70, Sta Bárbara 64, S. Diego 66, S. Francisco 62 (Echeandía's signed force table)", "C-A 47 Doc 230" ], [ "1827", "bronze: 2×8-pdr good, 4×6-pdr useless, 1×4-pdr good", "C-A 18 Doc 238" ], [ "1829 Jan", "10 cuñetes de pólvora north on the brig María Esther", "C-A 47 Doc 1450; C-A 47 Doc 1428" ], [ "1829 Oct", "128 men: artillery 28, infantry 24, cavalry 76", "C-A 18 Doc 379" ], [ "1832 Jul", "'100 fusiles y 100 bayonetas' + 17 cajones with 20,000 cartuchos and 2,000 piedras de chispa, shipped on the brig Catalina to Figueroa's order", "C-A 20 Doc 517; C-A 20 Doc 516" ], [ "1832 Nov 3", "the artillery company at 43: '2 sarg.tos 2.os, 1 tambor, 8 cabos, 32 artilleros', distributed '1 sarg.to, 5 cabos, 12 sold.s en Mont. / 5 id en S.n F.co / 2 cabos y 9 id en Sta Barb.a / 1 sarg.to, 1 tambor, 1 cabo, 6 sold.s en San Diego'", "C-A 20 Doc 518" ], [ "1835 Dec 3", "the artillery company's whole strength: Monterey 5 cabos + 1 tambor + 11 artilleros, SF 1+4, Sta Bárbara 1+5, San Diego 1+7, 37 hombres on the roll; began the year with 38, one deserted (the distribution as copied sums to 36 against the return's own 37)", "C-A 20 Doc 241" ], [ "1836 Oct", "31 hombres total — company muster with the captaincy vacant: Tte Bernardo Navarrete, 2 alféreces (I. del Valle, J. A. Pico), 1 sargento, 2 clarines, 2 cabos, 23 soldados", "C-A 20 Doc 312" ], [ "1840 Apr", "20 fusiles, 500 cartuchos, 500 piedras de chispa, 20 casacas y 20 gorras de infantería — Vallejo's remisión from Sonoma to the Governor on the barca 'La Joven Guipuzcoana'", "C-A 30 Doc 11" ], [ "1844 Nov", "the government buys 2 six-pdrs from the American merchant Stephen Smith: $2,935.6 + $100 freight, payable in the customs duties of Smith's own ship when it arrives, or in land; Spence's endorsement, 13 Jun 1845: only $2,100 ever received — leaf-verified 2026-09-20", "C-A 20 Doc 595" ], [ "1845 Nov", "1–7 plazas — the fixed national artillery company's monthly musters, costing $113–$258 a month (Capt. Mariano Silva; Gabriel de la Torre agregado; Sgt. Martín Aragón)", "C-A 20 Doc 448" ] ], "series_label": "Garrison / ordnance", "result": "The largest single garrison, comparable to Ross's combined personnel, 100+ miles from the contested ground", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Monterey company pay & strength, Mar 1829 · Vallejo habilitado (C-A 19), doc 9", "ca_record": "ca19-d9", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Monterey company, Nov 1833 · 35 hombres (C-A 19), doc 207", "ca_record": "ca19-d207", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Monterey muster roll & arms report, Apr 1797 (C-A 54), doc 3", "ca_record": "ca54-d3", "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "Rows cited 'presidio register' rest on the vault's register compilation; their catalog doc numbers are still being resolved and they carry no link by design.", "symbol": "fort", "symbol_major": true }, { "id": "presidio-santa-barbara", "register_no": null, "name": "Presidio of Santa Bárbara", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "founded 1782", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 34.4221, -119.6989 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "presidio", "layer": "presidios", "summary": "Founded 1782 with about 58 men and holding near that strength for decades. In 1797 its commander reported 118 cartridges for his single six-pounder, with no artilleryman to serve it. Its 1788 munitions account runs the escopeta cartridges down from 3,784 to 2,634 across the year, gunflints 1,900 to 1,685: consumption bookkeeping, round by round. The Mexican-era returns continue the series: Goycoechea's November 1797 estado de la fuerza, and Ibarra's Christmas 1834 garrison return.", "series": [ [ "1781 Nov 15", "founding muster of the company raised for Santa Bárbara, passed at San Gabriel: 1 teniente (Ortega), 1 alférez, 3 sargentos, 2 cabos, 50 soldados, 3 plazas vacant", "C-A 2 Doc 143" ], [ "1782 Sep", "58 men (founding year; Sgt. Sal among them) (total as copied; the record's own itemization sums lower — leaf-check pending)", "C-A 54 Doc 229 [reg. IV-39]" ], [ "1783 Mar", "6,700 musket cartridges, 2,860 gunflints, 18 @ powder, 14 @ balls, 119 @ lead; 140 four-pdr cannon cartridges", "C-A 15 Doc 203" ], [ "1784 Feb 27", "58 muskets — from the inspector's comparative armament census of all five presidios (muskets, pistols and lances, with reserve)", "C-A 21 Doc 178", "ca21-d178" ], [ "1784 Apr", "2 bronze 4-pdrs on carriages; 58 muskets (46 of 1780 + 12 short of 1775), 57 pairs of pistols", "C-A 3 Doc 97" ], [ "1788 Nov", "'las 50 escopetas que he recibido de México'", "C-A 4 Doc 342" ], [ "1788 Dec 31", "the year's munitions account: escopeta cartridges 3,784 down to 2,634, gunflints 1,900 to 1,685, spent in 5 draw-orders — among them '21 cañonazos' for San Carlos day and the salute to the situado ship; fuerza 59", "C-A 4 Doc 339" ], [ "1790 Oct 1", "what a soldier's arms were worth — appraisal of discharged soldado José Encarnación's kit: '1 escopeta 6-4; 1 par de pistolas 8; 1 cuera blanca 44' pesos, total 90-2; the leather cuera alone half the kit", "C-A 5 Doc 181" ], [ "1793 Jul 9", "~50 escopetas, only 23 good; short 27 swords; lances complete (the province-wide Nootka-crisis armament assessment)", "C-A 54 Doc 188" ], [ "1793 Dec", "61 men", "C-A 54 Doc 186 [reg. III-16]" ], [ "1794 Jul 16", "arms consigned by Arrillaga to the presidio, priced by unit: 52 escopetas at 11 pesos, 53 espadas at 28 reales, 114 lanzas at 14 reales", "C-A 22 Doc 308" ], [ "1794 Dec", "'118 cartuchos con bala de á 6' already in store — the same figure the commander reports in April 1797: twenty-eight months, nothing fired, nothing added", "C-A 54 Doc 137" ], [ "1796 Dec 31", "the year-end account: 128 cannonballs, 7 grape cartridges, '44 @ 5 lb.s pólvora', 8,842 escopeta cartridges", "C-A 20 Doc 465" ], [ "1797", "57 soldiers; for the one six-pounder 'no hay más de 118 cartuchos', no artilleryman ('para este no hay artillero, y poca tropa para manejarlo'), and the commander refuses to build a beach battery as useless against a landing — leaf-verbatim", "C-A 8 Doc 292; C-A 54 Docs 12, II-21" ], [ "1798 Dec", "presidio guns: 1 bronze 6-pdr + 1 iron 3-pdr + 1 of caliber 1", "C-A 15 Doc 464" ], [ "1799 Jan", "57 plazas (Borica's Estado)", "C-A 10 Doc 233" ], [ "1802", "1 bronze 6-pdr + iron 4-pdr + small pieces, several without carriages", "C-A 16 Doc 291" ], [ "1802 Dec", "61 men — graduated capt. Goycoechea, alférez, 3 sgts, 2 cabos, 1 cadet, 53 soldados — plus 20 invalids (3 sgts, 2 cabos, 15 soldiers); Carrillo's muster", "C-A 16 Doc 278" ], [ "1803 Mar", "'Para el situado vendrán 36 arrobas de pólvora'", "C-A 26 Doc 324" ], [ "1806–08", "69 men + 25–33 invalids", "C-A 16 Doc 572; C-A 16 Doc 602; C-A 16 Doc 633" ], [ "1815", "~66 men (Capt. J. Argüello; Tte. de la Guerra)", "C-A 54 Doc 181 [reg. III-11]" ], [ "1816 Jul 6", "the jurisdiction could field 135 men — Los Ángeles (4 sergeants, 1 corporal, 15 invalid soldiers, 70 vecinos), the missions San Fernando, San Buenaventura and Purísima, the ranchos Simí and del Refugio, the presidio invalids and 17 vecinos — but held only 32 muskets, 22 swords, 8 pistols and 6 lances for the whole of it", "C-A 13 Doc 127 — Estado of men fit to bear arms, signed Guerra y Noriega", "ca13-d127" ], [ "1816 Dec 31", "artillery census of the presidio and its mission district: 4 cannon at the presidio, only the 4-pdr serviceable; 1 bronze piece each at San Buenaventura, Santa Inés, La Purísima and San Fernando", "C-A 21 Doc 40" ], [ "1817 Aug 4", "'tenia esta Comp.a 62 hombres, de los cuales 17 sabian escribir' — 62 men on the day's revista, 17 of them able to write", "C-A 20 Doc 484" ], [ "1820", "90 soldiers (Moraga)", "C-A 21 Doc 55" ], [ "1827 Jan", "'Que le van 6 carabinas, 4 fusiles y 10 espadas' — Echeandía notified to a presidial comandante (addressee not named in the abstract) of the consignment on its way", "C-A 47 Doc 327" ], [ "1827 Nov 15", "64 plazas + 8 artillerymen (Pacheco's return)", "C-A 19 Doc 49" ], [ "1828", "bronze 2 good / 1 bad / 1 useless; iron 1 good / 2 useless", "C-A 18 Doc 377" ], [ "1828 Jun", "'Remita á Comte de Sta Barba 2000 piedras de chispa'", "C-A 47 Doc 1623" ], [ "1829 Jan 2", "the Permanent Artillery Brigade at the presidio: 1 alférez, 2 sergeants, 5 corporals, 22 artilleros — about 30 gunners", "C-A 56 Doc 232" ], [ "1829 Nov 15", "cavalry 3 sargentos, 6 cabos, 55 soldados; artillery down to 1 cabo + 7 soldados; the company and invalids cost $1,581 for October", "C-A 19 Doc 11" ], [ "1833 Dec 25", "the garrison at year-end: 37 cuera cavalry, 5 of the Mazatlán squadron, 6 artillerymen", "C-A 19 Doc 205" ], [ "1835 Jun 3", "estado de fuerza with every man accounted for: artillery 1 corporal + 4 effective soldiers (1 in the battery, 1 sick, 1 on leave); cavalry 34 (guard, San Buenaventura escort, 3 prisoners at Monterey); Mazatlán squadron 1 lieutenant + 5 soldiers", "C-A 55 Doc 144" ], [ "1836 Apr", "6 artillerymen (1 cabo, 5 soldados) and 32 cavalry (1 teniente, 2 alféreces, 3 sargentos, 2 cabos, 24 soldados) — Ibarra's 'Fuerza de la guarnición' tallies; besides 1 teniente + 8 soldados invalid and a teniente + 3 soldados of Mazatlán", "C-A 20 Doc 294" ], [ "1836 Sep 3", "31 on the muster — 3 sargentos, 2 cabos, 24 soldados under Tte. Domingo Carrillo, with Alfz 1º Santiago Carrillo and Alfz 2º Pablo Pacheco (+ an alférez 3º agregado); haberes budgeted at $1,742 / $773 / $881 across the months", "C-A 20 Doc 303" ], [ "1841 Sep 3", "the permanent cavalry company down to 34 plazas on a monthly budget of $701-$740 (Capt. de la Guerra, teniente vacant; Alf. Roberto Pardo)", "C-A 20 Doc 434" ] ], "series_label": "Garrison / ordnance", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Santa Bárbara company munitions account & estado de fuerza, 1788 (C-A 4), doc 339", "ca_record": "ca4-d339", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Goycoechea's revista extracts + estado de la fuerza, Nov 1797 (C-A 8), doc 467", "ca_record": "ca8-d467", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Ibarra, fuerza de la guarnición de Santa Bárbara, 25 Dec 1834 (C-A 19), doc 278", "ca_record": "ca19-d278", "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "fort", "symbol_major": true }, { "id": "presidio-san-diego", "register_no": null, "name": "Presidio of San Diego", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "founded 1769", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 32.7573, -117.1966 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "presidio", "layer": "presidios", "summary": "The first presidio, founded 1769. In September 1783 the whole company held 72 cartridges. Its guns were dismounted in 1793 with nobody able to operate them. The 1827 company roster counts 69 present, captain's chair vacant, its Habilitado General away in Guadalajara.", "series": [ [ "1775 May", "55 espadas, 20 cuchillos, 2 cajones de pólvora, 1 cajón de balas, 8 @ munición in the founding-era supply", "C-A 1 Doc 106" ], [ "1777 Mar 11", "12 escopetas poblanas, 17 espadas, 2,500 piedras de chispa in the Real Almacén — founding-era warehouse inventory, witnessed by pilot Mourelle of the Príncipe", "C-A 15 Doc 39" ], [ "1782 Dec 1", "52 hombres (short 1 cabo & 8); arms reserve 35 pairs pistols, 8 espadas, 8 lance-heads; 2 mounted cañones de campaña with 96 bronze balls, cartridges of 2 & 4 lb, 15 @ powder, 20 @ balls", "C-A 15 Doc 186" ], [ "1783 Sep", "50 men; 35 pairs pistols, 1 sword, 72 cartridges for the company", "C-A 54 Doc 117 [reg. II-20]" ], [ "1784 Jan", "57 men (Zúñiga) (total as copied; the itemization in the record sums lower — leaf-check pending)", "C-A 54 Doc 203 [reg. IV-13]" ], [ "1784 Feb 27", "48 muskets — from the inspector's comparative armament census of all five presidios (muskets, pistols and lances, with reserve)", "C-A 21 Doc 178", "ca21-d178" ], [ "1785 Jan", "the company's arms, piece by piece: 52 escopetas (3 good / 35 medium / 14 bad, issues of 1774 and 1780), 52 pairs of pistols (38 French + 14 from Sonora)", "C-A 3 Doc 222; C-A 3 Doc 221" ], [ "1793 Jul", "3 cannon, dismounted, nobody to work them — 'sin q.e haya quien los maneje' (the C-A 14 leaf, n101, read 2026-09-14)", "C-A 15 Doc 515" ], [ "1796 Dec", "49 soldiers (Grajera)", "presidio register (C-A 54; catalog doc unresolved)" ], [ "1796 Dec 31", "the year-end account: '25 @ 14 lb.s pólvora, 6070 cartuchos, 101 @ 13 lb plomo, 3752 piedras' — small-arms stores only", "C-A 20 Doc 467" ], [ "1799 Jan", "57 plazas (Borica's Estado)", "C-A 10 Doc 233" ], [ "1804 Dec 31", "48 muskets, 33 pairs pistols, 4,000 gunflints, 27 holsters held in the almacén — year-end armament inventory valued at $784", "C-A 21 Doc 200" ], [ "1806", "76 men", "C-A 16 Doc 549" ], [ "1810 Mar", "~67 men + 4 artillerymen", "C-A 54 Doc 139 [reg. II-41]" ], [ "1817", "62 soldiers; 20-man artillery detachment (1816)", "C-A 21 Doc 87; C-A 21 Doc 89" ], [ "1819 Dec 1", "72 plazas (1 capn, 1 tte, 1 alfz, 2 sargtos, 7 cabos, 1 cadete, 59 solds) but only 3 artilleros the December after Bouchard; 19 inválidos", "C-A 17 Doc 355" ], [ "1821 Dec", "72 total + 7 artillerymen", "presidio register (C-A 54; catalog doc unresolved)" ], [ "1822 May", "71 men + 4 artillerymen + 19 invalids — but only 25 fusiles for the company; 437 horses", "C-A 18 Doc 25" ], [ "1824 Aug", "'32 fusiles con sus Bayonetas, 12 Cañetes de Polvora con una @ cada uno y un mil piedras de Chispa' landed from the goleta", "C-A 46 Doc 341" ], [ "1826 Apr", "asked-for, not held — Echeandía orders a presidial comandante (addressee not named in the abstract) to send him '200 lanzas, 25 tercerolas, 40 fusiles, 50 espadas, 3000 cartuchos de fusil, 2000 piedras de chispa, 500 estopines de á 8 y 1000 de á 4'", "C-A 47 Doc 178" ], [ "1826 Nov 1", "100 men total: 59 soldiers, 7 artillery 'en batalla', 20 inválidos, 2 artisans, + 3 officers, 2 sergeants and 7 cabos to reach the 100 — Estudillo's muster", "C-A 55 Doc 209" ], [ "1827 Feb", "'Se enviaron á Mazatlan 16 fusiles á 7½ pˢ' — 16 muskets at 7½ pesos sent out of the province, Echeandía reporting from San Diego", "C-A 47 Doc 358" ], [ "1828 May", "40 arrobas of gunpowder deposited by the French frigate Héros (Duhaut-Cilly), ordered taken and divided", "C-A 47 Doc 1583" ], [ "1828 May 13", "8–10,000 cartridges ordered made from the powder being sent — 'Proceder con la polvora qe se les envie a construir 8 o 10,000 cartuchos' (an order, not stock in hand)", "C-A 47 Doc 1584" ], [ "1828 Oct 22", "30 artilleros landed with Alférez José Fernández and quartered at the mission — 'con los 30 Artilleros qe le acompañan'", "C-A 47 Doc 1229" ], [ "1828 Nov 1", "27 in the artillery detachment: alférez, 2 sargentos, 4 cabos, 20 artilleros — Fernández del Campo's muster, days after the 30 landed", "C-A 56 Doc 234" ], [ "1829 Aug", "45 men", "C-A 54 Doc 181 [reg. III-11]" ], [ "1829 Dec 3", "12 men in the artillery piquete: 1 sargento + 11 artilleros", "C-A 18 Doc 380" ], [ "1830 Jul 15", "11 artillerymen, 53 cavalry plazas, 6 of the Mazatlán squadron — the garrison's effective force by arm", "C-A 19 Doc 114" ], [ "1833 Dec 15", "58 hombres — cuera cavalry, artillery and Mazatlán militia with officers; the same figure held Sept–Nov", "C-A 19 Doc 215" ], [ "1834 Mar", "33 total — muster of the escuadrón activo de Mazatlán at San Diego: Capt. Pablo de la Portilla, Tte Juan María Ibarra, 2 sargentos, 1 corneta, 2 cabos, 26 soldados", "C-A 20 Doc 341" ], [ "1835", "32 men", "C-A 56 Doc 268" ], [ "1836 Jun", "'Sólo 26 efectivos' — the presidial company's muster, its captain de baja and its teniente absent in Acapulco; pay budget $809 (certified Argüello and Marrón)", "C-A 20 Doc 285" ], [ "1837 Sep 1", "27 plazas in the permanent cavalry since Aug 2, at $431–433 a month, some months without revista — Salazar's return; Capt. Zamorano absent in Mexico", "C-A 20 Doc 425" ] ], "series_label": "Garrison", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "San Diego company roster, Aug 1827 · 69 present (C-A 18), doc 237", "ca_record": "ca18-d237", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "San Diego company review, Aug 1829 (C-A 19), doc 6", "ca_record": "ca19-d6", "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "Rows cited 'presidio register' rest on the vault's register compilation; their catalog doc numbers are still being resolved and they carry no link by design.", "symbol": "fort", "symbol_major": true }, { "id": "fort-guijarros-sd", "register_no": null, "name": "Fort Guijarros (Punta de Guijarros, San Diego)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "battery manned by 1802", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 32.6866, -117.2333 ], "coord_precision": "place", "type": "presidio", "layer": "forts", "summary": "The harbor battery on Ballast Point, formally the Castillo de San Joaquín de Punta de Guijarros. The province had two forts of that name; this is the San Diego one. In 1798 it mounted 7 six-pounders of which 2 were serviceable; the 1820 census found the bronze guns vent-worn and the carriages rotted.", "series": [ [ "1796 Dec 31", "6 militiamen detached at the fort, per the presidial company's year-end muster — the battery manned before its first surviving ordnance return", "C-A 16 Doc 63" ], [ "1798 Dec", "7 cannon mounted (6-pdrs), only 2 serviceable; 6 artillerymen", "C-A 15 Doc 481; C-A 15 Doc 463" ], [ "1805", "7 mounted 6-pdrs, 2 good, 5 useless", "C-A 16 Doc 439" ], [ "1818 Sep", "shot for 12/8/6/4/2-pounders + 15 bronze 4-pdr balls in store", "C-A 21 Doc 112" ], [ "1820 Oct", "'Cinco de los cañones de bronce se hallan muy desfogonados; las cureñas no sirven'", "C-A 17 Doc 376" ], [ "1828 Jul 16", "40 cañonazos fired from the battery at the escaping American frigate Franklin, 'sin lograr detenerla' — she cut her anchor chain and ran the guns", "C-A 47 Doc 960" ] ], "series_label": "Ordnance", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "fort", "symbol_major": true }, { "id": "presidio-loreto", "register_no": null, "name": "Presidio of Loreto (Baja California)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "founded 1697", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 26.0115, -111.3486 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "presidio", "layer": "presidios", "summary": "The old Baja capital, included for context: its company (47 to 85 men plus a small marine department) was comparable to any Alta California presidio. Its treasury side survives at full length: the Real Tribunal audited the 1781–82 presidio accounts, and the habilitado's nine-year cuenta general (1781–89) runs the company's money at 144,527 pesos of cargo.", "series": [ [ "1783 Jun 1", "39 soldados with 2 sergeants and 3 cabos under Capt. Cañete, plus a Departamento de Marina of 6 rated men (carpintero de ribera, calafate, herrero, patrón, guardián, arráez) + 14 marineros", "C-A 62 Doc 17" ], [ "1784 Feb 27", "44 muskets — from the inspector's comparative armament census of all five presidios (muskets, pistols and lances, with reserve)", "C-A 21 Doc 178", "ca21-d178" ], [ "1784 Jun", "47 men + 13 sailors", "presidio register (C-A 54; catalog doc unresolved)" ], [ "1784 Dec", "13 @ powder, 16 @ lead, 210 gunflints in store; the cartridge account 372 short, written off", "C-A 62 Doc 34" ], [ "1789 Dec 1", "'46 hombres y 4 inválidos' by the year's revistas; 'En En.º solo pasó revista con 45 hombres' — the retired Capt. Cañete counted among the invalids", "C-A 20 Doc 470" ], [ "1794 Dec 1", "52 men (the record's own itemization runs one short — leaf-check pending)", "C-A 16 Doc 19" ], [ "1796 Dec 31", "'24 @ 18 lb.s pólvora, 2569 piedras' — powder and flints only: the smallest store in the accounts", "C-A 20 Doc 468" ], [ "1797 May 16", "19 escopetas and 1,500 cartuchos sent to San José del Cabo with a detachment of 4 men and 1 cabo; the Indians there approved to arm with bow and arrow", "C-A 25 Doc 400" ], [ "1797 Aug 18", "2 pedreros (3-calibre) with 4 chambers, 50 balls and 25 grapeshot bags received from the condestable of the goleta *Valdez*; 10 balls and 35 grapeshot bags more added from the presidio's own reserve", "C-A 9 Doc 160" ], [ "1798 Nov 16", "'Faltar 30 @ de pólvora p.a completar cantidad q.e ha de existir en el repuesto' — powder 30 arrobas below the required reserve, exclusive of 6 @ held at the new foundation of Santa Catalina Mártir", "C-A 14 Doc 504" ], [ "1799 Jan", "68 plazas + 30 maestranza y marinería (Borica's Estado)", "C-A 10 Doc 233" ], [ "1799 Sep 18", "50 hombres ordered raised (asked-for, not yet mustered) for a new company to defend the south of the peninsula; art. 22 concedes 'solo existen 32 escop.tas pertenecientes á la Habilitación' — the citizenry's own guns to supply the rest", "C-A 10 Doc 460" ], [ "1800 Jul", "'las 120 escopetas solicitadas remitidas'", "C-A 14 Doc 508" ], [ "1803 Apr 1", "68 men at December 1802 — 3 sergeants, 5 cabos, 56–59 soldados under Capt.-Comdte (Lt.-Col.) Arrillaga; invalids 1 sergeant, 4 cabos, 3 soldiers", "C-A 16 Doc 272" ], [ "1805", "85 men", "C-A 16 Doc 550" ], [ "1825 Nov 3", "5 dragoons — the whole Loreto piquete of the Mazatlán squadron, down from 8 after 3 passed to Alta California with Comandante-General Echeandía on 4 Oct", "C-A 18 Doc 104" ], [ "1826 May 2", "21 men — 2 officers (one detached at San Diego), 4 cabos, 1 cadet, 14 dragoons, most of them absent at the missions", "C-A 18 Doc 193" ] ], "series_label": "Garrison", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Reparos of the Loreto presidio accounts, 1781–82 (C-A 3), doc 236", "ca_record": "ca3-d236", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Estrada's nine-year cuenta general of the Loreto caudales, 1781–89 · 144,527 pesos (C-A 5), doc 204", "ca_record": "ca5-d204", "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "Rows cited 'presidio register' rest on the vault's register compilation; their catalog doc numbers are still being resolved and they carry no link by design.", "symbol": "fort", "symbol_major": true }, { "id": "colony-ross", "register_no": null, "name": "Colony Ross (Russian benchmark)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "founded 1812, sold 1841", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 38.5144, -123.2444 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "event", "layer": "ross", "summary": "The measuring stick. A single Russian-American Company outpost, founded September 1812 (the ~95 Russians + ~80 Alaska Native hunters figure is the later literature's; Moraga's reconnaissance reported ~80 men). A 1813 Spanish intelligence report credited it with about 13 mounted cannon; Moraga's 1814 eyewitness reconnaissance counted 8 cannon in two corner towers with embrasures for far more. Either figure matches or exceeds the serviceable artillery of the entire San Francisco defense in the same decade.", "series": [ [ "1812 Sep", "~80 men under Kuskov; a wooden quadrangle ~150 varas around, 3½–4 varas high, with two torreones — Moraga's second reconnaissance, reported by Argüello", "C-A 12 Doc 407" ], [ "1813 Jul", "~13 mounted cannon reported 'en el puerto de la Bodega' — a fourth-hand intelligence chain relayed via San Blas; Viceroy Calleja himself flags it unconfirmed", "C-A 12 Doc 491" ], [ "1814 Jul", "8 cannon in two corner towers + ~26 embrasures; difficult to attack — artillery could not reach it without a better road (Moraga, eyewitness)", "C-A 12 Doc 439" ], [ "1825 Dec 23", "16 cañones, 'tripulación de 49 hombres y 10 oficiales' — the RAC frigate Santa Elena (cdr. Matvei Muravyov), out of Sitka after sailing from St. Petersburg, anchors at San Francisco for provisions; Comandante Ignacio Martínez's report of Russian armament in the bay", "C-A 56 Doc 222" ], [ "1833 Apr 11", "Figueroa instructs Vallejo to negotiate at Ross: 200 cavalry carbines or fusiles of calibre 18, 150 sabres, 200 saddles, 100 further arms, 30 infantry shakos, 10 quintales of lead, payable in barter goods at Monterey — and three weeks later Vallejo reported the purchases and contracts made at Ross (C-A 53 Doc 120)", "C-A 20 Doc 101" ] ], "series_label": "Strength", "result": "One Russian fort ≈ the principal Spanish fort, in guns and in men", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Rows cited document-by-document in the dated series (C-A 12, 20, 53, 56)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "Both the Ross figure (a Spanish estimate) and the SF figure (a Spanish self-inventory) are Spanish-sourced, so the comparison is internally consistent. The defensible claim is order-of-magnitude parity, not a precise gun-for-gun ratio.", "symbol": "ross", "symbol_major": true }, { "id": "armed-san-buenaventura", "register_no": null, "name": "Mission San Buenaventura (armed)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 34.2805, -119.2945 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "mission", "layer": "armed", "summary": "Armed against the coastal threat: 2 four-pounders in the 1798 census, 3-pounders by 1805.", "series": [ [ "1782 Dec", "escolta of 1 sargento + 14 soldados of the Santa Bárbara company", "C-A 15 Doc 153" ], [ "1798 Dec", "2 × 4-pdr", "C-A 15 Doc 464" ], [ "1805", "one bronze 3-pdr (the province-wide mission-gun list)", "C-A 16 Doc 475" ], [ "1819 Jun", "12 soldiers + 3 artillerymen with a pedrero — Sgt. Anastasio Carrillo's sortie to seize the Colorado-River Indians who killed two men and a neophyte at the mission on 30 May", "C-A 17 Doc 273" ], [ "1838 Mar", "~110 hombres, la guarnición de la plaza, after the civil-war siege — 'tras dos días de fuego continuo y con solo un hombre muerto, el enemigo huyó de noche'; Castro stays with the artillery guarding the point", "C-A 29 Doc 228" ], [ "1839 Jun", "5 pistols in the mission-stock statement", "C-A 51 Doc 60" ] ], "series_label": "Ordnance", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "mission" }, { "id": "armed-mission-santa-barbara", "register_no": null, "name": "Mission Santa Bárbara (armed)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 34.4378, -119.7137 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "mission", "layer": "armed", "summary": "One 2-pounder in the 1798 census of the armed Channel missions.", "series": [ [ "1798 Dec", "1 × 2-pdr", "C-A 15 Doc 464" ] ], "series_label": "Ordnance", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "mission" }, { "id": "armed-la-purisima", "register_no": null, "name": "Mission La Purísima (armed)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 34.6724, -120.4239 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "mission", "layer": "armed", "summary": "One 2-pounder in 1798, still armed in the 1803 and 1805 censuses.", "series": [ [ "1798 Dec", "1 × 2-pdr", "C-A 15 Doc 464" ], [ "1805", "one bronze 2-pdr (the province-wide mission-gun list)", "C-A 16 Doc 475" ], [ "1824 Mar", "held by 400+ armed neophytes with a cannon, 2 pedreros and muskets; stormed by 80 men with a 4-pdr fieldpiece", "C-A 27 Doc 167" ] ], "series_label": "Ordnance", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "mission" }, { "id": "armed-santa-ines", "register_no": null, "name": "Mission Santa Inés (armed)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 34.5964, -120.137 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "mission", "layer": "armed", "summary": "3-pounders in the 1805 census of armed Channel missions.", "series": [ [ "1805", "one bronze 3-pdr (the province-wide mission-gun list)", "C-A 16 Doc 475" ] ], "series_label": "Ordnance", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "mission" }, { "id": "armed-san-fernando", "register_no": null, "name": "Mission San Fernando (armed)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 34.2733, -118.462 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "mission", "layer": "armed", "summary": "2-pounders in the 1805 census of armed missions.", "series": [ [ "1805", "one bronze 2-pdr 'mal montado' (the province-wide mission-gun list)", "C-A 16 Doc 475" ], [ "1823 Nov", "41 men + 4 artillerymen, with the mission's cannon judged most useful and mules to haul it — Romero's expedition preparing the return to Sonora via the Río Colorado", "C-A 27 Doc 19" ] ], "series_label": "Ordnance", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "mission" }, { "id": "armed-san-juan-bautista", "register_no": null, "name": "Mission San Juan Bautista (armed, post-Bouchard)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 36.8455, -121.537 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "mission", "layer": "armed", "summary": "Up to 3 cannons emplaced in 1819 'para impedir el desembarco de algunos invasores', part of the scramble after Bouchard burned Monterey.", "series": [ [ "1797 May", "the founding escort's repuesto: 2 escopetas, 1,000 cartuchos cal. 14, 1,000 balls, 200 gunflints", "C-A 50 Doc 149" ], [ "1819", "up to 3 cannon (Lt. Gómez)", "C-A 54 Doc 154 [reg. II-56]" ] ], "series_label": "Ordnance", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "mission" }, { "id": "armed-pueblo-san-jose", "register_no": null, "name": "Pueblo San José (pedrero)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 37.3382, -121.8863 ], "coord_precision": "place", "type": "settlement", "layer": "armed", "summary": "A pedrero (swivel gun) posted at the pueblo in the 1798 ordnance census.", "series": [ [ "1781 May–Dec", "5 settlers 'con sueldo y ración' + 3 'de pura ración' — Moraga's monthly muster-extracts for California's first civil pueblo in its founding year", "C-A 2 Doc 134" ], [ "1782 Dec", "2 soldiers of the San Francisco presidial company posted at the pueblo", "C-A 15 Doc 188" ], [ "1797 Mar", "20 fusiles distributed from Teniente Sal and the arms review found satisfactory — the war-year report on the pueblo's armament (Vallejo and Martínez to Borica)", "C-A 8 Doc 340" ], [ "1798 Dec", "pedrero", "C-A 15 Doc 465" ], [ "1845 Apr", "'Le manda armamento, 50 fusiles y una barrica de polvora' — Castro arming alcalde Antonio María Pico", "C-A 45 Doc 564" ], [ "1849 Oct", "prefect Pico asks for 25 fusiles con fornituras y municiones to arm citizen patrols", "C-A 63 Doc 484" ] ], "series_label": "Ordnance", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "pueblo" }, { "id": "armed-mission-san-luis", "register_no": null, "name": "Mission San Luis Obispo (pedrero)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 35.281, -120.6646 ], "coord_precision": "place", "type": "mission", "layer": "armed", "summary": "A pedrero listed at 'Mission San Luis' in the 1798 Monterey-district ordnance census.", "series": [ [ "1798 Dec", "pedrero", "C-A 15 Doc 465" ] ], "series_label": "Ordnance", "result": "", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Presidio garrison & artillery register (vault)", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "The 1798 census says 'Mission San Luis' without specifying Obispo or Rey; Obispo is the Monterey-district reading. Flagged.", "symbol": "mission" }, { "id": "artillery-1818", "register_no": null, "name": "The artillery of California · the guns and the men who served them", "date": { "iso": "1818-09-05", "display": "1818 Sep 5", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 36.6002, -121.8947 ], "coord_precision": "place", "type": "event", "layer": "forts", "summary": "The province's artillery as a series: the headline is the 5 September 1818 count of every gun in California; 58 pieces by calibre and metal, 3 useless, carriages failing for want of ironwork; now paired with the manning record around it: the Real Cuerpo detachment of 1795 named man by man, the militia-gunner allocations of 1817, the 62 militia gunners counted the same day as the 58 guns, and the shrinking corps musters of 1827 and 1836. The series has earlier and later rungs: in 1797 the viceroy shuffled two- and three-pounder cannon from San Miguel and Loreto to fortify the new frontier mission, and a San Diego gunner coaxed a broken 24-pounder back into service; by December 1835 the artillery company itself musters by presidio: Monterey five corporals, a drummer and eleven gunners; San Francisco one and four; Santa Bárbara one and five.", "series": [ [ "1795 Oct", "18 men — 1 sergeant, 3 cabos, 14 artillerymen — the Real Cuerpo de Artillería's named detachment marching to Alta California: Sgt. José Roca (Sarriá, Cataluña, 37), Gregorio Martínez (Cádiz, 26), Rafael Lledó (Palma, carpenter)…", "C-A 7 Doc 393" ], [ "1817 Jan 2", "only 13 artillerymen hold San Francisco, Monterey and San Diego; Solá asks the Viceroy for 2 infantry companies of 100 men, 4 field guns and a war vessel (asked-for, not held)", "C-A 25 Doc 735" ], [ "1817 Jul 24", "71 militia gunners allotted across the four presidios: 23 San Francisco, 20 Monterey, 12 Santa Bárbara, 16 San Diego (Solá borrador, the year before the province-wide gun count) (the allocation sits inside the 1818–19 borrador cluster the record spans)", "C-A 54 Doc 152" ], [ "1817 Aug", "18 artillerymen in the company, mostly sickly and useless; 3 sent back to Mexico 'tan ancianos y achacosos que no sirven de nada' — Gómez would fill out with provincials, but all prefer cavalry (mounted, better pay)", "C-A 13 Doc 216" ], [ "1818 Sep 5", "58 pieces in the whole province; 3 useless, several *desgranados*, the carriages failing for want of ironwork", "C-A 17 Doc 324 — 'Artillería y pertrechos — Existentes en Cal.'", "ca17-d324" ], [ "1818 Sep 5", "62 militia gunners (1 cabo 1º + 4 cabos 2º + 57 soldados) distributed across the 4 presidios and missions: the men counted the same day as the 58 guns", "C-A 17 Doc 323" ], [ "1827 Dec 11", "the whole territory's artillery corps mustered: 2 sergeants, 3 drummers, 2 fifers, 6 corporals, 32 artilleros = 45 men under Capt. Miguel González, distributed across the 4 presidios at ~$753 a month", "C-A 18 Doc 262" ], [ "1836 Apr", "36 men total — 1 drummer, 7 cabos, 28 artilleros — the artillery company's muster, distributed among the 4 presidios", "C-A 20 Doc 313" ] ], "series_label": "Counted", "result": "The whole province's ordnance in one table", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Mil.) (C-A 17) Doc 324 · province-wide artillery inventory, Monterey, 5 September 1818.", "ca_record": "ca17-d324", "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n265" }, { "citation": "Branciforte: fortify Santa Catalina with cannon from San Miguel + Loreto, Mar 1797 (C-A 8), doc 399", "ca_record": "ca8-d399", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "'Compostura de un cañón' · one of the three 24-pounders repaired, Jul 1797 (C-A 10), doc 161", "ca_record": "ca10-d161", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Fuerza de Artillería by presidio, 3 Dec 1835 (C-A 20), doc 241", "ca_record": "ca20-d241", "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "Placed at Monterey, where the return was drawn. The guns it lists were distributed across the province; see each presidio and fort." }, { "id": "sutters-fort-new-helvetia", "register_no": null, "name": "Sutter's Fort (Nueva Helvecia)", "date": { "iso": "1841", "display": "est. 1839–41", "confidence": "year" }, "coords": [ 38.5723, -121.4708 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "presidio", "layer": "forts", "summary": "The counter-benchmark at the era's other end: a private fort on the Sacramento, held by a naturalized foreigner whom the government first deputized as its frontier justice, then armed itself against. Its owner bought the departing Russians' properties in 1841–42, marched an artillery-equipped private force in the 1845 civil war, and appears in the Asamblea's treason charge against the sitting governor.", "series": [ [ "1840 Sep", "Sutter appointed Encargado de Justicia and government representative on the Sacramento-River frontier (New Helvetia), to check US-adventurer robberies", "C-A 49 Doc 582" ], [ "1841 Aug", "'Entrega de Ross' — Alvarado's dispatch heading, August 1841: the handover in negotiation (the sale to Sutter closed that December)", "C-A 49 Doc 901" ], [ "1842 Jan", "'Compra de propiedades Rusas por Sutter' — the withdrawing empire's properties pass to the private fort", "C-A 49 Doc 974" ], [ "1844–45", "the Asamblea's manifesto charges the governor with 'relaciones secretas con el extranjero Sutter, dueño del establecimiento del Río del Sacramento' — verbatim, verified on scan n300", "C-A 61 Doc 215" ], [ "1845 Jan", "marches for Micheltorena: 100 riflemen under Gantt, 100 Indians under Rufo, 1 new cannon + 3 artillerymen (Sutter's side as relayed in the governor's correspondence)", "C-A 30 Doc 207" ] ], "series_label": "The private fort in the record", "result": "By 1845: a private force with newer artillery than most presidios; deputized, purchased into the Russians' place, then named in a treason charge", "quote": { "es": "dicho Gral. se hallaba en relaciones secretas con el extranjero Sutter, dueño del establecimiento del Río del Sacramento", "en": "(the said General was in secret relations with the foreigner Sutter, owner of the establishment on the Sacramento River — the Asamblea's charge against Gov. Micheltorena, 1845; verified on scan n300)" }, "sources": [ { "citation": "C-A 30, 49, 61 · the New Helvetia records named in the dated series; the fort's establishment context from C-A 49 Doc 582", "ca_record": "ca49-d582", "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "Armament of the fort itself is deliberately not totalled here: the catalogue records the Russian-property purchase and the 1845 field artillery, not a fort inventory. What can be said from the record is sourced line by line above.", "symbol": "fort", "symbol_major": true }, { "id": "armed-mission-san-gabriel", "register_no": null, "name": "Mission San Gabriel (armed)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "1785 Jan", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 34.0966, -118.1069 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "mission", "layer": "armed", "summary": "A mission with its own artillery park; and a lender of last resort: in 1834 one of its four-pounders was out on loan to the Los Angeles ayuntamiento.", "series": [ [ "1785 Jan", "1 cannon of the San Diego district artillery posted at the mission", "C-A 3 Doc 221" ], [ "1834 Nov", "2 bronze 4-pdrs on carriages, 1 iron 2-pdr, 3 pedreros; 1 four-pdr LENT to the Los Angeles ayuntamiento", "C-A 51 Doc 20" ] ], "series_label": "Armament in the record", "result": "1834: a secularized mission still holding six pieces, one of them lent to the pueblo", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Rows cited document-by-document in the dated series", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "mission" }, { "id": "armed-pueblo-los-angeles", "register_no": null, "name": "Pueblo de Los Ángeles (armed)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "1782 Dec", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 34.0537, -118.2428 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "mission", "layer": "armed", "summary": "The pueblo's armament through the record: two posted soldiers in 1782, a borrowed mission gun in 1834, and on the eve of the conquest two delivery relations three weeks apart; more muskets broken than serviceable.", "series": [ [ "1782 Feb–Dec", "12 pobladores on pay and ration Feb–Mar, 9 from April — three struck off per Neve's order 'por inútiles para el trabajo de campo… para que no sigan haciendo un gasto inútil á la Rl Hazda'; steady at 9 through December", "C-A 2 Doc 42" ], [ "1782 Dec", "2 soldiers of the Santa Bárbara presidial company posted at the pueblo", "C-A 15 Doc 153" ], [ "1816 Jul", "the WHOLE Santa Bárbara jurisdiction's levy (135 men fit to bear arms, including Los Ángeles' 4 sergeants, 15 invalid soldiers and 70 vecinos) against 32 muskets, 22 swords, 8 pistols and 6 lances for the entire district", "C-A 13 Doc 127" ], [ "1834 Nov", "1 four-pdr on loan from Mission San Gabriel", "C-A 51 Doc 20" ], [ "1845 Apr", "20 total — muster of the Permanent Company of Los Ángeles: Comte José Antonio Carrillo, park-capt. Ignacio Palomares, Capt. Andrés Pico, Lt. Ramón Simón, Alf. Doroteo Sánchez", "C-A 35 Doc 1072" ], [ "1845 Oct", "'Armas y pertrechos entregados' — a delivery relation: 24 fusiles útiles, 28 inútiles, 24 paradas de cartuchos, 7 piezas de artillería, 22 cartuchos de cañón", "C-A 30 Doc 310" ], [ "1845 Nov", "a second delivery relation three weeks later: 22 fusiles con bayoneta, 5 piezas de artillería, 99 cartuchos de cañón, 110 balas, 23 fusiles inútiles (possibly distinct batches — not a recount)", "C-A 30 Doc 311" ] ], "series_label": "Armament in the record", "result": "Oct 1845: 24 serviceable muskets against 28 broken, months before the conquest", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Rows cited document-by-document in the dated series", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "mission" }, { "id": "presidio-sonoma", "register_no": null, "name": "Sonoma garrison (Presidio of Sonoma)", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "1823 Aug 25", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 38.2946, -122.4568 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "mission", "layer": "presidios", "summary": "The northern frontier's last Mexican garrison: founded as the twelve-man armed escort of Mission San Francisco Solano in 1823, and after 1835 the seat of Vallejo's frontier command, absorbing what remained of the San Francisco company.", "series": [ [ "1823 Aug 25", "12-man founding garrison — '10 Sold.s 1. Artillero Miliciano y 1 Cabo' — marched to the Sitio de Sonoma with 500 musket cartridges and 15 rounds of 2-calibre cannon shot for the mounted piece and its pertrechos", "C-A 56 Doc 96" ], [ "1836 Apr 1", "24 hombres — the San Francisco presidial company mustered at Sonoma under Tte. M. G. Vallejo: 1 alférez, 3 sargentos, 1 clarín, 2 cabos, 17 soldados", "C-A 15 Doc 196" ] ], "series_label": "In the record", "result": "1823: twelve men and one mounted gun; 1836: the San Francisco company, 24 strong, mustered at Sonoma", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Rows cited document-by-document in the dated series", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "mission" }, { "id": "province-force", "register_no": null, "name": "The force of the province, counted whole", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "1819 Jul", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 36.635, -121.93 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "document", "layer": "presidios", "summary": "Province-wide force returns, reinforcement squadrons and musket allocations that counted Alta California's soldiery as a single figure; including the allocations that existed only on paper. The floor of the curve is documented twice over: in 1804 the governor, writing from Loreto, reported 'el mal estado de los Presidios y escasez de tropa'; and an 1833 muster analysis found only 35 men present in all California, the company's bulk at Santa Bárbara with Figueroa, and ten men holding the capital. The reinforcements came counted too: the Mazatlán squadron's 1819 detachment for Alta California boarded the Cosak as a full estado de fuerza: a captain, two lieutenants, two alféreces, sergeants, drummers, corporals and men, itemized before they sailed.", "series": [ [ "1819 Jul", "23 fusiles against 93 bayonets and 93 cartridge-boxes — the armament of Portilla's Mazatlán squadron embarked for Alta California on the Cosak; 'Total 100' plazas (the listed ranks in Savage's copy sum to 45)", "C-A 13 Doc 86" ], [ "1823 Jan", "11 companies in the whole province — 4 presidial cavalry, 2 auxiliary infantry, 1 artillery militia, 4 new national militia; the 2nd auxiliary 'constaba su fuerza de 100 homb.s' when sent in 1819, now 'su existen.a en 56 indiv.s' — Argüello to the Ministry of War", "C-A 46 Doc 8" ], [ "1828 Apr", "320 fusiles allotted to the Californias in the national reparto of 24,000 muskets — ✅ leaf-verified (n19, 2026-09-21): the table reads exactly 'Californias — 1 [diputado] — 80,000 — 320'. The population is the table's own paper figure, 2–4x any census of the Californias (the catalogue notes it probably counts gentiles — Native people outside the state's control), and the formula holds at one musket per 250 inhabitants. An allocation on paper, computed from a population on paper, with no recorded delivery", "C-A 57 Doc 32" ] ], "series_label": "In the record", "result": "1828: 320 muskets allotted to the Californias on paper; an allocation, not a delivery", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Rows cited document-by-document in the dated series", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Gov. to Viceroy, 8 May 1804 · 'mal estado de los Presidios y escasez de tropa' (C-A 25), doc 1050", "ca_record": "ca25-d1050", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Muster analysis, Sept 1833 · 35 men present in California (C-A 19), doc 221", "ca_record": "ca19-d221", "ia_leaf_url": null }, { "citation": "Estado de fuerza of the Mazatlán-squadron detachment aboard the 'Cosak' under Capt. Pablo de la Portilla, 13 Jul 1819 (C-A 13), doc 86", "ca_record": "ca13-d86", "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "scroll" }, { "id": "san-antonio-baja", "register_no": null, "name": "San Antonio (Baja California) · the comandancia in the US war", "date": { "iso": null, "display": "1847 Nov", "confidence": "exact" }, "coords": [ 23.81, -110.06 ], "coord_precision": "exact", "type": "mission", "layer": "presidios", "summary": "The southern comandancia militar in the Mexican-American War: a twenty-man force mustered against the invasion, thanked by the government 'por la defenza brillante', and begging powder and subsistence from Sonora.", "series": [ [ "1847 Nov", "20-man force mustered to face the enemy per orders of 26 Oct — the comandante militar's US-war dispatch; by Feb 1848 he reports scarcity of resources for subsisting his force and begs supplies", "C-A 62 Doc 106" ], [ "1848 Jan", "8 @ de pólvora received from the comandante general of Sonora, Tte Cor. Antonio Campuzano; the garrison thanked in the government's name 'por la defenza brillante que han hecho en defensa del Territorio'", "C-A 62 Doc 237" ] ], "series_label": "In the record", "result": "1847–48: twenty men, eight arrobas of powder, and a commendation", "quote": null, "sources": [ { "citation": "Rows cited document-by-document in the dated series", "ca_record": null, "ia_leaf_url": null } ], "native_groups": [], "tags": [], "notes": "", "symbol": "mission" } ], "symbol_min_zoom": 5, "symbol_key_title": "What the symbols mean", "symbol_key": [ { "symbol": "fort", "label": "Presidio", "color": "#5a3317" }, { "symbol": "mission", "label": "Mission", "color": "#6b6257" }, { "symbol": "pueblo", "label": "Pueblo", "color": "#6b6257" }, { "symbol": "ross", "label": "Colony Ross", "color": "#6d3fa0" }, { "symbol": "scroll", "label": "Force return (document)", "color": "#8a5a2b" } ] }