{
 "id": "moraga-expeditions",
 "title": "Gabriel Moraga's Expeditions",
 "subtitle": "Interior and northern reconnaissance, 1806–1817",
 "abstract": "All of Gabriel Moraga's documented expeditions on one map: the 1806–07 interior reconnaissances, the 1810 Suisun and Bodega operations, the 1812–13 Ross missions, and the 1817 San Rafael founding escort. Routes are RECONSTRUCTED from diaries and reports; dashed lines mean 'he passed roughly this way,' not a surveyed track. Village locations follow Cook's identifications and are approximate. Each route now cites the document it rests on; click the line to open it.",
 "date_range": [
  1806,
  1817
 ],
 "center": [
  37.9,
  -121.5
 ],
 "zoom": 7,
 "cite_key": "moraga",
 "last_updated": "2026-10-16",
 "layers": [
  {
   "id": "r1807",
   "label": "Moraga 1807 — San Joaquin Reconnaissance",
   "color": "#b7791f"
  },
  {
   "id": "r1810a",
   "label": "Viader–Moraga August 1810 (Delta)",
   "color": "#275d7a"
  },
  {
   "id": "r1810b",
   "label": "Viader–Moraga October 1810",
   "color": "#16a085"
  },
  {
   "id": "rSuisun",
   "label": "Moraga May 1810 — Suisun Campaign",
   "color": "#c0392b"
  },
  {
   "id": "rBodega",
   "label": "Moraga October 1810 — Bodega Reconnaissance",
   "color": "#8e44ad"
  },
  {
   "id": "rRoss1812",
   "label": "Moraga 1812 — First Visit to Ross",
   "color": "#8B2500"
  },
  {
   "id": "rRoss1813",
   "label": "Moraga 1813 — Second Ross Mission",
   "color": "#e67e22"
  },
  {
   "id": "rSanRafael",
   "label": "Moraga 1817 — San Rafael Founding Escort",
   "color": "#2e6f40"
  },
  {
   "id": "refs",
   "label": "Missions (reference)",
   "color": "#6b6257"
  },
  {
   "id": "modern",
   "label": "Modern City Labels",
   "color": "#9a938a"
  }
 ],
 "features": [
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-juan-bautista",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Juan Bautista",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.8446,
    -121.5385
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "refs",
   "summary": "1797. Moraga 1806 departure; Viader 1810 Aug return.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-fernando",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Fernando",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.2733,
    -118.462
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "refs",
   "summary": "1797. Moraga 1806 arrival.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-jose",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San José",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.5293,
    -121.9178
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "refs",
   "summary": "1797. Viader/Moraga 1810 departure point.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-santa-clara",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission Santa Clara",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.3496,
    -121.939
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "refs",
   "summary": "1777. Viader 1810 Oct return.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-miguel",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Miguel",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    35.75,
    -120.7
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "refs",
   "summary": "1797. Moraga 1807 stop.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-monterey-presidio",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Monterey Presidio",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.6,
    -121.9
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "refs",
   "summary": "Moraga 1807 departure.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-rafael",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Rafael",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.9735,
    -122.5311
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "refs",
   "summary": "1817. First establishment north of SF Bay. Site selected by Moraga. Founded 83 days after Hagemeister-Pomo treaty.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-fort-ross",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Fort Ross",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.5133,
    -123.2442
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "refs",
   "summary": "1812. Russian-American Company. Kuskov. 95 Russians + ~80 Aleut hunters. Moraga visited 1812, 1813, 1814.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "ross",
   "symbol_major": true
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-presidio-of-san-francisco",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Presidio of San Francisco",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.7862,
    -122.4572
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "refs",
   "summary": "1776. Founded by José Joaquín Moraga (Gabriel's father). Gabriel served here as Alférez 1806–1818.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "label-san-jose",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "San José",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.3382,
    -121.8863
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "settlement",
   "layer": "modern",
   "summary": "",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-modesto",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Modesto",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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    -120.9969
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
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   "layer": "modern",
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   "result": "",
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   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-stockton",
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   "name": "Stockton",
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    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
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   ],
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   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-tracy",
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   "name": "Tracy",
   "date": {
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    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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   ],
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    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-fresno",
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   "name": "Fresno",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-visalia",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Visalia",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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   ],
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   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-porterville",
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   "name": "Porterville",
   "date": {
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    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-bakersfield",
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   "name": "Bakersfield",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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   ],
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   ],
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  },
  {
   "id": "label-livingston",
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   "name": "Livingston",
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    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
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   ],
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   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-knights-ferry",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Knights Ferry",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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   ],
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   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
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   "id": "label-sanger",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Sanger",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-los-banos",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Los Banos",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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   ],
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    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-antioch",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Antioch",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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   "coord_precision": "exact",
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   "layer": "modern",
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    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-walnut-creek",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Walnut Creek",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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   ],
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   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-los-angeles",
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   "name": "Los Angeles",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
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   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
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   "id": "label-monterey",
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   "name": "Monterey",
   "date": {
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    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
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   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
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   "id": "label-fort-tejon",
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   },
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   "notes": ""
  },
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    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
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  },
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   },
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  },
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  },
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  },
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  },
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  },
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  },
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  },
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   "id": "label-carquinez-strait",
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   },
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    "reference"
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   "notes": ""
  },
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   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Bodega Bay",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.3244,
    -123.0386
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "settlement",
   "layer": "modern",
   "summary": "",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-fort-ross",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Fort Ross",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.5133,
    -123.2442
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "settlement",
   "layer": "modern",
   "summary": "",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-novato",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Novato",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.1075,
    -122.5697
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "settlement",
   "layer": "modern",
   "summary": "",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  },
  {
   "id": "label-petaluma",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Petaluma",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.2324,
    -122.6367
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "settlement",
   "layer": "modern",
   "summary": "",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": ""
  }
 ],
 "routes": [
  {
   "id": "r1807",
   "label": "Moraga 1807; San Joaquin Reconnaissance",
   "layer": "r1807",
   "color": "#b7791f",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 26) Doc 983 — *Instrucciones para el reconocimiento del interior*, the instructions for the 1806 expedition with the Cadete Moraga: the object was to learn the country next to the settlements and to enter into friendship with the gentiles. Cook noted the 1807 expedition itself is otherwise unrecorded.",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "r1807-1-monterey",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Monterey",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      36.6,
      -121.9
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1807",
     "summary": "Departure. 25 cavalry under Alférez Gabriel Moraga. Sgt. Miguel Espinosa. 8 horses each.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1807-2-mission-san-miguel",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Mission San Miguel",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      35.75,
      -120.7
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1807",
     "summary": "'We went from Monterey to San Miguel Mission.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1807-3-buena-vista-lake",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Buena Vista Lake",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      35.15,
      -119.4
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1807",
     "summary": "'From there to the Laguna we called Buena Vista in one day and a half.' Went after runaway neophytes — 'did not get any.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 46: 'This expedition of 1807 is otherwise unrecorded.'",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1807-4-mountains-salinas-de-cortez",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Mountains — Salinas de Cortéz",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      35.4,
      -118.7
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1807",
     "summary": "'We went away into the Snowy Mountains.' Indians stole half the horses and killed two men. 'Portezuelo' with great quantities of nitre.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 47: possibly entrance to Gorge of Kern R., E of Bakersfield",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1807-5-san-joaquin-river-crossings",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "San Joaquin River (crossings)",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.1,
      -120.5
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1807",
     "summary": "'We crossed the San Joaquin River several times and everywhere there was Indians.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1807-6-mission-san-jose",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Mission San José",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.5293,
      -121.9178
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1807",
     "summary": "'The Captain made up his mind to go back by the way of San Jose Mission where we arrived in good order.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ],
   "ca_record": "ca26-d983"
  },
  {
   "id": "r1810a",
   "label": "Viader–Moraga August 1810 (Delta)",
   "layer": "r1810a",
   "color": "#275d7a",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Cook note 1: route via Sunol, Dublin, Walnut Creek",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "r1810a-1-mission-san-jose",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Mission San José",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.5293,
      -121.9178
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 15, 1810. Departed 5:30pm with Lt. Moraga, Cadet Estrada, 1 corporal, 3 soldiers, 4 neophytes.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-2-valley-of-san-jose-pool",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Valley of San José — Pool",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.6,
      -121.9
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 15. 6 leagues N. 'Good water. So near and so well known to everyone.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-3-walnut-creek",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Walnut Creek",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.91,
      -122.07
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 16 (lunch). 6 leagues N. 'Good water but runs in very small amount.' Killed 2 bears and a deer.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 1: route via Sunol, Dublin, Walnut Creek",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-4-end-of-walnut-creek-estuaries",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "End of Walnut Creek — Estuaries",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.01,
      -122.0
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 16. 6 more leagues N. 'Beginning of some estuaries on the NE side of a fine plain.' Big walnut trees.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-5-san-joaquin-r-tulpunes-antioch",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "San Joaquin R. / Tulpunes — Antioch",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.0,
      -121.81
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 18. 7 leagues E. 'Quarter-league wide, apparently very deep, reached by tides.' Large oak forest. Tulpunes not seen.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 2: at or near Antioch. Julpunes oak forest to Brentwood.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-6-oak-forest-oakley",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Oak Forest — Oakley",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.99,
      -121.71
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 18. 2 more leagues E. Good country, no water except the river.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 2: halt near Oakley",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-7-pescadero-cholvones-bethany",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Pescadero / Cholvones — Bethany",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.76,
      -121.57
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 19. 10 leagues SE. Lake in oak grove. Interpreter met heathen Guanats. 'Christian fugitives from San Jose on opposite shore.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 3: Bethany. Lakes vanished.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-8-tomchom-village",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Tomchom Village",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.77,
      -121.43
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 20. 3 leagues SSE. 'No wild Indian showed himself.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 4: north of Tracy",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-9-cuyens-village",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Cuyens Village",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7,
      -121.35
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 20. 2½ leagues further. Chief Cuyens. 15 Indians brought fish. 4 stayed the night.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 4: left bank, 3 mi above highway bridge",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-10-maijem-village",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Maijem Village",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.65,
      -121.26
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 21. 2½–3 leagues. Dry stream bed. Indians came 'with great trepidation' then disappeared.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 5: ~2 mi NNE of Vernalis",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-11-opposite-bozenats-village",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Opposite Bozenats Village",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.63,
      -121.25
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 21. 2 leagues. Indians on far bank 'refused to come near, yelled with much vigor.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 6: right bank, E of Vernalis",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-12-skirmish-tationes-apaglamenes",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "SKIRMISH — Tationes / Apaglamenes",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.54,
      -121.17
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "skirmish",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 22. 2 leagues + 1 league. 30 armed heathen on opposite bank. Then Tationes village. Apaglamenes and Tationes attacked — 'painted, bedecked with feathers.' 12 shots fired. One Indian hit.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": {
      "es": "",
      "en": "'Soldier Morales came into the skirmish with half his chin shaved.'",
      "source": ""
     },
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 7: ~2 mi SE of Grayson",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-13-lakes-near-willow-grove",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Lakes near Willow Grove",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.47,
      -121.1
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 22 afternoon. 3 leagues. 'Neither firewood nor good land.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 8: probably E of Patterson",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-14-creek-orestimba",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Creek — Orestimba",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.44,
      -121.02
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 23. 3½ leagues. 'Great heat forced us to jump in for a swim.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 9: Orestimba Cr., E of Crows Landing",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-15-pond-ne-of-gustine",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Pond — NE of Gustine",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.28,
      -120.97
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 23. 4 leagues. 'No wood or brush to cook supper or even make chocolate.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 10: 3–4 mi NE of Gustine. Southernmost point.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-16-san-luis-gonzaga",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "San Luis Gonzaga",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.06,
      -121.08
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 24. Turned back W! 10 leagues. Explored — 'no more water than a few pools.' Not suitable for mission.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-17-ausaymas-creek",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Ausaymas Creek",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      36.88,
      -121.5
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 26. SW over mountains. 'Caught forty fish including six trout.' Already the plain of San Juan Bautista.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810a-18-mission-san-juan-bautista",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Mission San Juan Bautista",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      36.8446,
      -121.5385
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810a",
     "summary": "Aug 27. 5 leagues SW. 'With a good breakfast we brought the expedition to an end.' Signed Fr. José Viader, Aug 28, 1810.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "r1810b",
   "label": "Viader–Moraga October 1810",
   "layer": "r1810b",
   "color": "#16a085",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Cook note 14",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "r1810b-1-mission-san-jose",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Mission San José",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.5293,
      -121.9178
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 19, 1810. Left ~2pm with Lt. Moraga, 23 soldiers, ~50 armed Christian Indians.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-2-valley-of-san-jose",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Valley of San José",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.6,
      -121.85
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 19. 6 leagues NE. Willow grove with good water.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-3-pescadero-cholvones-bethany",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Pescadero / Cholvones — Bethany",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.76,
      -121.57
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 20. 9 leagues ENE. 'Arrived very late so as not to be seen or heard. Placed our people in position to attack a dance.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 11: Mission San José to Bethany = ~32 mi",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-4-bolbones-villages-old-river",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Bolbones Villages — Old River",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.82,
      -121.51
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "skirmish",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 21. 'Before dawn we assaulted a village.' Captured 15 San Jose Christians, 18 heathen men, 51 women. Women released — 'went away very happy.' Two prisoners escaped.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": {
      "es": "",
      "en": "'Frankly military and aggressive character.'",
      "source": ""
     },
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 12: two villages on Old River / Union I.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-5-jusmites",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Jusmites",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.77,
      -121.43
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 22. 2½ leagues SE along river. 'Oak groves, willow thickets, ponds.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 14",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-6-tugites",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Tugites",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.73,
      -121.38
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 22. 2½ more leagues. 'All the country has wood, water in the river and lakes, but the land is low, flooded.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 14",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-7-cuyens-village",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Cuyens Village",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7,
      -121.35
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 23. Met friendly Cuyens Indians. 'Bearing as a gift three very big, red, salmon.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-8-mayem-village",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Mayem Village",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.65,
      -121.26
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 23. 4 leagues total. 'Approached us with much fear and a tendency to prevaricate.' Deny harboring Christians. Lt. threatens flogging.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 14: Mayem 9 leagues from Pescadero",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-9-ford-opposite-taualames",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Ford Opposite Taualames",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.58,
      -121.15
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 23 afternoon. 2 leagues. 'Ford across the river — very bad, wide and deep.' Crossed without incident. Sent boy to village.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 14–15",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-10-toward-tuolumne-blocked",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Toward Tuolumne — Blocked",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.55,
      -121.1
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 24. Scouted N toward Tuolumne (Dolores), 2–3 leagues away. 'On account of so many sloughs, swamps, and ponds we turned back.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-11-past-apelamenes-tatives",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Past Apelamenes & Tatives",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.5,
      -121.05
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 24 afternoon. 6 leagues SSE. 'Passed in front of the Apelamenes and Tatives Indians, who had fought us on the former occasion.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-12-merced-river",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Merced River",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.38,
      -120.9
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 24. Reached Merced R. 'Almost swimming the horses.' Much wood — oak, cypress, cottonwood.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 15",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-13-crossed-san-joaquin",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Crossed San Joaquin",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.35,
      -121.0
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 25. SW. 'Crossed several other swampy sloughs. Southward no more trees, only tules.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-14-battle-shaving-place",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "'Battle / Shaving Place'",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.42,
      -121.05
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 25. 2½ leagues downstream. 'At this point now, as previously, the soldiers shave themselves.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-15-orestimba-creek-apalamenes",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Orestimba Creek — Apalamenes",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.44,
      -121.02
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 25. 1 league. 'Allies of the Tatives when they fought us.' Creek dry. 'Least bad spot — only firewood, river water, and good fish.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 9/16",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-16-opposite-taualames-return",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Opposite Taualames (return)",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.58,
      -121.15
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 25. 2 leagues. 'Refused to come out, saying they were afraid. They guessed right for they would have been taken captive.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-17-del-puerto-creek-corpus-christi",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Del Puerto Creek — Corpus Christi",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.53,
      -121.35
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 25. 3 leagues W. 'Spent the night without water for the horses. Had to dig a well in the sand.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 16: Del Puerto Cr.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-18-el-toro",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "El Toro",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.45,
      -121.55
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 26. 6 leagues W. Mountains, bad trails. Lunch stop.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-19-san-guillermo",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "San Guillermo",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.4,
      -121.7
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 26. 6 more leagues W. 'Extremely bad trail.' Pools of good water.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-20-old-village-of-patenos",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Old Village of Patenos",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.38,
      -121.8
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 27. 6 leagues W. Lunch stop.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Cook note 16: through hills NE of Mt. Hamilton",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "r1810b-21-mission-santa-clara",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Mission Santa Clara",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.3496,
      -121.939
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "r1810b",
     "summary": "Oct 27. 5 leagues NW. 'In good condition, thanks be to God.' Signed Fr. José Viader, Oct 28, 1810.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "rsuisun",
   "label": "Moraga May 1810; Suisun Campaign",
   "layer": "rSuisun",
   "color": "#c0392b",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 26) Doc 1203 — the Alférez Gabriel Moraga's sortie of 1810, with Doc 1205 recording his return from the reconnaissance of the Sierra de Santa Clara 'en solicitud de conversiones', bringing in twenty people. See also Prov. Rec. (C-A 25) Doc 500 for the Sespesuya campaign north of the presidio the same year.",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "rsuisun-1-presidio-of-san-francisco",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Presidio of San Francisco",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7862,
      -122.4572
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rSuisun",
     "summary": "May 1810. Governor Arrillaga orders Moraga to pursue the Suisun, who have killed 16 Christians over 3 years. Moraga departs with 17 men.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Arrillaga report, Prov. Rec. ix. 122–3 (C-A 25).",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rsuisun-2-overland-march-east-bay-hills",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Overland March — East Bay Hills",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.85,
      -122.25
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rSuisun",
     "summary": "Route overland from the Presidio, skirting the south shore of the Bay toward the Strait. Exact route unknown but likely through modern Oakland/Richmond hills.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "No diary survives for this expedition.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rsuisun-3-carquinez-strait-crossing",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Carquinez Strait Crossing",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.044,
      -122.129
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "crossing",
     "layer": "rSuisun",
     "summary": "Troops had no boats. Found a single small vessel. 'With great sacrifice, the Ensign embarked his troops and horses, making several crossings.' Multiple trips across the narrows.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": {
      "es": "'Las tropas no tienen lanchas; que se encontró una muy chica en la que con sacrificios se embarcó el Alferez su tropa y caballada, haciendo varios viajes.'",
      "en": "",
      "source": ""
     },
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Arrillaga report. Vallejo calls it the 'Karkin-aku pass.'",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rsuisun-4-skirmish-on-suisun-creek",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Skirmish on Suisun Creek",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.17,
      -122.08
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "skirmish",
     "layer": "rSuisun",
     "summary": "Initial engagement. After crossing the strait, troops fought Suisun warriors along the banks of a creek. Vallejo (via Sánchez): the Suisun chief drew the Spanish inland toward the main body of warriors. Sgt. Francisco Soto left as rear guard with horses.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": {
      "es": "",
      "en": "'After defeating the Indians on the banks of the Suisun River... pursued them to their last stronghold.'",
      "source": ""
     },
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Vallejo, Recuerdos Históricos, i. 131–5. Vallejo attributes to Sánchez (1817) but likely describes 1810.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rsuisun-5-battle-at-malaca-s-rancheria",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Battle at Malaca's Ranchería",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.27,
      -122.13
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "skirmish",
     "layer": "rSuisun",
     "summary": "Main engagement, May 22, 1810. Captured 18 gentiles (released — too wounded to transport). Survivors retreated into 3 tule huts. 2 corporals (Herrera, Soto) and 2 soldiers (Briones, Zúñiga) wounded. After 2 huts stormed, 3rd set on fire. Defenders burned alive rather than surrender. ~120 Suisun fighters. Chief Malaca's speech: 'It is better to die free than to live as slaves, despised by our Puy.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": {
      "es": "",
      "en": "'Los valientes indios murieron envueltos en las llamas antes que entregarse.' — Arrillaga",
      "source": ""
     },
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Bancroft II, p. 91 fn. 24. Arrillaga: Prov. Rec. ix. 122–3. Royal Order: Prov. St. Pap. xix. 314. Vallejo: MS. i. 131–5.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rsuisun-6-return-crossing-carquinez-strait",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Return Crossing — Carquinez Strait",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.044,
      -122.129
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rSuisun",
     "summary": "Vallejo: 'At dawn they tried to ford a creek and came back over the Carquines Strait.' Return to south shore after the battle.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Vallejo, Recuerdos, i. 131–5.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rsuisun-7-return-to-presidio",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Return to Presidio",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7862,
      -122.4572
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rSuisun",
     "summary": "Moraga returns to the Presidio. Arrillaga reports to the Viceroy on June 20, 1810. Royal Order arrives Nov. 12, 1811: Moraga promoted to brevet Lieutenant of Cavalry.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ],
   "ca_record": "ca26-d1203"
  },
  {
   "id": "rbodega",
   "label": "Moraga October 1810; Bodega Reconnaissance",
   "layer": "rBodega",
   "color": "#8e44ad",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 12) Doc 335 — Moraga's own overland-and-naval reconnaissance diary of Bodega, 23 Sep–2 Oct 1810 (Savage pp. 276–279, the leaves cited by Langelier & Rosen). At the estero de San Juan Francisco the Indians told him a frigate lay at Bodega and that two Unalaska men had come that morning to look at it.",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "rbodega-1-presidio-of-san-francisco",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Presidio of San Francisco",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7862,
      -122.4572
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rBodega",
     "summary": "October 3, 1810. Governor orders Moraga to investigate Russian fur-hunting at Bodega Bay. 10-day reconnaissance.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Langelier & Rosen, fn. 52: 'Gabriel Moraga's Diary of his Expedition to the Port of Bodega, Oct. 3, 1810, Prov. St. Pap., XII, 276–79.' Diary survives in the Archives of California.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rbodega-2-bay-crossing-to-marin",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Bay Crossing — to Marin",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.81,
      -122.427
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "crossing",
     "layer": "rBodega",
     "summary": "Crossed the bay from the Presidio to the Marin shore. Method uncertain — possibly native balsas or a borrowed vessel.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "SF Presidio had limited boat access. See boat-problem article.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rbodega-3-san-rafael-area",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "San Rafael Area",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.9735,
      -122.5311
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rBodega",
     "summary": "Passed through future site of Mission San Rafael. Bancroft: 'The site was probably selected on the advice of Moraga, who had several times passed it on his way to and from Bodega.'",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Bancroft, II, p. 330.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rbodega-4-novato-olompali-area",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Novato / Olompali Area",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.1,
      -122.72
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rBodega",
     "summary": "Route north through Marin. Approximate — following the natural corridor through the Novato gap toward Petaluma Creek and the coast.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Exact route not specified in diary abstract.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rbodega-5-petaluma-creek-estuary",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Petaluma Creek / Estuary",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.23,
      -122.88
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rBodega",
     "summary": "Likely crossed or followed Petaluma Creek toward the coast. Natural route from interior Marin to Bodega Bay.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Route reconstruction based on geography.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rbodega-6-bodega-bay",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Bodega Bay",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.31,
      -122.98
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rBodega",
     "summary": "Arrived at Bodega Bay. Found an American ship and Alaskan Indians (Aleut hunters working for the Russian-American Company). 10-day reconnaissance of the area. Wrote a diary of the expedition.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Langelier & Rosen: 'finds an American ship and Alaskan Indians.' Diary: Prov. St. Pap., XII, 276–79.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rbodega-7-return-to-presidio",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Return to Presidio",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7862,
      -122.4572
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rBodega",
     "summary": "Returns after 10 days. Report confirms Russian presence and fur-hunting operations at Bodega.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ],
   "ca_record": "ca12-d335"
  },
  {
   "id": "rross1812",
   "label": "Moraga 1812; First Visit to Ross",
   "layer": "rRoss1812",
   "color": "#8B2500",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 12) Doc 407 — Argüello reports Moraga's second reconnaissance, departed with four soldiers and returned 1 September 1812.",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "rross1812-1-presidio-of-san-francisco",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Presidio of San Francisco",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7862,
      -122.4572
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1812",
     "summary": "July 1812. Argüello sends Moraga with 4 men to investigate construction of a small Russian fort on the Sonoma coast. Fort Ross had been dedicated Sept. 10, 1812 — but Kuskov had been building since spring.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Langelier & Rosen, Ch. 3.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1812-2-bay-crossing-to-marin",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Bay Crossing — to Marin",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.81,
      -122.427
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "crossing",
     "layer": "rRoss1812",
     "summary": "Crossed the bay to the Marin shore.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1812-3-san-rafael-area",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "San Rafael Area",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.9735,
      -122.5311
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1812",
     "summary": "Through future Mission San Rafael site. Moraga's repeated passage through here informed his later recommendation of the site.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1812-4-petaluma-creek-area",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Petaluma Creek Area",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.23,
      -122.88
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1812",
     "summary": "North through Marin toward the coast. Approximate route.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1812-5-bodega-bay",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Bodega Bay",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.31,
      -122.98
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1812",
     "summary": "Passed through or near Bodega Bay en route to Fort Ross.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1812-6-fort-ross",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Fort Ross",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.5133,
      -123.2442
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1812",
     "summary": "Moraga identifies the Russian settlement: a brigantine-anchored base with a 150-yard-square stockade and cannon. Notes the Russians' friendly manner. Fort Ross had been dedicated by Kuskov with 95 Russians and ~80 Aleut hunters.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Langelier & Rosen: '150-yard-square stockade and cannon; notes the Russians' friendly manner.'",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1812-7-return-to-presidio",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Return to Presidio",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7862,
      -122.4572
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1812",
     "summary": "Returns to SF. Report filed with Argüello.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ],
   "ca_record": "ca12-d407"
  },
  {
   "id": "rross1813",
   "label": "Moraga 1813; Second Ross Mission",
   "layer": "rRoss1813",
   "color": "#e67e22",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 12) Doc 439 — Moraga's detailed reconnaissance and defence assessment of the Russian establishment at Ross: the approach too difficult for artillery without a better road, about forty *personas de razón* and many Kodiaks.",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "rross1813-1-presidio-of-san-francisco",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Presidio of San Francisco",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7862,
      -122.4572
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1813",
     "summary": "January 1813. Moraga drives 20 cattle and 3 horses to Fort Ross — practical diplomacy. Returns again in 1814 with Cadet Gervasio Argüello.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Langelier & Rosen, Ch. 3.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1813-2-bay-crossing-to-marin",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Bay Crossing — to Marin",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.81,
      -122.427
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "crossing",
     "layer": "rRoss1813",
     "summary": "Crossed bay to Marin shore with livestock.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1813-3-san-rafael-area",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "San Rafael Area",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.9735,
      -122.5311
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1813",
     "summary": "Through future mission site, driving cattle north.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1813-4-bodega-bay-area",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Bodega Bay Area",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.31,
      -122.98
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1813",
     "summary": "Through Bodega country toward Fort Ross.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1813-5-fort-ross",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Fort Ross",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      38.5133,
      -123.2442
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1813",
     "summary": "Jan. 1813: Delivered 20 cattle, 3 horses as goodwill gesture. 1814 return: accompanied by Cadet Gervasio Argüello. Wrote a report describing 40 gente de razón and many Kodiak Indians, cannon, glass windows in the commandant's house. Also carried official demands for Russian withdrawal.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Langelier & Rosen: '40 gente de razón and many Kodiak Indians, cannon guarding the place, and glass windows in the commandant's house.'",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rross1813-6-return-to-presidio",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Return to Presidio",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7862,
      -122.4572
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rRoss1813",
     "summary": "Returns to SF Presidio.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ],
   "ca_record": "ca12-d439"
  },
  {
   "id": "rsanrafael",
   "label": "Moraga 1817; San Rafael Founding Escort",
   "layer": "rSanRafael",
   "color": "#2e6f40",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 25) Doc 499 — Solá's comprehensive report to the Viceroy, Monterey, 3 April 1818, covering the Russian establishments at Ross and Bodega, Gabriel Moraga's reconnaissances, and the founding of San Rafael.",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "rsanrafael-1-presidio-of-san-francisco",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Presidio of San Francisco",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7862,
      -122.4572
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rSanRafael",
     "summary": "c. 1817. Moraga reconnoiters the site north of the Bay for a new establishment. He had passed through this area multiple times on trips to Bodega and Fort Ross since 1810.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Bancroft II, p. 330: 'The site was probably selected on the advice of Moraga.'",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rsanrafael-2-bay-crossing-to-marin",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Bay Crossing — to Marin",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.81,
      -122.427
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "crossing",
     "layer": "rSanRafael",
     "summary": "Crossed the bay to the Marin shore. SF Presidio had no proper boat from Feb. 1816 to Nov. 1818 — crossing method uncertain. Possibly native tule balsas.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "See boat-problem article. Vallejo mentions 'a small boat belonging to the San Francisco presidio.'",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rsanrafael-3-mission-san-rafael-site",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Mission San Rafael Site",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.9735,
      -122.5311
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rSanRafael",
     "summary": "Moraga selects this site — 5 leagues north of the Presidio, on the other side of the Bay. Warmer climate, near homeland of many SF neophytes. Mission founded Dec. 14, 1817 under Fr. Luis Gil y Taboada, escorted by Cpl. José Herrera (wounded at Suisun 1810, promoted to Sgt.). Vallejo says the Suisun victory led directly to the decision to found the mission.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": {
      "es": "'Con la mira tambien de atraer los muchos gentiles que existen por allí.' — Solá to Viceroy, April 3, 1818",
      "en": "",
      "source": ""
     },
     "sources": [
      {
       "citation": "Solá letter: Prov. Rec. ix. 583–604 (C-A 25). Founded 83 days after Hagemeister-Pomo treaty.",
       "ca_record": null,
       "ia_leaf_url": null
      }
     ],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    },
    {
     "id": "rsanrafael-4-return-to-presidio",
     "register_no": null,
     "name": "Return to Presidio",
     "date": {
      "iso": null,
      "display": "",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "coords": [
      37.7862,
      -122.4572
     ],
     "coord_precision": "area",
     "type": "expedition-leg",
     "layer": "rSanRafael",
     "summary": "Returns to the Presidio with his recommendation. Governor Solá approves the plan in consultation with Prefect Sarría.",
     "result": "",
     "quote": null,
     "sources": [],
     "native_groups": [],
     "tags": [],
     "notes": ""
    }
   ],
   "ca_record": "ca25-d499"
  }
 ],
 "symbol_min_zoom": 6,
 "symbol_key_title": "What the symbols mean",
 "symbol_key": [
  {
   "symbol": "mission",
   "label": "Mission (reference)",
   "color": "#6b6257"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "ross",
   "label": "Colony Ross",
   "color": "#6d3fa0"
  }
 ]
}