{
 "id": "military-engagements",
 "title": "Military Engagements in Spanish, Mexican & Conquest-Era California",
 "subtitle": "Battles, raids, revolts, and standoffs, 1769–1848; from the military register",
 "abstract": "Every engagement plotted here is documented in the project's military register, compiled from the C-A transcripts (Archives of California), Bancroft, Cook, and printed primary collections. Hollow or dashed markers mean the location is approximate or conjectural; the source names a district, not a spot. Register numbers (#) key each pin to the register's fuller entry and sources.",
 "date_range": [
  1769,
  1848
 ],
 "center": [
  36.2,
  -119.6
 ],
 "zoom": 6,
 "cite_key": "military",
 "last_updated": "2026-10-16",
 "layers": [
  {
   "id": "phase1",
   "label": "San Diego & Coastal Resistance (1769–1790)",
   "color": "#c0392b"
  },
  {
   "id": "yuma",
   "label": "Yuma & Colorado River (1781–1820)",
   "color": "#e67e22"
  },
  {
   "id": "phase2",
   "label": "Bay Area & Central Coast Resistance (1790–1805)",
   "color": "#2980b9"
  },
  {
   "id": "phase3a",
   "label": "Moraga Interior Campaigns (1806–1810)",
   "color": "#2e6f40"
  },
  {
   "id": "phase3b",
   "label": "Later Interior Campaigns (1811–1820)",
   "color": "#8B2500"
  },
  {
   "id": "maritime",
   "label": "Maritime & Foreign Defense",
   "color": "#16a085"
  },
  {
   "id": "infra",
   "label": "Military Infrastructure",
   "color": "#7f8c8d"
  },
  {
   "id": "mexican",
   "label": "Mexican Period (1821–1848)",
   "color": "#9b59b6"
  },
  {
   "id": "frontera",
   "label": "Dominican & Colorado Frontier",
   "color": "#a8763e"
  },
  {
   "id": "conquest",
   "label": "U.S. Conquest (1846–1847)",
   "color": "#7a2048"
  },
  {
   "id": "missionLayer",
   "label": "Missions & Presidios (reference)",
   "color": "#6b6257"
  },
  {
   "id": "modernLayer",
   "label": "Modern City Labels",
   "color": "#9a938a"
  }
 ],
 "features": [
  {
   "id": "reg-1-battle-at-san-diego-mission",
   "register_no": "1",
   "name": "Battle at San Diego Mission",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1769-08",
    "display": "August 1769",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.7534,
    -117.1962
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase1",
   "summary": "First armed clash in Alta California. Spanish exploring party attacked at Cosoy. 1 Spaniard killed (blacksmith José Manuel Robles), 3 natives killed.",
   "result": "First blood; Spanish hold position",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. I (1542–1800) (San Francisco: History Company, 1886), 137–39 · the attack of 15 August 1769 on the camp/mission at Cosoy.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "San Diego, Libro de Misión, MS., 65 (mission register; Bancroft's manuscript authority for the identity of the man killed).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Francisco Palóu, Relación histórica de la vida... de Junípero Serra (Mexico, 1787), 84 · reports earlier assaults, 12–13 Aug. 1769.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "NO Archives of California record attests this engagement. [null result, recorded deliberately]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "TWO FACTUAL PROBLEMS IN THE MAP TEXT, flagged not silently reconciled. (1) The map says the Spaniard killed was 'blacksmith José Manuel Robles'. Bancroft (I:138) says the blacksmith was WOUNDED and 'greatly distinguishes himself by his bravery, fighting without the protection of a cuera'; the man KILLED was a boy servant, and Bancroft's footnote 28, citing San Diego, Lib. Mis., MS., 65, names him 'a Spanish arriero 20 years old named José María Vegerano'. No source I consulted names any 'Robles'. The San Diego blacksmith named 'José Manuel' in Bancroft is Arroyo, who was killed in the DIFFERENT event of Nov. 1775 (feature reg-2); the map appears to have imported the 1775 blacksmith's death into the 1769 entry. (2) Bancroft's wounded are Padre Vizcaíno, the blacksmith, a soldier and a Baja California Indian; '3 natives killed' matches Bancroft. RECOMMEND correcting the summary. Nearest C-A record in date/place is ca62-d20 (Cañizares's copy of Rivera y Moncada's 1769 diary), but that diary CLOSES 3 July 1769, six weeks before the attack, so it is not an attestation and I have deliberately not linked it.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-2-destruction-of-san-diego-mission",
   "register_no": "2",
   "name": "Destruction of San Diego Mission",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1775-11-05",
    "display": "November 5, 1775",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.757,
    -117.191
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase1",
   "summary": "800–1,000 attackers from 9+ rancherías; dual-axis plan (mission + presidio). Defenders: Cpl. Rocha + 3 soldiers, 2 friars, 3 artisans = 11 men. Padre Jayme martyred (18 arrow wounds). Blacksmith Arroyo killed. Carpenter Urselino died of wounds. Cpl. Rocha fired muskets all night from adobe enclosure.",
   "result": "INDIGENOUS TACTICAL VICTORY; first successful mission destruction",
   "quote": {
    "es": "\"Amad á Dios, hijos\" — Jayme's last words. Urselino left his pay \"for the benefit of his murderers.\"",
    "en": "",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Tte. José Francisco de Ortega to Tte.-Col. Juan Bautista de Anza, San Diego, 30 Nov. 1775, 'Expediente de investigación' on the burning of Mission San Diego and the death of Fr. Luis Jayme (certified copy by Capt. Fernando de Rivera y Moncada) · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. pp.1–7 / Savage pp.2–9, scan n2–n8, Doc 1.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d1",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n1"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Comandante Fernando de Rivera y Moncada and Sgt. Mariano Carrillo, expediente on an Indian conspiracy which uncovered the confessions to the Nov. 1775 revolt, San Diego, 10 Aug.–4 Sept. 1776 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 1), tomo i. 221–232 / Savage pp.526–539, scan n223–n234, Doc 100.",
     "ca_record": "ca1-d100",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_3_2/page/n223"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Capt. Fernando de Rivera y Moncada, interrogation of the imprisoned leaders of the San Diego revolt, San Diego, 31 May–18 June 1776 · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. pp.327–343 / Savage pp.24–25, scan n23–n24, Doc 28.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d28",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n23"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Tte. José Francisco de Ortega, interrogation of 'el indio Carlos', capitán of the mission ranchería and principal ringleader of the 5 Nov. 1775 revolt, declarations of 11, 13 and 15 Apr. 1776 · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. pp.294–327 / Savage p.24, scan n23, Doc 27.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d27",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n23"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Fr. Vicente Fuster, Registro de Defunciones / San Diego, Libro de Misión, MS., 74–75 (eyewitness burial entries for Fr. Luis Jayme, the mason Arroyo and the carpenter Urselino).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, I:249–54 ('Destruction of San Diego').",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Date/casualty checks against the manuscript: ca15-d1 gives the attack as the night of 5 Nov. 1775 (the map's 5 November is right; the catalog headline reads '4–5 Nov'). DISCREPANCY ON THE TRADES: the map says 'Blacksmith Arroyo killed. Carpenter Urselino died of wounds.' Ortega's informe as catalogued calls Manuel Arroyo a MASON (albañil) killed and Felipe Romero a mason wounded, while Bancroft I:250 calls Arroyo and Romero both BLACKSMITHS sleeping in the smithy. Both agree Urselino was the carpenter and died of his wounds (buried 10 Nov). I am not reconciling this; flagging it. Also: the manuscript names the wounded escort as cabo Rocha[?], Alejo Antonio Gonzáles, Juan Álvarez and Joaquín Armenta, which supports the map's 'Cpl. Rocha'. The map's '13+ rancherías' figure belongs properly to feature reg-63, which is the same leaf.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-3-carrillo-s-punishment-at-alocuachomi",
   "register_no": "3",
   "name": "Carrillo's Punishment at Alocuachomi",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1777-06",
    "display": "June 1777",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.5,
    -117.66
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase1",
   "summary": "Punitive raid near San Juan Capistrano. 3 natives killed.",
   "result": "Spanish punitive raid",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Cabo [Guillermo] Carrillo to Sgt. Francisco de Aguiar, report of the punitive expedition to the ranchería de Alocuachomi, 20 June 1777 · State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 55), Savage pp.49–51 (stamp 276), scan n275, Doc 327.",
     "ca_record": "ca55-d327",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_17/page/n275"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Auto of Sgt. Francisco de Aguiar ordering the attack, Misión y escolta de San Juan Capistrano, 19 June 1777 · State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 55), Savage pp.47–49 (stamp 274), scan n273, Doc 326.",
     "ca_record": "ca55-d326",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_17/page/n273"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Tte. José Francisco de Ortega, sumaria taken by Sgt. Francisco de Aguiar on the disorders in the San Juan Capistrano and San Gabriel escorts, 11 July 1777 (sumaria opened 26 May) · State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 55), scan n?, Doc 318. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca55-d318",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, I:314 · 'in June 1777 the Alocuachomi rancheria threatened the neophytes of San Juan Capistrano, and Corporal Guillermo Carrillo was sent with five men to chastise the offenders, which he did by killing three and wounding several.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The manuscript refines the map on two points. (1) COMMANDER: the officer who led the raid was Cabo GUILLERMO Carrillo, not Sgt. Mariano Carrillo; the catalog marks the authorship of ca55-d327 as inferred, but Bancroft I:314 independently names 'Corporal Guillermo Carrillo... sent with five men', and ca55-d326 records Sgt. Aguiar ordering 'Cabo Guillermo Carrillo + 5 soldiers to attack the rancheria'; three-way agreement. Consider retitling the feature 'Guillermo Carrillo's punishment at Alocuachomi'. (2) CASUALTIES: the map's '3 natives killed' is defensible but soft; the report says 'tumbamos unos tres, dos quedaron en el sitio y el otro cayó en el agua dentro del tule' (about three brought down; two dead on the spot, the third fell into the water in the tules), plus two more who fled badly wounded and two taken prisoner, one of whom got 25 lashes. Bancroft rounds this to 'killing three and wounding several'. (3) The ranchería is spelled Alocuachomi in the raid report (ca55-d327) but Alamachomi in the order of the previous day (ca55-d326); same place, Savage's reading varies. Exact date of the raid: 20 June 1777.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-4-ambush-at-san-juan-briones-killed",
   "register_no": "4",
   "name": "Ambush at San Juan (Briones killed)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1777-08",
    "display": "August 1777",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.8,
    -117.1
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase1",
   "summary": "Midnight ambush near San Diego. Corporal Briones killed.",
   "result": "INDIGENOUS TACTICAL SUCCESS",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Tte. José Francisco de Ortega, diligencias on the death of Cabo Garci [Brito] Murillo, with inventory of his goods, relaying Sgt. Carrillo's report of the assault on the despatch party, San Diego, 17 Aug. 1777 · State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 55), orig. tomo vii, pp.~166–199 / Savage pp.199–200, scan n198–n199, Doc 231.",
     "ca_record": "ca55-d231",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_17/page/n198"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Tte. José Francisco de Ortega, instructions to Sgt. Mariano Carrillo for a punitive campaign against the gentiles who killed Cabo Briones; Carrillo's operations report rendered 9 Oct. 1777 · State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 55), orig. tomo vii, pp.200–216 / Savage p.201, scan n200, Doc 233.",
     "ca_record": "ca55-d233",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_17/page/n200"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Felipe de Neve to the Comandante General, 15 Apr. 1778 · Provincial Records (C-A 22), orig. pp.184–185 / Savage p.97, scan n97, Doc 124.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d124",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n97"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Felipe de Neve to the Comandante General, 16 Oct. 1778 · Provincial Records (C-A 22), orig. pp.192–193 / Savage p.98, scan n98, Doc 127.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d127",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n98"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, I:315 · 'on August 13th four soldiers bearing despatches from General Croix to Neve were surprised at midnight, at a place called San Juan just above San Diego... who killed the corporal in command, Antonio Briones.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "THE MAP'S PLACE IS RIGHT BUT AMBIGUOUS AND THE CATALOG IS PROBABLY WRONG ABOUT IT. Bancroft I:315 puts the ambush 'at a place called San Juan just above San Diego', and ca22-d127 names it precisely: the rancherías of the ARROYO DE SAN JUAN BAUTISTA. The catalog summary of ca55-d233 glosses it as 'the gentiles of San Juan [Capistrano]'; that bracketed expansion looks like an editorial error, since San Juan Capistrano is ~60 miles north of San Diego and the party was returning FROM San Diego. Recommend the map say 'Arroyo de San Juan Bautista, above San Diego' and not San Juan Capistrano. SECOND FLAG; A DATE CONTRADICTION INSIDE THE ARCHIVE: ca55-d231 is dated 17 Aug. 1777 yet its Savage abstract says the assault happened 'on ~13 Oct'; that is internally impossible (a 17 August document cannot report a 13 October event). ca22-d124 (Neve, 15 Apr. 1778) and Bancroft both give 13 AUGUST 1777, which the 17 August dateline supports. I read this as a Savage or cataloguing slip for '13 Ago'. Do not silently correct in the catalog without a leaf check. THIRD: the corporal's full name is José Antonio Briones (Bancroft gives 'Antonio Briones'); the two wounded soldiers were Felipe Santiago Tapia and Joaquín Díaz, and the caballada was driven off.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-5-carrillo-s-raid-on-pamo",
   "register_no": "5",
   "name": "Carrillo's Raid on Pamó",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1778-03",
    "display": "March 1778",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.0,
    -116.75
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase1",
   "summary": "Dawn assault on Pamó ranchería. 4 chiefs executed; first public execution in California.",
   "result": "Spanish punitive raid; 4 chiefs executed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Comte. Tte. José Francisco de Ortega, expediente on the Pamó conspiracy, the surprise of the ranchería (31 Mar. 1778) and the sentence of the four captains, San Diego, 6 Apr. 1778 · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. pp.737–764, 767–769 / Savage pp.43–46, scan n42–n45, Doc 46.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d46",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n42"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Tte. José Francisco de Ortega to Gov. Felipe de Neve, report that the four Pamó ringleaders have been shot, San Diego, 12 Apr. 1778 · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. pp.765–767 / Savage p.46, scan n45, Doc 47.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d47",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n45"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, I:315–16 · the Pamó campaign, Ortega's sentence quoted in translation, and Bancroft's judgement that 'This was the first public execution in California.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DATE CORRECTION FROM THE MANUSCRIPT: the map dates the feature to March 1778, which is right for the raid but the manuscript is precise; Sgt. Mariano Carrillo surprised Pamó at 3 a.m. on 31 MARCH 1778; the four captains were examined and convicted on 4–6 April; the executions were on SATURDAY 11 APRIL 1778, and Ortega reported them carried out on 12 April. So 'March 1778' should probably become '31 March – 11 April 1778'. SECOND: the map says '4 chiefs executed; first public execution in California.' The 'first public execution' claim is BANCROFT'S judgement (I:316), not the manuscript's; it should be attributed to him rather than presented as a fact of record. The four captains are Achil, Aalcuirin[?], Aarán and Taguaqui[?] (Bancroft: Aachil, Aalcuirin, Aaaran, Taguagui). THIRD: casualties in the raid itself were 2 killed outright plus an unspecified few burned in a hut they refused to leave. FOURTH, a related record I deliberately did NOT link: ca1-d126 (Ortega, Prov. St. Pap. tomo ii, orig. pp.1–8, scan n289–n294) is the expediente on the FEBRUARY 1778 rising of the gentiles of San Juan Capistrano, San Mateo, La Laguna and San Flores; it is the document behind Bancroft's 'Prov. St. Pap., MS., ii. 1-6' in the same footnote and is the immediate antecedent of the Pamó affair, but it concerns a different place and month, so linking it to this feature would be wrong. It would make a good standalone map feature.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-6-tenoqui-attack-on-prospecting-soldiers",
   "register_no": "6",
   "name": "Tenoqui Attack on Prospecting Soldiers",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1790-08",
    "display": "August 1790",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.55,
    -119.6
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase1",
   "summary": "Santa Bárbara backcountry. 2 soldiers killed, Spanish driven off.",
   "result": "INDIGENOUS VICTORY",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Comte. Felipe de Goycoechea to Gov. Pedro Fages, Santa Bárbara, 2 Sept. 1790, narrative of the ambush of Sgt. Olivera's patrol at the ranchería de Tinoqui · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. pp.435–437 / Savage pp.209–211, scan n214–n216, Doc 296.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d296",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n214"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Felipe de Goycoechea, habilitado, 'Ajuste formalisado al Sold.o Gab.l Espinosa, que murió en veinte y nueve de Agosto de 1790', Santa Bárbara, 30 Aug. 1790 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 5), tomo ix, orig. p.324 / Savage p.180, scan n181, Doc 178. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Felipe de Goycoechea, habilitado, 'Ajuste formalisado al Sold.o Hilario Carlon, q.e murió en veinte y nueve de Agosto de 1790', Santa Bárbara, 29 Aug. 1790 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 5), tomo ix, orig. p.330 / Savage p.186, scan n187, Doc 184. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Comte. Felipe de Goycoechea to Gov. Pedro Fages, Santa Bárbara, 19 Oct. 1790, on the failure of the pursuit · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 5), tomo ix, orig. pp.402–3 / Savage p.231, scan n232 (spans n232–n233), Doc 232. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, I:465–66 · 'In August 1790 Sergeant Olivera with eight men went in search of an Indian deserter, and were instructed also to prospect for mines... they were attacked by a large number of Indians of the Tenoqui rancheria and driven away with the loss of two soldiers killed, Espinosa and Carlon.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "THE BEST-PAID-OFF FEATURE IN THIS BATCH: it was a bare 'Bancroft I.' and it now has the commanding officer's own narrative report plus the fiscal proof of both deaths. DATE REFINED: the map says 'August 1790'. The two soldiers' ajustes both close 'que murió en veinte y nueve de Agosto de 1790', so the engagement is 29 AUGUST 1790 (the patrol had set out 24 Aug. and the survivors did not regain Santa Bárbara until 1 Oct.). NAME DISCREPANCY, FLAGGED NOT RECONCILED: ca15-d296 as catalogued names the dead as 'Gabriel Espinosa & IGNACIO Carlón'; the habilitado's own ajuste and valúo (ca5-d184, ca5-d185) name him HILARIO Carlón, and Bancroft I:465 gives only the surname 'Carlon'. Hilario has the better authority; it appears twice, in accounting documents where the man's name governs a payment. RANCHERÍA SPELLING: Bancroft prints 'Tenoqui'; Goycoechea's report as catalogued reads 'Tinoqui'. The Napalayagua Indians (nine of them, enemies of Tinoqui) rode with the patrol. Bancroft adds that Goycoechea was blamed by Fages for risking his soldiers on mining work.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-63-san-diego-uprising-rancheria-participant-list",
   "register_no": "63",
   "name": "San Diego Uprising: Ranchería Participant List",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1775",
    "display": "1775",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.74,
    -117.21
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "phase1",
   "summary": "Full intelligence from C-A 15: 13+ rancherías identified. Gentile woman warned of second attack planned.",
   "result": "Intelligence document",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Tte. José Francisco de Ortega to Tte.-Col. Juan Bautista de Anza, informe on the San Diego revolt, San Diego, 30 Nov. 1775, ranchería roster at scan leaf n5 · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. pp.1–7 (roster at orig. p.5) / Savage pp.2–9, scan n2–n8, Doc 1.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d1",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n5"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Comandante Fernando de Rivera y Moncada and Sgt. Mariano Carrillo, expediente of Aug.–Sept. 1776 recording the confessions of the 1775 ringleaders and the ten rancherías invited into the plot · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 1), tomo i. 221–232 / Savage pp.526–539, scan n223–n234, Doc 100.",
     "ca_record": "ca1-d100",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_3_2/page/n223"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Tte. José Francisco de Ortega, interrogation of 'el indio Carlos', capitán of the mission ranchería and principal ringleader, 11, 13 and 15 Apr. 1776 · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. pp.294–327 / Savage p.24, scan n23, Doc 27.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d27",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n23",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The feature's date should probably read 1775 (event) / 30 Nov. 1775 (document). COUNT CHECK on '13+ rancherías': the leaf as catalogued names seven Christian rancherías (San Luis, Matamó[?], Tamacha[?], Meté, Yana, Abacaly[?] and the newly reduced San Miguel) and four named gentile ones (Melojó[?], Itai, Pocol, El Corral) plus '~6 more from the San Luis cañada'; so 11 named and roughly 17 in total, which supports '13+' but the map would be safer saying 'eleven named rancherías and about six more unnamed'. Bancroft's independent reading of the same leaf (I:253 n.28, 'Ortega in his Informe, MS., 5') gives the Christian list as San Luis, Matanió, Xanaali, Meti, Xana or Xanat, Abascal/Abuscal/Aguscal, and Magtate or San Miguel, and the gentile list as La Punta, Melejó...; i.e. Bancroft puts La Punta among the gentile rancherías, which the catalog's list does not. Two readings of one hand; worth a leaf check before the map states a definitive roster. THE 'GENTILE WOMAN' CLAIM IS NOT SUPPORTED BY WHAT I READ: the catalog summary of ca15-d1 attributes the warning of a second, planned dawn attack on the presidio within twenty days to the Christian Indian JOAQUÍN and the capitán MARIANO YGUATÍN[?] of the rancho de Aguacal[?]; both men. I found no gentile woman informant in this record. In ca1-d97 the informant is likewise a man, the californio Ignacio alias Diego. I am flagging this rather than reconciling it; the map's 'Gentile woman warned of second attack planned' needs a source or should be cut.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-65-battle-at-la-cienega",
   "register_no": "65",
   "name": "Attack at La Cieneguilla (Rivera's march)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1769",
    "display": "1769",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.1,
    -117.3
   ],
   "coord_precision": "conjectural",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase1",
   "summary": "From the hoja de servicios of Sargento Mariano de la Luz Verdugo: in 1769 he was one of the party that, by order of Capt. Fernando de Rivera y Moncada, \"sostuvieron el ataque que hicieron los gentiles en el parage de la Cieneguilla en que se mataron 8\"; the gentiles attacked and the party withstood it, with eight of the attackers killed. Verdugo's earlier 1781 service sheet describes the same action.",
   "result": "Attack withstood; 8 gentiles killed",
   "quote": {
    "es": "sostuvieron el ataque que hicieron los gentiles en el parage de la Cieneguilla en que se mataron 8",
    "en": "they withstood the attack the gentiles made at the paraje of la Cieneguilla, in which 8 were killed",
    "source": "C-A 15 Doc 272 (scan n200, Savage 195)"
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hoja de servicios of Sargento Mariano de la Luz Verdugo, aged 42, Monterey, 31 Dec. 1786 · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. p.335 / Savage pp.195–96, scan n200–n201, Doc 272.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d272",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n200"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hoja de servicios of Sargento Mariano de la Luz Verdugo, 31 Dec. 1781 (signed Diego Gonzáles) · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. p.57 / Savage p.66, scan n67, Doc 82.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d82",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n68"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ LOCATION UNRESOLVED; the pin is a placeholder, not evidence. Corrected 2026-09-01 from the manuscript leaves themselves (C-A 15 scan n200 = Savage 195, and the parallel 1781 sheet at scan n68): the copy reads sostuvieron (not \"estuvieron\"), la Cieneguilla (not \"La Ciénega\"), and 8 killed (not 3); the numeral is an unambiguous figure-8 at full resolution. The verb reverses the sense: the gentiles attacked and Rivera's party withstood it. On place: this is a 1769 action on Rivera y Moncada's march, and Portolá's diary (Bancroft I:135 n.16) records camping \"en la cieneguilla, cuio nombre puso el padre jesuita Lino\" on 27 May 1769 while following Rivera's route north from Velicatá; a paraje named by a Jesuit lies in BAJA CALIFORNIA, since the Jesuits never worked in Alta California. Nothing found places this fight in Alta California, so the existing coordinate is retained only as a placeholder and is marked conjectural. The pin should probably move to the Velicatá–San Diego road or the feature be reconsidered; that is Aodhan's call, so no coordinate has been invented. The permalink id (reg-65-battle-at-la-cienega) is deliberately unchanged.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "toypurina-s-revolt-at-san-gabriel",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Toypurina's Revolt at San Gabriel",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1785-10-25",
    "display": "October 25, 1785",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.1,
    -118.11
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase1",
   "summary": "MAJOR CONSPIRACY. Toypurina; female war leader of the Tongva (Gabrieleño); organized multi-village uprising against Mission San Gabriel with neophyte alcalde Nicolás José. Plan to kill padres and soldiers. Betrayed by informant before attack could succeed. Toypurina and co-conspirators arrested. She was exiled to Mission San Carlos Borromeo. One of the most important indigenous military actors in California history.",
   "result": "Conspiracy foiled; Toypurina arrested and exiled",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Pedro Fages to the Comandante General, San Gabriel, 30 Dec. 1785 (4 docs), with the continuation of 5 Jan. 1786 · Provincial Records (C-A 22), tomo ii, ff.131–133 (orig. pp.521–526, the San Gabriel entries at orig. pp.528–531) / Savage pp.348–351, scan n349–n351, Doc 2042.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2042",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n349"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Pedro Fages to Tte. José de Zúñiga, 22 Nov. 1785, ordering the Indian justicias of San Gabriel deposed, the ringleaders arrested and 15–20 lashes given to the rebellious · Provincial Records (C-A 23), tomo iii, orig. p.637 / Savage p.261, scan n262, Doc 685.",
     "ca_record": "ca23-d685",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_5_2/page/n262",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Pedro Fages to the Comandante General, Santa Bárbara / Monterey, 1786, on Sgt. Ignacio Olivera having punished two San Gabriel rebels without authority · Provincial Records (C-A 22), tomo ii, orig. pp.540–544 / Savage pp.352–355, scan n352–n355, Doc 2043.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2043",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n353"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, I:460 and n.21 · 'In October 1785 the neophytes and gentiles were tempted by a woman, so at least said the men, into a plan to attack the mission and kill the friars... Two years later came General Ugarte's order condemning one native, Nicolás, to six years of work at the presidio followed by exile to a distant mission. The woman was sent into perpetual exile.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz, Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535–1846, 247–49.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Comandante General Jacobo Ugarte y Loyola to Gov. Pedro Fages, 14 Dec. 1787, sentencing the conspirators · Archivo del Arzobispado / Archives of Santa Bárbara, MS., vi. 110–17.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hugo Reid, letters on the Indians of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles Star, February–July 1852 (22 letters).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "MAJOR RESULT: this feature had no manuscript link at all, and there IS one. I fetched C-A 22 leaf n350 (Savage stamp 349, tomo folio 132) and read Savage's abstract of Fages's letter to the Comandante General from San Gabriel, 30 Dec. 1785: 'Que halló aquí presos á 7 Indios cristos. y 4 gentiles INCLUSA LA AUTORA DEL MOTÍN, y dos capitancillos gentiles ademas, á cuyos cabecillas se forma la corresp.te sumaria, sentenciando á los restantes á la pena de 15 á 20 azotes.' 'La autora del motín'; the female author of the rising; is Toypurina, named here only by her role. Immediately below, the entry of 5 Jan. 1786: 'Pasa las diligs. practicadas contra los cuatro Indios cabecillas del motín (de S. Gabl.) y que quedan castigados los 17 cómplices.' So the C-A record gives eleven prisoners held at San Gabriel (7 Christians, 4 gentiles), four ringleaders tried, 17 accomplices punished. NOTE THE ARITHMETIC TENSION with Bancroft I:460, who says the corporal 'captured some twenty of the conspirators'; 11 held at San Gabriel is not 20; the counts may cover different moments. Flagging, not reconciling. TWO FURTHER CHECKS I RAN AND REPORT NEGATIVE: (a) ca22-d2034 (Fages, 'Reflections on the Gabrieleño Indians' plan to kill padres & soldiers') looked like a candidate but is dated 10 Feb. 1784; I pulled leaf n315 and the surrounding entries are all January–February 1784, so it PREDATES Toypurina by twenty months and I have not linked it. It may record a separate, earlier Gabrieleño conspiracy worth its own investigation. (b) I searched C-A 4 and C-A 23 for Ugarte's Dec. 1787 sentence (Nicolás José to six years' presidio labour and exile, Toypurina to perpetual exile) and found nothing; Bancroft cites it to Arch. Sta. Bárbara, MS., vi. 110-17, which is not a C-A document. The exile to Mission San Carlos Borromeo asserted in the map summary is not attested in anything I read here.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-5½-yuma-revolt-colorado-river-massacre",
   "register_no": "5½",
   "name": "Yuma Revolt (Colorado River Massacre)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1781",
    "display": "July 17–18, 1781",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.726,
    -114.6293
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "yuma",
   "summary": "DECISIVE YUMA VICTORY. 2 mission-pueblos (La Purísima Concepción, San Pedro y San Pablo) destroyed. 46+ dead including 4 Franciscan friars. Overland route from Sonora to California closed for 40+ years.",
   "result": "DECISIVE YUMA VICTORY; overland route closed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Deposition of José Reyes Pacheco, soldier of the Presidio del Altar, survivor from San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer, aged 22, taken at Sonoitac (Sonoyta), 31 Oct. 1781 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), tomo iii. 319–321 / Savage pp.320–322, scan n323–n325, Doc 170.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d170",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n323"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Deposition of Pedro Solares, soldier, survivor from La Purísima Concepción, taken at Sonoitac (Sonoyta), 31 Oct. 1781 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), tomo iii. 321–323 / Savage pp.322–324, scan n325–n327, Doc 171.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d171",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n324"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Deposition of Miguel Antonio Romero, soldier of the Presidio de San Carlos de Buenavista, survivor from San Pedro y San Pablo, taken at Sonoitac, 31 Oct. 1781 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), tomo iii. 322–324 / Savage pp.323–325, scan n326–n328, Doc 172.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d172",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n326"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Deposition of Matías de Castro, settler (poblador) of La Purísima Concepción, aged 46, taken at Sonoitac, 31 Oct. 1781 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), tomo iii. 324–326 / Savage pp.325–327, scan n328–n330, Doc 173.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d173",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n328"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Deposition of Juan José Mirandes, carpenter and settler of San Pedro y San Pablo, aged 33, taken at Sonoitac, 31 Oct. 1781 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), tomo iii. 327–328 / Savage pp.328–329, scan n331–n332, Doc 174.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d174",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n331"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Deposition of José Ygnacio de Bengochea, Jalchedún Indian raised at the Presidio del Altar, aged 20, survivor from San Pedro y San Pablo, taken at Sonoitac, 31 Oct. 1781 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), tomo iii. 329–330 / Savage pp.330–331, scan n333–n334, Doc 175.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d175",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n333"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Deposition of José Urrea, salaried Indian interpreter raised by Bernardo de Urrea, survivor from San Pedro y San Pablo, taken at Sonoitac, 31 Oct. 1781, with Neve's order forwarding the testimony to Croix · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), tomo iii. 330–331 / Savage pp.331–332, scan n334–n335, Doc 176.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d176",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n334"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Felipe de Neve to the Comandante General (per Velázquez), narrative of the Yuma massacre, 1781 · Provincial Records (C-A 22), tomo ii. 294+ / Savage pp.294–296, scan n294–n296, Doc 2027.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2027",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n294"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Felipe de Neve to the Comandante General, 'Antecedentes de una mortandad' · the causes of the Yuma revolt, San Gabriel, 18 Nov. 1781 · Provincial Records (C-A 22), tomo ii. 213–216 / Savage pp.286–288, scan n286–n288, Doc 2024.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2024",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n287"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Comandante General Teodoro de Croix to Gov. Felipe de Neve, Arizpe, 2 Oct. 1781 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), orig. pp.533–535 / Savage pp.285–286, scan n288–n289, Doc 159.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d159",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n288"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Alférez Cayetano Limón's expedition to the Colorado, report to the Governor, San Gabriel, Dec. 1781 · Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 15), orig. pp.115–116 / Savage p.76, scan n77, Doc 97.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d97",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n77"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Juan Domingo Arricivita, Crónica seráfica y apostólica del Colegio de Propaganda Fide de la Santa Cruz de Querétaro, segunda parte (Mexico, 1792).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, I, ch. xvi · the Colorado River establishments and their destruction.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "This feature is exceptionally well covered in C-A and the existing citation ('C-A 22') pointed at the wrong volume for the best evidence: the eyewitness core is a series of SEVEN survivor depositions taken at Sonoyta on 31 October 1781 and copied into C-A 2, not C-A 22. Each deponent gets his own entry and link below, as instructed. CROSS-CHECKS AGAINST THE MAP TEXT: the date '17–18 July 1781' is confirmed by ca2-d170 ('the 17–18 July 1781 destruction'). The two mission-pueblos are named in the depositions as La Purísima Concepción and San Pedro y San Pablo de Bicuñer, matching the map. I did NOT find a manuscript confirming the map's '46+ dead including 4 Franciscan friars'; that figure comes from the printed literature (Arricivita, Bancroft) and should stay attributed there until someone reads the fuller depositions. CAUSATION: two rival explanations survive in the archive, and the map's summary offers none; ca22-d2024 (Neve) blames Spanish conduct (the captain taking gentile and Christian women at Jalchedún, Rivera's failure to gift the Yuma chief Palma, and the expedition's mules destroying the mesquite the Yumas live on part of the year), while ca2-d173 (the settler Matías de Castro) blames the cepo, Islas having jailed Ignacio Palma and the dead governor's son for trying to kill the soldier Cayetano Mesa. Worth surfacing on the map.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-5½a-death-of-rivera-y-moncada",
   "register_no": "5½a",
   "name": "Death of Rivera y Moncada",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1781",
    "display": "July 17–18, 1781",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.735,
    -114.615
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "yuma",
   "summary": "Sub-engagement of Yuma Revolt. Capt. Fernando de Rivera y Moncada and all 11–12 soldiers killed at separate camp on east bank. Rivera was the military governor of the Californias.",
   "result": "TOTAL YUMA VICTORY; Rivera killed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Deposition of Pedro Solares, soldier, survivor from La Purísima Concepción, Sonoitac (Sonoyta), 31 Oct. 1781 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), tomo iii. 321–323 / Savage pp.322–324, scan n325–n327, Doc 171.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d171",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n324"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Felipe de Neve to the Comandante General (per Velázquez), narrative of the Yuma massacre, 1781 · Provincial Records (C-A 22), tomo ii. 294+ / Savage pp.294–296, scan n294–n296, Doc 2027.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2027",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n294"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Comandante General Teodoro de Croix to Gov. Felipe de Neve, order for the estate settlement of the deceased Capt. Fernando de Rivera y Moncada, Arizpe, 7 Apr. 1782 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), orig. pp.372–373 / Savage pp.187–188, scan n190–n191, Doc 91.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d91",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n190"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Felipe de Neve to the Viceroy / Comandante General, Loreto–Monterey, 16 May 1781, dispatching Sgt. Juan José Robles and 12 soldiers to the Colorado to meet Capt. Fernando de Rivera · Provincial Records (C-A 22), orig. pp.282–288 / Savage p.299, scan n300, Doc 320. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Felipe de Neve to Nicolás Soler, from the Misión de la Concepción on the Colorado, 27 Sept. 1782, settling a debt owed by Rivera · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), orig. p.57 / Savage p.28, scan n28, Doc 29.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d29",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n28"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Comandante General Teodoro de Croix to Gov. Felipe de Neve, Arizpe, 2 Oct. 1781 · Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), orig. pp.533–535 / Savage pp.285–286, scan n288–n289, Doc 159.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d159",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n288"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "THE EXISTING CITATION IS A MIS-MATCH AND I AM CORRECTING IT. 'C-A 22, n300, pp. 286–88. Neve to Com. Gral.' fuses two different records: leaf n300 of C-A 22 carries ca22-d320 (Neve, 16 May 1781, orig. pp.282–288; so 'pp.286-88' fits THIS one) and the opening of ca22-d2029 (Savage pp.300–302), while the Savage page range 286–288 belongs to a THIRD record, ca22-d2024 (Neve's 'Antecedentes de una mortandad', scan n286–n288). Of the three, ca22-d320 is the one whose page range the citation actually matches and whose subject is genuinely Rivera; but note what it is: a pre-event dispatch order of 16 May 1781, two months BEFORE the killing. It does not attest the death. I have kept it, correctly described, and added the records that do. SECOND: the map says 'all 11–12 soldiers killed at separate camp on east bank.' The C-A records I read support the escort's size; ca22-d320 has 'Sgt Juan José Robles + 12 soldiers to the Colorado to meet Capt. Fernando Rivera'; but I found nothing in these records specifying the east bank or that all of them died, so those details should stay attributed to the printed literature. THIRD: the depositions give the manner of death (a flechazos, by arrows) and Croix's estate order fixes the month ('hasta Julio, día de su fallecimiento'), so 'July 1781' is archivally secure; 17–18 July comes from ca2-d170.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-72-fages-at-ruins-of-purisima",
   "register_no": "72",
   "name": "Fages at Ruins of Purísima",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1782",
    "display": "1782",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.73,
    -114.58
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "yuma",
   "summary": "Fages arrives at \"arruinado pueblo de la Purísima.\" Yumas have fled. Communicates with Romeu and Fueros.",
   "result": "Aftermath reconnaissance",
   "quote": {
    "es": "\"Los Yumas se han retirado y los demás gentiles son pacíficos.\"",
    "en": "",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Gov.-elect Pedro Fages to Gov. Felipe de Neve, San Gabriel, 23 Apr. 1782, 'Expedición al río Colorado' · Provincial Records (C-A 22), orig. pp.563–64 / Savage p.200 (tomo folio 199), scan n200, Doc 287.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d287",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n200"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Felipe de Neve, 'Expedición contra los Yumas', account of the 1782 punitive campaign, 16 Oct. 1782 · Provincial Records (C-A 22), tomo ii. 137–143 / Savage pp.269–272, scan n270–n272, Doc 2019.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2019",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n271"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Felipe de Neve, Junta de Guerra y Real Hacienda orders for the Yuma campaign, Aug.–Oct. 1782 · Provincial Records (C-A 22), tomo ii. 150–163 / Savage pp.273–275, scan n273–n276, Doc 2020.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2020",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n274"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "THE MAP'S CITATION IS EXACTLY RIGHT AND I VERIFIED IT ON THE LEAF IMAGE; this is the cleanest existing link in the batch. Two small corrections to the feature's framing. (1) ADDRESSEE: the heading reads 'Fages á Neve', so this is Fages reporting to Governor Felipe de Neve, not to the Comandante General; the map does not state a recipient but the citation should. (2) GRAMMATICAL SUBJECT: Savage writes 'Que LLEGARON con felicidad al arruinado pueblo de la Purísima'; they arrived, i.e. the expedition, not Fages singly; and 'Que se comunicó con Romeu y Fueros', the two officers the map names. DATE: the feature is dated '1782' with year-confidence; the document is dated San Gabriel, 23 April 1782, so the date can be tightened. NOTE for accuracy: 'la Purísima' here is the Colorado River mission-pueblo of La Purísima Concepción (destroyed in the 1781 revolt), not Mission La Purísima Concepción in the Santa Bárbara Channel; an easy and consequential confusion on a California map, since one is on the Colorado and the other near Lompoc. The catalog summary of ca22-d287 omits the Romeu/Fueros clause that the leaf carries; that is a catalog-enrichment opportunity.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-73-yuma-pacification-strategy",
   "register_no": "73",
   "name": "Yuma Pacification Strategy",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1782",
    "display": "1782",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.74,
    -114.65
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "yuma",
   "summary": "Fages proposes withdrawing troops to let Yumas return to agriculture, then apprehending ringleaders.",
   "result": "Strategy; not engagement",
   "quote": {
    "es": "\"Sin cuyo logro se dificultaría la aprehensión de los cabecillas.\"",
    "en": "",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Neve to the Comandante General, Santa Barbara, 30 April 1782, on the Yumas' terror of the peninsular troops and the plan to draw them back to their sowings before seizing the ringleaders. Prov. Rec. (C-A 22), tomo ii. 176-77 / Savage p. 279, scan n280 (record spans n277-n280), Doc 2021.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2021",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n277"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-74-rivera-s-final-expedition-written-before-massacr",
   "register_no": "74",
   "name": "Rivera's Final Expedition (written before massacre)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1781-05",
    "display": "May 1781",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.72,
    -114.6
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "yuma",
   "summary": "Neve writes from San Gabriel: 17 families departed Loreto under Alférez Ramón Laso. Sargento Juan José Robles + 12 soldiers heading to Colorado to meet Rivera; who would be killed 2 months later.",
   "result": "Written 2 months before the massacre",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Neve to the Comandante General, San Gabriel, 16 May 1781, 'Salida de familias. Sobre envio de soldados' - the 17 colonist families out of Loreto under Alferez Ramon Laso, and Sgt. Juan Jose Robles with 12 soldiers sent to the Colorado to meet Capt. Fernando de Rivera y Moncada. Prov. Rec. (C-A 22), tomo ii. 286-88 / Savage p. 299, scan n300, Doc 320.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d320",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n300"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-58-colorado-river-attacks-3-incidents",
   "register_no": "58",
   "name": "Colorado River Attacks (3 incidents)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1794",
    "display": "1794–1808",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.71,
    -114.62
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "yuma",
   "summary": "Gentiles attacked 3 times, killed 5 people on the Colorado River frontier. Eastern boundary violence.",
   "result": "5 killed across 3 attacks",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Jose Joaquin de Arrillaga, *Peticion al Rey* (service record), Loreto, 2 December 1799, endorsed by Gov. Diego de Borica at San Diego 29 December 1799: on his summer-1796 frontier reconnaissance he was attacked three times by the rancherias of the Colorado River and killed only five. Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 16), tomo xx-xxxix, pp. 450-52 / Savage pp. 100-103, scan n99-n102 (passage on n100 = Savage p.101), Doc 162.",
     "ca_record": "ca16-d162",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_18_2/page/n99"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-66-colorado-river-11-of-21-killed",
   "register_no": "66",
   "name": "Colorado River: 11 of 21 Killed",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1819",
    "display": "1819",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.7,
    -114.64
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "yuma",
   "summary": "\"De los 21 que eran se mataron allí once, y que 10 eran los fugados.\" Fr. Señan reports 10 killed. Solá orders vigía on Colorado River Indians.",
   "result": "11 killed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Pablo Vicente de Sola to Jose de la Guerra, San Carlos, 21 June 1819, 'Indios del Colorado presos, y otros muertos': 'de los 21 que eran se mataron alli once, y que 10 eran los fugados' (Guerra's first parte); Fr. Jose Senan's letter of 3 June said 10 were killed; Sola repeats his request for a vigia to watch the Colorado Indians. Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. pp. 401-3 / Savage pp. 221-22, scan n220-n221, Doc 275.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d275",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n220"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Sola to Jose de la Guerra, San Carlos, 6 June 1819, 'Captura de indios': asks for a lookout on the Colorado-River route and orders the four prisoners taken by Sgt. Anastasio Carrillo held at Santa Barbara for deportation. Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. pp. 399-400 / Savage p. 220, scan n219, Doc 274. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: re-pointed from ca17-d274 to ca17-d275, the document that actually attests this]",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d275",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n220"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Sola to Jose de la Guerra, San Carlos, 2 June 1819, 'Muertes por indios del Colorado': Colorado-River Indians killed Rufino Leyva, Mariano Cota and a neophyte at San Buenaventura on 30 May 1819 (per Fr. Jose Senan); Sgt. Anastasio Carrillo sortied with 12 soldiers, 3 artillerymen and a pedrero to seize the killers. Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. pp. 391, 399 / Savage pp. 219-20, scan n218-n219, Doc 273.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d273",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n218",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "fages-el-canelo-skirmish",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Fages · El Canelo Skirmish",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1782-09-21",
    "display": "September 21, 1782",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.68,
    -114.56
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "yuma",
   "summary": "First engagement of Fages' punitive expedition after Yuma Revolt. ~1 hour of fighting at El Canelo. 3 volunteers and 2 presidials wounded. Rescued 2 captive women and a child from Yuma captivity.",
   "result": "Spanish advance; 5 wounded, captives rescued",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Pedro Fages, diary entry for Friday 21 September 1781 (El Canelo, Sonora), in *The Colorado River Campaign, 1781-1782: Diary of Pedro Fages*, ed. Herbert Ingram Priestley, Publications of the Academy of Pacific Coast History (Berkeley, 1913), pp. 6-7 (Spanish) / p. 7 (English). Internet Archive item coloradoriverca00priegoog. Vault: '02 Source Material/fages-colorado-river-campaign-1781.md'.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Junta de Guerra y Real Hacienda, Arizpe, 15 November 1781 (secretary Antonio Bonilla): acta on the campaign against the Colorado Yumas, reading Neve's and Fages's letters, noting that Fages had freed the captives and sent them to the Presidio del Altar, with nine numbered resolutions. St. Pap., Sacramento (C-A 56), tomo xv. 78-84 / Savage pp. 274-79, scan n273-n278, Doc 312. [Campaign-level context - does NOT mention El Canelo.] [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "fages-battle-of-october-20",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Fages · Battle of October 20",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1782-10-20",
    "display": "October 20, 1782",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.75,
    -114.58
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "yuma",
   "summary": "Major engagement of Fages' Colorado River campaign. Killed 25+ Yumas including Palma's son and brother (badly wounded). Previously ransomed 48 captives (Oct 18), 14 more (Oct 19). Officers voted unanimously to retreat Oct 21 despite Fages' intent to continue.",
   "result": "Spanish tactical victory; 25+ Yuma killed, 62 captives ransomed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Pedro Fages, diary entries for 18-21 October 1781 (Rio Colorado), in *The Colorado River Campaign, 1781-1782: Diary of Pedro Fages*, ed. Herbert Ingram Priestley, Publications of the Academy of Pacific Coast History (Berkeley, 1913), pp. 21-25. Internet Archive item coloradoriverca00priegoog. Vault: '02 Source Material/fages-colorado-river-campaign-1781.md'.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Pedro Fages to Manuel de Soto, Monterey, February 1783, 'Sobre sus escursiones contra apaches' - Fages's own retrospective on the Colorado command: 'habiendome encargado el mando de una espedicion p.a el rescate de los 75 cautivos q.e habia hecho la Nacion Yuma en la sublevacion del Rio Colorado, la verifique con acierto (gracias al omnip.te) y los ataque p.r 3 veces hasta lograr una completa accion'. Prov. Rec. (C-A 23), tomo iii-iv, pp. 334-36 / Savage p. 164, scan n167, Doc 367.",
     "ca_record": "ca23-d367",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_5_2/page/n167"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Junta de Guerra y Real Hacienda, Arizpe, 15 November 1781 (secretary Antonio Bonilla): reads Fages's report of 31 October 1781 and approves his having freed the captives and sent them to the Presidio del Altar. St. Pap., Sacramento (C-A 56), tomo xv. 78-84 / Savage pp. 274-79, scan n273-n278, Doc 312. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-7-sacalanes-attack-on-neophyte-party",
   "register_no": "7",
   "name": "Sacalanes Attack on Neophyte Party",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1795-03",
    "display": "March 1795",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.65,
    -122.0
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "East Bay hills, Sacalan territory (Alameda Co. between Oakland and Mission SJ). Dantí sent ~30 neophytes (no soldiers) across the bay to recover fugitives. Sacalanes attacked, killed 8–10. Gov. Borica refused retaliation.",
   "result": "INDIGENOUS VICTORY",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Lt. Luis Perez Fernandez (San Francisco) to Gov. Diego de Borica, 8 March 1795: the killing of seven Christian Indians - recently baptized Sacalanes who had fled Mission San Francisco - by Contra Costa gentiles; the recovery party sent by Fr. Antonio Danti crossed the bay and the unarmed neophytes were shot down in flight, only three or four escaping. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 7), tomo xiii. 543-44 / Savage pp. (241)-(242), scan n460-n461, Doc 596.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d596",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n460"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Lt. Luis Perez Fernandez (San Francisco) to Gov. Borica, 29 May 1795: second account - a party of fourteen (two Indian alcaldes with old and new Christians) sent unarmed to fetch the fugitive Sacalanes met a large armed gentile force and all died but one; with Fr. Danti's attempted suppression of the story ('es mentira', 'cuidado con decir nada'). Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 7), tomo xiii. 631-32, 637 / Savage pp. (275)-(276), scan n494-n495, Doc 633.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d633",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n494"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Borica to the Viceroy, Monterey, 4 May 1795 (register entry): 'Muerte de 7 Indios cristianos de la mision S.n Fr.co - por los Indios Clacanes, en una espedicion a una rancheria'. Prov. Rec. (C-A 24), tomo v-vii, p. 153 / Savage p. 369 (ink 45), scan n370, Doc 543.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d543",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n370"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Borica to the Viceroy, written from San Francisco, 30 May 1795 (register entry): arrived on the 27th to inspect San Francisco and will go on to the mission to investigate the causes of the deaths of the seven Christian Indians killed by the gentiles. Prov. Rec. (C-A 24), tomo v-vii, p. 163 / Savage p. 370 (ink 46), scan n371, Doc 554.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d554",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n371"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Borica to the Viceroy, Monterey, 23 June 1795: 'Relacion de espedicion de 7 Indios Cristianos en busca de otros huidos. Costumbres de Indios' - the full account, with the survivor Othon's testimony, the identification of the attackers as the Chimenes, and Borica's refusal to seek revenge. Prov. Rec. (C-A 24), tomo v-vii, pp. 171-74 / Savage p. 372 (ink 48), scan n373 (spans n373-n375), Doc 569.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d569",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n373"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, *History of California*, vol. I (San Francisco, 1884), p. 709 and n.28 - CORRECTS the feature's 'Bancroft II.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz, eds., *Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535-1846* (Santa Clara/Berkeley, 2001), p. 266.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-8-briones-vs-tulares-rancheria",
   "register_no": "8",
   "name": "Briones vs. Tulares Ranchería",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1797-01",
    "display": "January 1797",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    35.5,
    -120.0
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Tulare Valley edge, near SLO. Punitive raid; chief captured.",
   "result": "Spanish punitive raid",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Cpl. Marcos Briones (San Luis Obispo) to Comandante Hermenegildo Sal, 26 January 1797, 'Aprehension de un Indio': on the 18th he seized the gentiles who had killed the Christian Indian Toribio of the mission and burned his body, falling on a ranchery at the edge of the valley of the Tulares and taking the chief malefactor and two others. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi / Savage pp. 794-95, 821-22, scan n215-n217, Doc 364.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d364",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n216"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Cpl. Marcos Briones (San Luis Obispo) to Comandante Sal, 8 January 1797, 'Muerte a un Indio cristiano': the killing of the neophyte Toribio by an old gentile and his two sons, who suspected him of having bewitched (enyerbado) his daughter, dead at the mission; Briones sets out the same day with three soldiers. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi / Savage pp. 906-7, scan n240, Doc 416.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d416",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n240",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Cpl. Marcos Briones (San Luis Obispo) to Comandante Sal, 14 January 1797, 'Pesquisa de malhechores': he set out on the 8th per the governor's order, could not find the malefactors, was told at a ranchery that the gentiles of those parts had gathered near the nacimiento as if heading for the Tulares, turned back for want of provisions and intended to return on the 19th. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi / Savage pp. 904-5, scan n239-n240, Doc 415. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, *History of California*, vol. I (San Francisco, 1884), p. 691 - CORRECTS the feature's 'Bancroft II.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-9-amador-vs-sacalanes-cuchillones",
   "register_no": "9",
   "name": "Amador vs. Sacalanes/Cuchillones",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1797",
    "display": "July 15–18, 1797",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.58,
    -121.82
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Sacalanes ranchería, ~6 leagues from Mission SJ, in redwoods (palos colorados) and sierras; probably Sunol/Niles Canyon area. Sgt. Pedro Amador with 22 soldiers vs. ~50 Sacalanes/Cuchillones. Sacalanes dug pit traps (pozos) to neutralize cavalry; forced Spanish to dismount and fight hand-to-hand for 2+ hours. 7–8 killed.",
   "result": "Spanish victory; but innovative indigenous counter-cavalry tactics",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Sgt. Pedro Amador, campaign diary of the expedition against the Sacalanes and Cuchillones, 10-19 July 1797, certified copy by Gov. Borica: day 15, the dawn attack on the Sacalan ranchery, two hours of resistance behind pits, seven killed; day 16, the Cuchillon rancherias and one more killed; day 18, return to Mission San Jose, six leagues off. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 8), tomo xv. 395-98 / Savage pp. 320-22, scan n317-n319, Doc 333.",
     "ca_record": "ca8-d333",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_10/page/n317"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Diego de Borica to Sgt. Pedro Amador, Monterey, 10 July 1797, 'Ataque a una Rancheria': orders him with 20 invalids and vecinos plus 2 soldiers to make a dawn albazo on the Sacalan ranchery and seize the ringleaders and those who took part in the killing of the seven Christians of Mission San Francisco in 1795, 'se ha de evitar toda efusion de sangre'. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi / Savage pp. 202-3, scan n71-n72, Doc 111.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d111",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n71"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sgt. Pedro Amador to Gov. Borica, Mission San Jose, 19 July 1797: the Sacalan conspiracy report - 83 Christian Indians and 9 gentiles brought in, 5 Sacalanes 'comprometidos en la muerte de los cristianos' and 3 Cuchillones 'que quieren matar a Raymundo'. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 8), tomo xv. 393-94 / Savage pp. 319-20, scan n316-n317, Doc 332.",
     "ca_record": "ca8-d332",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_10/page/n316"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Alferez Jose Dario Arguello to Gov. Borica, San Francisco, 23 July 1797, 'Sobre cierta espedicion': forwards Sgt. Pedro Amador's parte and the original diary of the expedition and awaits orders on the captives brought in. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi / Savage pp. 86-87, scan n42, Doc 46.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d46",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n42",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Borica, sentencing decree, Monterey, 26 August 1797, 'Castigos de criminales indios': punishment apportioned to the Sacalan and Cuchillon participants on their declarations of 9 August, with rations ordered so they 'no padezcan hambre'. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi / Savage pp. 212-13, scan n77-n79, Doc 114.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d114",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n77",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, *History of California*, vol. I (San Francisco, 1884), pp. 710-711 and n.32 - CORRECTS the feature's 'Bancroft II.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-10-castro-s-night-siege-at-sjb",
   "register_no": "10",
   "name": "Castro's Night Siege at SJB",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1798",
    "display": "1798",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.85,
    -121.54
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Night siege of Mission San Juan Bautista. 1 chief killed, 1 soldier wounded.",
   "result": "Spanish hold mission",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, *History of California*, vol. I (San Francisco, 1884), p. 558 - CORRECTS the feature's 'Bancroft II.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[RELATED, NOT ATTESTING] Sgt. Macario Castro, 'Diario de su expedicion a rancherias', 29 June 1799 - the Carmelo/Soledad/San Juan Bautista/Santa Cruz sweep of June 1799, the follow-on operation to the 1798 troubles. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 10), tomo xvii. 855-70 / Savage p. 331 (ink 329), scan n331-n332, Doc 488. Paired with Borica's instruction to Castro of 7 June 1799 (C-A 10, tomo xvii. 853ff / scan n327-n329, Doc 487).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_12/page/n331"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-11-amador-s-raid-from-santa-clara",
   "register_no": "11",
   "name": "Amador's Raid from Santa Clara",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1800-05",
    "display": "May 1800",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.4,
    -121.8
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Hills east of Santa Clara. Chief killed, weapons broken, captives taken.",
   "result": "Spanish punitive raid",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Sgt. Pedro Amador, 'Salida contra Indios', San Francisco, 15 May 1800: the punitive expedition of 7-15 May 1800 out of Santa Clara - the relocated ranchery found on the 9th, a captain killed with lance and sword, 10 Indian prisoners sent to the San Jose escort, seven rancherias struck on the 11th and 21 Christian fugitives given up, all their bows and arrows broken. Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 16), tomo xx-xxxix, pp. 303-11 / Savage pp. 130-32, scan n129-n131, Doc 214.",
     "ca_record": "ca16-d214",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_18_2/page/n129"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Col. Pedro de Alberni's order for twelve armed men for Sgt. Amador - San Jose Pueblo Papers, item PP 0254 (Archives of California / Pueblo Papers, a separate collection from BANC MSS C-A 1-63).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, *History of California*, vol. I (San Francisco, 1884), p. 712 and n.35 - CORRECTS the feature's 'Bancroft II.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-12-pacheco-s-fight-near-santa-clara",
   "register_no": "12",
   "name": "Pacheco's Fight near Santa Clara",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1801",
    "display": "ca. 1801",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.35,
    -121.95
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "5 gentiles killed near Santa Clara.",
   "result": "5 gentiles killed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Bartolo Pacheco to Sgt. Pedro Amador, Santa Clara, 15 March 1801, 'Relacion de lo acontecido a la partida en persecucion del indio Gijigues': the corporal and five soldiers sent for the gentile capitanejo Gijigues; he took up arms, two horses and two Christian Indian auxiliaries were wounded, Pacheco ordered fire, 'resultaron cinco gentiles muertos y varios heridos'. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 11), tomo xviii, Savage pp. 65-66 (orig. pp. 146-50) / scan n65, record spanning n64-n66, Doc 31.",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d31",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n64"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, *History of California*, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), p. 136 and n.20.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-13-capture-of-chief-guchapa",
   "register_no": "13",
   "name": "Capture of Chief Guchapa",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1803-12",
    "display": "December 1803",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    35.73,
    -120.3
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Cholam village. Spanish captured chief; negotiated release.",
   "result": "Diplomatic capture",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 150-51 (local events, Mission San Miguel).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Jose de la Guerra (comandante, Monterey) to Gov. Jose Joaquin de Arrillaga, 29 Jan. 1804, 'Espedicion contra Indios' - Provincial State Papers, Benicia (Military) (BANC MSS C-A 16), tomo xxxiv. 183-4 / scan n265-266 (Savage pp. 266-267), Doc 449.",
     "ca_record": "ca16-d449",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_18_2/page/n265"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DATE DEFECT IN THE DATABASE, NOT ON THE MAP. I downloaded leaf n265 (scale=2) and read Savage's heading verbatim: '1804 En.o 29. Mont. / Jose de la Guerra, Comand.te al Gob. Arrillaga - Espedicion contra Indios.' The letter is 29 Jan 1804; the expedition 'Salio la esped.n el 22 Dic. - volvio el 10 de En.o', i.e. 22 Dec 1803 - 10 Jan 1804. The map's 'December 1803' is therefore RIGHT and the catalog's normalized date field (1805-01-29) is WRONG; the record itself already flags '(Savage: 1804)'. Bancroft independently dates the letter Jan. 29, 1804. Recommend correcting the C-A DB date to 1804-01-29. The leaf also gives the force verbatim as 'un sargento con un cabo y 13 sold.s'.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-14-attack-on-padre-cueva",
   "register_no": "14",
   "name": "Attack on Padre Cueva",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1805-01",
    "display": "January 1805",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.53,
    -121.72
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Ranchería 10–15 miles east of Mission San José, in Asisines/Luecheas territory (Diablo Range foothills). Spanish driven back.",
   "result": "INDIGENOUS TACTICAL VICTORY",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Jose Antonio Sanchez (comisionado, Mission San Jose) to Jose Argüello, 16 Jan. 1805, 'Ataque contra un padre &a por los indios' - Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix. 66-67 / scan n34-n35 (Savage pp. 34-35), Doc 25.",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d25",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n34"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Jose Dario Argüello to Gov. Arrillaga, San Francisco, 31 Jan. 1805 (umbrella report on the Cueva affair) - Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix. 68-74 / scan n36-n37 (Savage pp. 36-37), Doc 26.",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d26",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n36"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sworn deposition taken by Cabo Luis Peralta with witnesses, Santa Clara, 20 Feb. 1805 - Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix. 49 / scan n29 (Savage p. 29), Doc 18.",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d18",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n29"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Jose Argüello to Arrillaga, San Francisco, 28 Feb. 1805 (second Peralta expedition, aftermath) - Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix. 82-84 / scan n39-n40 (Savage pp. 39-40), Doc 31.",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d31",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n39",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (1886), 34-35 (Indian hostilities, 1805).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Bancroft cites this dossier by the C-A copybook pagination, not the original tomo pages: his 'Prov. St. Pap., MS., xix. 34-5' = Savage pp. 34-35 = Doc 25 (orig. pp. 66-67); 'xix. 36' and 'xix. 36-7' = Doc 26; 'xix. 29' = Doc 18; 'xix. 39-40' = Doc 31. That cross-check is what confirms the identifications. The Spanish reprisal (23 Jan 1805 battle) is mapped separately as reg-38; ca12-d35 (30 May 1805, pursuit of San Jose fugitives back to the Luechas rancheria) is later aftermath and is not linked here. Savage and Bancroft disagree on the rancheria name: Asisones/Asisines (Docs 18, 26) vs Luecheas/Luechas (Doc 35); Amador's Memorias calls them Loechas.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-15-fight-at-carquinez-strait",
   "register_no": "15",
   "name": "Fight at Carquinez Strait",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1807-02",
    "display": "February 1807",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.05,
    -122.22
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Carquinez Strait narrows. 12–15 Mission SJ neophytes killed by gentiles controlling the strait crossing.",
   "result": "INDIGENOUS VICTORY",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (1886), 131-32 (local events, San Francisco district).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Fr. Ramon Abella, 'Noticia de una Batalla entre Cristianos y Gentiles, 1807,' MS (communication to the governor, 28 Feb. 1807) - collection not identified; NOT located in the Archives of California.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "UNRESOLVED, recorded as a null finding. What I tried: (1) `q.py hist 2 131 132` - returns only the Cueva-affair and 1806 horse-slaughter records cited elsewhere on those pages, nothing for note 51; (2) content searches for 'Abella', 'batalla entre cristianos y gentiles', 'Carquines/Karquines/Carquinez', and 1807 killings of neophytes across all 63 volumes - no Feb 1807 record; (3) year-filtered sweeps of C-A 12 (Prov. St. Pap. xix), C-A 16 (Ben. Mil.) and C-A 25/26 (Prov. Rec.) for Feb-Mar 1807 - nothing on the fight. DISCREPANCY TO FLAG: Bancroft says the twelve or fifteen killed were SAN FRANCISCO mission converts; the map says Mission San Jose neophytes. Bancroft also dates the fight 3-8 Feb 1807.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-38-rancheria-attack-near-san-jose",
   "register_no": "38",
   "name": "Ranchería Attack Near San José",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1805",
    "display": "ca. 1805",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.5,
    -121.7
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "6 leagues from San José. Multi-day pursuit. 15 volunteers + 18 soldiers. 11 killed, 31 captured.",
   "result": "Spanish victory after multi-day pursuit",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Sgt. Luis Peralta, diary of the expedition against the gentiles, 19-27 Jan. 1805, dated San Francisco 30 Jan. 1805 - Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix. 64-65 / scan n33-n34 (Savage pp. 33-34), Doc 24.",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d24",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n33"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Jose Dario Argüello to Gov. Arrillaga, San Francisco, 31 Jan. 1805 (report of Peralta's success) - Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix. 68-74 / scan n36-n37 (Savage pp. 36-37), Doc 26.",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d26",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n36"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (1886), 35 (Indian hostilities, 1805).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The nearest C-A 11 records are Peralta's SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 1804 raids in the same region under the same sergeant: ca11-d394 (29 Sep 1804, pursuit of gentile assassins in the Sierra de San Jose), ca11-d396 (27 Oct, instructions for the second pursuit), ca11-d402 (26 Oct, second expedition: 11 Christian fugitives recovered, 32 gandules brought in). Bancroft cites these at II:133 n.40 as 'Prov. St. Pap., MS., xviii. 351-2, 356' and calls them 'two unimportant raids'. They match the map's volume but NOT its numbers (nobody killed), so I have not linked them; if the map means the 1804 raids rather than the 1805 battle, those three are the records. NUMBERS: Bancroft says 11 killed / 30 captured; Peralta's own diary (leaf n34, which I read) gives 5 gandules killed, then 5 more plus a girl, 25 women and 11 Indians taken.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-39-san-juan-bautista-wheat-field-arson",
   "register_no": "39",
   "name": "San Juan Bautista Wheat-Field Arson",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1800-07",
    "display": "July 1800",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.845,
    -121.535
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "INDIGENOUS ECONOMIC WARFARE. Wheat crop burned. Moraga captured capitanejo from Santa Cruz (pursued 3 years). Signs of sublevación.",
   "result": "Economic warfare; wheat crop destroyed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Tte. Col. Pedro de Alberni to Gov. Jose Joaquin de Arrillaga, Monterey, 2 July 1800, 'Depredaciones de indios Sacalanes: aprehension de los cabecillas...' - Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 97-99 / scan n32-n33 (Savage p. 33 stamp / 32 hand), Doc 23.",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d23",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n32"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Unsigned letter of the Monterey commander, Monterey, 2 July 1800, 'Sobre siembras insendiadas por indios Ausaymes' - Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 25), tomo ix. 9-11 (Savage hand) / orig. pp. 40-42, scan n259-n261, Doc 472.",
     "ca_record": "ca25-d472",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_7_2/page/n259"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Report of escolta soldier Manuel Rodriguez and Fr. Pedro Martinez (letter of 27 June) on the events of 26 June 1800, enclosed in the Monterey letter of 2 July - Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 25), tomo ix. 10 (Savage hand) / orig. pp. 40-42, scan n260, Doc 473.",
     "ca_record": "ca25-d473",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_7_2/page/n260",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. I (1884), 558-59 (local annals, San Juan Bautista).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "WORDING CORRECTION FOR THE MAP: the capitanejo Moraga took was NOT 'from Santa Cruz'. C-A 11 Doc 23 says he returned 'trayendo 18 gentiles, un capitanejo, y cristiano de S.ta Cruz, el q.e se persigue hace tres anos' - eighteen gentiles, a capitanejo (of the Ausaymes), AND, separately, a fugitive Christian neophyte of Mission Santa Cruz pursued for three years. The C-A 25 version names two capitanejos, of the Ausaymes and of the 'Carcadero' (= Carnadero) rancherias; Bancroft's tally is 'eighteen captives including the chieftains of the Ansaime and the Carnadero rancherias'. Note also that the C-A 11 letter is mostly about a different affair (Amador vs the Sacalanes near Mission San Jose); the San Juan Bautista arson is its second half.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-46-amador-s-failed-attack-at-san-jose",
   "register_no": "46",
   "name": "Amador's Failed Attack at San José",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1797",
    "display": "1797",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.535,
    -121.915
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "\"Salió nulo el proyecto de atacar los Gentiles.\" Failed military operation by Sargento Pedro Amador.",
   "result": "FAILED Spanish operation",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Jose Dario Argüello to Gov. Diego de Borica, San Francisco, 30 Sept. 1797, 'Sobre un proyecto de ataque' - Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 9), tomo xvi, 1a pag. 48 / scan n30, Doc 26. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sgt. Pedro Amador to Gov. Borica, Mision San Jose, 8 July 1797, 'Indagacion' - Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 200-201, 204 / scan n71, Doc 110. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. I (1884), 556 and n. 42 (Mission San Jose, 1797).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "SUBSTANTIVE CORRECTION - the feature misreads the Spanish. I downloaded leaf n30 and transcribed Savage verbatim: '+ 1797 Set. 30 San Fran.co / Arguello a Borica sobre un proyecto de ataque. Dice salio nulo el proyecto de atacar los Gentiles a la Mis.n S.n Jose segun diligencias q.e practico el Sarg.to Amador. 1a pag. 48'. The subject of 'atacar' is 'los Gentiles' and the object is the mission: the GENTILES' plan to attack Mission San Jose came to nothing, as established by Amador's inquiry. There was no Spanish attack, hence no failed Spanish operation. Bancroft reads it the same way (I:556; I:712). Recommend retitling (e.g. 'San Jose attack scare disproved, 1797') and reclassifying the type: an alarm found baseless, not a raid.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-47-fugitive-neophytes-sacalan-cuchillones",
   "register_no": "47",
   "name": "Fugitive Neophytes: Sacalan & Cuchillones",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1797",
    "display": "1797",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.79,
    -122.46
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "3 Christians fled Mission SF to their lands: 1 Sacalan, 2 Cuchillones. Tribal identification of fugitives.",
   "result": "Fugitive intelligence",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage p. 49 (1ª) / scan n30, Doc 27. Argüello to Borica, San Francisco, 30 Sept. 1797, relaying Fr. Martín Landaeta's report.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d27",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n30"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Savage's abstract makes Argüello the writer and Landaeta the source of the report; the existing citation named only Landaeta. Corrected in the citation string. Date is exact (30 Sept 1797). Related but distinct documents, NOT linked here to avoid a false match: ca9-d52 (23 Aug 1797, four gentile Cuchillones bring in 11 Christian fugitives) and ca10-d102 (28 May 1798, 40 fugitive Sacalanes and Cuchillones surrender at San Francisco). Bancroft, Hist. Cal. I:709-11 narrates the wider 1797 flight but does not treat this three-man episode.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-48-amador-expedition-with-captives",
   "register_no": "48",
   "name": "Amador Expedition with Captives",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1797",
    "display": "1797",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.795,
    -122.4
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Amador reports on expedition from SF jurisdiction. Parte y diario original. Awaits orders about \"la presa que recogió\" (captives).",
   "result": "Spanish raid; captives taken",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 86-87 / scan n42, Doc 46. Argüello to Borica, San Francisco, 23 July 1797.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d46",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n42"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 202-203 / scan n71-n72, Doc 111. Borica to Sgt. Pedro Amador, Monterey, 10 July 1797 · the order authorising the expedition.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d111",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n71"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 8), tomo xiv-xv, orig. pp. 548-554 / Savage pp. 371-374 / scan n369-n372, Doc 365. Amador to Borica, San José, 8 July 1797 · the proposal. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 80-81 / scan n39-n40, Doc 43. Argüello to Borica, San Francisco, 30 July 1797 · disposition of the captives.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d43",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n39"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 198, 205-208 / scan n72-n74, Doc 112. Relación of the gentile captives' depositions, José Argüello, San Francisco, 21 July 1797.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d112",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n72"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 209-211 / scan n75-n77, Doc 113. Relación of the declarations of the Christian fugitives Amador recovered, San Francisco, 13 Aug. 1797.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d113",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n75"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 212-213 / scan n77-n79, Doc 114. Borica's sentencing decree, Monterey, 26 Aug. 1797.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d114",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n77"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. I (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 710-711 and nn. 32-34.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Pedro Amador, 'Expedicion contra los gentiles Sacalanes, con Correspondencia perteneciente al asunto,' MS., Bancroft Library (cited Bancroft, Hist. Cal. I:711 n. 33; his authorities list gives the date as 1796).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Existing citation 'pp. 87-86' reversed; corrected to Savage pp. 86-87. Discrepancy flagged, not reconciled: Bancroft I:710 says the party set out 15 July and his footnote dates the diary 19 July, while his authorities list dates the Amador MS 1796; the C-A documents are unambiguously July 1797. Bancroft gives '22 men' where Borica's order (ca9-d111) specifies 20 invalids/vecinos plus 2 soldiers, the same total counted differently. C-A 9 records carry no original tomo page numbers, so q.py banc cannot resolve Bancroft's 'Prov. St. Pap. xvi. 38-9, 70-1, 88, 90'; every link above rests on content plus date match, not page arithmetic.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-50-indian-killed-at-monterey-presidio",
   "register_no": "50",
   "name": "Indian Killed at Monterey Presidio",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1797",
    "display": "1797",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.6,
    -121.895
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Indian Choychi grabbed musket at 2 AM, wounded guard Quesadas with bayonet. Soldiers entered; Marín struck him on head; died 1½ hours later \"echando sangre con espuma por la boca.\"",
   "result": "Indian killed resisting",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 796-820 / scan n217-n219, Doc 365. Sal to Borica, Monterey, 28 Feb. 1797, with witness depositions.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d365",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n217"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Three corrections/flags. (1) The record is Sal's report of 28 Feb. 1797; it does not state the 2 a.m. hour the feature gives, so '2 AM' is unconfirmed from the catalog. (2) The feature treats 'guard Quesadas' and 'Marín' as two men; Savage names the wounded soldier 'Marín Quesadas' and the man who struck the blow 'soldier Marín'; ambiguous, possibly one person. Flagged, not reconciled. (3) For the 'result' field: surgeon Pablo Soler testified Choychi already had two fractured ribs when brought in from San Luis (injured at capture) and died more from the chest contusion than the head blow, which undercuts a flat 'killed resisting'. Bancroft vol. I has no mention of Choychi or Quesadas (grepped); episode appears unpublished, so no book source.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-51-murder-of-christian-indian-toribio",
   "register_no": "51",
   "name": "Murder of Christian Indian Toribio",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1797",
    "display": "1797",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    35.28,
    -120.66
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Padre sent Christians to fetch gentile woman. Old gentile man + 2 sons killed Toribio; suspected him of poisoning (\"enyerbado\") their daughter who died at mission. Marcos Briones dispatches soldiers.",
   "result": "Inter-community violence at mission boundary",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 906-907 / scan n240, Doc 416. Marcos Briones to Sal, San Luis Obispo, 8 Jan. 1797.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d416",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n240"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 904-905 / scan n239-n240, Doc 415. Marcos Briones to Sal, San Luis Obispo, 14 Jan. 1797 · the failed pursuit. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: re-pointed from ca9-d415 to ca9-d416, the document that actually attests this]",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d416",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n240"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 794-795, 821-822 / scan n215-n217, Doc 364. Marcos Briones to Sal, San Luis Obispo, 26 Jan. 1797 · the arrest.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d364",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n216"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Discrepancy flagged, not reconciled: the killer's motive differs between the two documents. Briones's first report (ca9-d416, 8 Jan.) gives the witchcraft/poisoning accusation over the man's dead daughter; the accused's own statement after arrest (ca9-d364, 26 Jan.) gives a different, more mundane reason, that a Christian in Toribio's party had approached his house. The map summary carries only the first version. ca9-d364 also adds that Toribio's body was burned. Bancroft, Hist. Cal. I, does not narrate this killing.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-52-expedition-against-tulares-gathering",
   "register_no": "52",
   "name": "Expedition against Tulares Gathering",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1797",
    "display": "1797",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.22,
    -119.28
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Pursued fugitives, couldn't find them. Indian woman reported gentiles gathering \"heading toward the Tulares.\" Plans to return \"to pacify the gathering of Gentiles.\"",
   "result": "Failed pursuit",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 904-905 / scan n239-n240, Doc 415. Marcos Briones to Sal, San Luis Obispo, 14 Jan. 1797.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d415",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n239"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, Savage pp. 794-795, 821-822 / scan n215-n217, Doc 364. Marcos Briones to Sal, San Luis Obispo, 26 Jan. 1797 · the second, successful sortie. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: re-pointed from ca9-d364 to ca9-d415, the document that actually attests this]",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d415",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n239"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Leaf number corrected from n240 to n239 (the record opens on n239 and runs to n240; n240 alone lands on Doc 416, the Toribio killing = feature reg-51). Features reg-51 and reg-52 are consecutive documents in one manhunt: Toribio killed, Briones out 8 Jan. (d416), pursuit fails 14 Jan. (d415), gentiles taken 18 Jan., reported 26 Jan. (d364). Worth cross-linking on the map. The 'result: Failed pursuit' is right for 14 Jan. only; the January manhunt did in the end take the killers.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-54-amador-expedition-to-el-colorado",
   "register_no": "54",
   "name": "Amador Expedition to el Colorado",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1798-04",
    "display": "April 1798",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.505,
    -121.78
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Argüello orders Amador: \"A lo gentiles no se los violente para hacerlos de sus rancherías.\" Gentiles fled \"porque decían que querían bautizarlos\"; feared forced baptism.",
   "result": "Failed; gentiles fled",
   "quote": {
    "es": "\"A lo gentiles no se los violente.\"",
    "en": "",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 10), tomo xvii, orig. pp. 218-220 / Savage p. 124 (stamp) / 123 (hand), scan n123, Doc 119. Argüello to Sgt. Pedro Amador, San Francisco, 12 Apr. 1798, with Amador's endorsement dated San José, 24 Apr. 1798.",
     "ca_record": "ca10-d119",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_12/page/n123"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 10), tomo xvii, orig. p. 221 / Savage p. 125 (stamp) / 124 (hand), scan n124, Doc 120. Argüello to Borica, San Francisco, 26 Apr. 1798 · cover note.",
     "ca_record": "ca10-d120",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_12/page/n124"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Two substantive corrections. (1) CITATION FORM: 'n218' is not a leaf; the document is at scan n123. The old citation lands a reader on an unrelated 1799 petition. (2) THE EVENT: the record does not describe an Amador expedition. It is Argüello's written order forbidding force in recruiting gentiles, with Amador's marginal endorsement reporting that 'el Mtro' (the missionary) went to el Colorado and the gentiles fled at sight of him for fear of baptism. Amador is the reporting officer, not the man who went; 'type: raid' likely needs revising. I could not determine what 'el Colorado' is; in the SF/San José jurisdiction it is most likely a local place name, not the Colorado River (ca24-d943 concerns the Río Colorado but in a Baja/Santa Catalina context). Left unresolved rather than guessed. Context, not linked: the April 1798 Mission San José war scare (ca10-d81, d89, d90).",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-56-false-alarm-attack-on-slo-sm-concepcion",
   "register_no": "56",
   "name": "False Alarm: Attack on SLO, SM, Concepción",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1799",
    "display": "1799",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    35.5,
    -120.5
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Rumored multi-mission attack proved false. Viceroy Azanza \"queda impuesto de la falsedad de la noticia.\"",
   "result": "False alarm; no attack",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 10), tomo xvii, orig. p. 487 / Savage p. 221 (folio 219), scan leaf n221, Doc 273. Azanza to Borica, México, 6 March 1799, 'Sobre tranquilidad de los indios'.",
     "ca_record": "ca10-d273",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_12/page/n221"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. i, 1542-1800 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 548-49.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "CITATION CORRECTION: the existing text 'C-A 10, n240, p. 487' mixes two different documents. Original page 487 is right, but scan leaf n240 is NOT this document; I pulled the record that actually sits on leaf n240 (ca10-d310, Azanza to Borica, 3 Aug 1799, 'Sobre arrivo de embarcn. americana', orig. p.562, about the Anglo-American frigate Elisa and John Kendrick's supercargo) and it has nothing to do with the mission alarm. The correct leaf for p.487 is n221. DATING: the feature is dated '1799' with year confidence; the document is exactly dated 6 March 1799, and it is a viceregal ACKNOWLEDGEMENT from México, so the rumour itself circulated in California in 1798. Bancroft places the false alarm in his 1798 paragraph (Hist. Cal. i. 548-9): 'There was a false alarm of impending attack on San Miguel, San Luis, and Purisima by the Tulare and channel Indians.' I could NOT resolve Bancroft's underlying footnote (Prov. Rec., MS., iv. 285; v. 210; vi. 106-7, 100; ix. 9; Prov. St. Pap., MS., xvii. 97, 100, 106-7) to a document about THIS alarm: the Prov. St. Pap. xvii page-runs he cites map onto the April–June 1798 San José Bay-Area scare (ca10-d81 leaf n96, ca10-d89 leaf n100, ca10-d112 leaf n120), which is the other half of the same Bancroft footnote, not the SLO/San Miguel/Purísima rumour. So ca10-d273 is the only C-A record that demonstrably concerns this feature.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-62-tulares-borica-orders-avoidance",
   "register_no": "62",
   "name": "Tulares: Borica Orders Avoidance",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1799",
    "display": "1799",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.25,
    -119.32
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "\"No conviene de ningún modo mandar Neofitos ni tropa á los Tulares... por ser muchísimos los Gentiles y exponerse á una pelea fuerte.\" Sargento Macario Castro sent with Indian guides instead.",
   "result": "Strategic avoidance; gentiles too numerous",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo vi, orig. p. 753 / Savage p. 558 (folio 235), scan leaf n560, Doc 1028. Borica to the Padres of San Antonio, Monterey, 4 April 1799, 'Indios \"Tulares\"'.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d1028",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n560"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo vi, orig. p. 753 / Savage p. 558 (folio 235), scan leaf n560, Doc 1029. Borica to the Padres of San Carlos, Monterey, 6 April 1799, 'Indios huidos' · order to Sgt. Macario Castro to go after nine runaway neophytes with trustworthy Indians chosen by the friars. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo vi, orig. p. 752 / Savage p. 558 (folio 235), scan leaf n560, Doc 1027. Borica to the Padres of San Carlos, Monterey, 20 March 1799, 'Sobre unos Indios huidos'. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: re-pointed from ca24-d1027 to ca24-d1028, the document that actually attests this]",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d1028",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n560"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ CATALOGUE ERROR FOUND AND PROVEN FROM THE LEAF IMAGE. I downloaded the BookReader JPEG of C-A 24 leaf n560 (item 168036074_80_6_2, scale 2) and read Savage's hand directly. The manuscript reads: heading 'Indios \"Tulares\"'; body: 'Dice qe no conviene de ningun modo mandar Neofitos ni tropa á los Tulares en solicitud del Indio huido Agustin, por ser muchissimos los Gentiles y esponerse á una pelea fuerte qe atrasaria demasiadamte la conquista espiritual. p. 753.' The published catalog record ca10... ca24-d1028 is wrong in FIVE places: (1) heading given as 'Indios fugitivos'; the leaf says 'Indios \"Tulares\"'; (2) 'á los Frailes'; the leaf says 'á los TULARES'; (3) 'los Indios huidos Aguini [gentiles]'; the leaf says 'del Indio huido AGUSTIN' (one named runaway, not a group); (4) 'una pérdida fuerte'; the leaf says 'una PELEA fuerte'; (5) 'desgraciadamte'; the leaf says 'demasiadamte'. The MAP FEATURE'S quotation is therefore correct and the catalog record needs amending. This should be fed back to the C-A database as a leaf-verified field correction. Savage page on this leaf is stamped 558 with hand folio 235.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "peralta-s-failed-expedition-from-santa-clara",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Peralta's Failed Expedition from Santa Clara",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1804-02",
    "display": "February 1804",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.38,
    -121.82
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Cabo Luis Peralta (future grantee of Rancho San Antonio; Oakland/Berkeley/Alameda) \"did not have satisfactory results for lack of good guides.\" Can't navigate into indigenous territory.",
   "result": "Failed; \"por falta de buenos guías\"",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii, orig. pp. 824-25 / Savage p. 334 [stamp] / 331 [hand], scan leaf n335, Doc 382. Cabo Luis Peralta to an unnamed captain, Santa Clara, 27 September 1804: 'Avisa q.e la espedicion q.e hizo contra indios gentiles no tuvo resultados satisfactorios p.r falta de buenos guias.'",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d382",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n335"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii, orig. pp. 851-52 [catalog field reads 'p.352'] / Savage p. 355, scan leaf n356, Doc 396. Argüello (San Francisco) to Sargento Luis Peralta, 1804: instructions for a second pursuit of the gentiles, on the indispensable condition that he take good guides.",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d396",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n356"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii, orig. pp. 355-56 [catalog field; summary gives pp. 864-66] / Savage pp. 358-59, scan leaves n359-n360, Doc 402. Argüello to Gov. Arrillaga, San Francisco, 26 October 1804: result of Peralta's SECOND expedition. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ DATE DISCREPANCY, NOT SILENTLY RECONCILED. The map dates this feature 'February 1804'. The document it cites (C-A 11, Savage 334 / orig. pp. 824-25) is headed by Savage '1804 - Set.e 27 - Sta Clara - Cabo Luis Peralta á un Capitan (no dice cual)', i.e. 27 SEPTEMBER 1804. The map's February date is not supported by the cited manuscript. Either the map date is wrong or it rests on a source I have not seen; I did not find any February 1804 Peralta expedition record in C-A 11. Also note Savage calls Peralta 'Cabo' here and 'Sargento' six weeks later. SECOND CATALOGUE INCONSISTENCY: ca11-d396's own summary and ca11-d382's cross-reference both give the follow-up order as pp. 851-2, but d396's orig_page field reads 'p.352' and its date field reads '1804 Oct 27' while d382's note calls it '27 Set 1804'. The orig_page field of ca11-d396 looks mis-keyed and its date needs a leaf check; I have not opened that leaf image.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-16-report-at-pizcache-village",
   "register_no": "16",
   "name": "Report at Pizcache Village",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1806-10",
    "display": "October 1806",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.1,
    -120.15
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "phase3a",
   "summary": "No combat. Oral memory of prior battle: \"Other soldiers from the other side of the mountains appeared about twenty years ago.\" ~200 souls, chief Sujoyucomu.",
   "result": "Oral history; no combat",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Fr. Pedro Muñoz, Diario de la Expedición hecha por Don Gabriel Moraga, Alférez de la Compañía de San Francisco, á los Nuevos Descubrimientos del Tular, 1806, MS. (Bancroft Library, cited by Bancroft as a titled manuscript, not part of the Archives of California series).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, 'Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800-1820,' University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960), notes 27-28 (Muñoz diary, Pizcache).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix, orig. pp. 290-92 / Savage pp. 115-18, scan leaves n117-n120, Doc 106. Arrillaga to Tte. de la Guerra, San Gabriel, 4 September 1806: orders forming the Moraga interior expedition, 25 men plus chaplain and interpreters.",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d106",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n119"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix, orig. pp. 295-96 / Savage pp. 118-19, scan leaves n120-n121, Doc 108. Arrillaga, San Diego, 9 October 1806: the Moraga column assembled at San Juan Bautista with Fr. Pedro Muñoz and the San Francisco detachment. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 26), tomo xi, orig. pp. 111-15 / Savage B-111-115, scan leaves n262-n265, Doc 983. Arrillaga to Luis Argüello, 20 May 1806: 'Instrucciones para el reconocimiento del interior' · the standing instruction for the 1806 interior reconnaissances, including the order to keep a diary and to use faithful Indians as guides.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n262"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. ii, 1801-1824 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1885), 52-53 and n.16 (Muñoz diary abstracted; Pizcache and chief Sujoyucomu at 13 October 1806).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "NULL RESULT, RECORDED HONESTLY: the Muñoz diary is not in the C-A corpus. I searched all 34,567 records for 'Pizcache', 'Sujoyucomu', 'Nupchenche', 'Taulamne' and 'Latelate'; ZERO hits on every one. I also ran content searches on the diary title and on 'Moraga expedición Tulares 1806'. Bancroft cites the diary as a standalone titled MS ('Munoz, Diario de la Expedicion hecha por Don Gabriel Moraga, Alferez de la Compania de San Francisco, á los Nuevos Descubrimientos del Tular, 1806, MS.'), which in his citation system means a separate item in his collection, not a folio of the Archives of California. What C-A DOES hold is the administrative paper trail of the expedition, which is emitted below as real clickable evidence. DATING: Bancroft's abstract of the diary puts the Pizcache interview on 13 October 1806, which fits the feature's 'October 1806'. The chief's testimony as Bancroft renders it: 'a band of soldiers like these came from across the sierra (from New Mexico) 20 years ago and killed many of the Indians.'",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-17-armed-confrontation-at-rio-guadalupe",
   "register_no": "17",
   "name": "Armed Confrontation at Río Guadalupe",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1806-10",
    "display": "October 1806",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.55,
    -120.88
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "phase3a",
   "summary": "Tuolumne River area. 40 armed Indians with feather flag. Standoff; no casualties.",
   "result": "Standoff; no casualties",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Fr. Pedro Muñoz, Diario de la Expedición hecha por Don Gabriel Moraga... á los Nuevos Descubrimientos del Tular, 1806, MS. (Bancroft Library titled manuscript; NOT in the Archives of California series), entry for 5 October 1806.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, 'Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800-1820,' University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (1960), note 20.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix, orig. pp. 295-96 / Savage pp. 118-19, scan leaves n120-n121, Doc 108. Arrillaga, San Diego, 9 October 1806: the Moraga column assembled with Fr. Pedro Muñoz. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix, orig. pp. 290-92 / Savage pp. 115-18, scan leaves n117-n120, Doc 106. Arrillaga to Tte. de la Guerra, San Gabriel, 4 September 1806: orders forming the expedition. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: re-pointed from ca12-d106 to ca12-d105, the document that actually attests this]",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d105",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n119"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. ii, 1801-1824 (1885), 52 n.16 (Muñoz diary, entries of 2 and 5 October 1806).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "UNRESOLVED for a C-A manuscript of the encounter itself, same reason as reg-16: the Muñoz diary is a standalone Bancroft MS, absent from all 34,567 C-A records (searched by five distinctive diary place-names, zero hits). The pre-computed candidate list for this feature was pure noise; its top hits were the O'Cain/Peacock affair at Todos Santos and a Santa Bárbara artillery inventory, nothing to do with the Tuolumne. GEOGRAPHY NOTE: Muñoz's 'Río Guadalupe' is the STANISLAUS, not the Tuolumne. Bancroft's abstract (ii. 52 n.16) identifies the river named 'Nª Sª de Guadalupe' on 2 October as the Stanislaus, and the Rio Dolores of 1 October as the Tuolumne. The map's placement of this feature in the 'Tuolumne River area' therefore conflicts with Bancroft's identification of the stream; flagged, not reconciled. The hostile demonstration is Bancroft's 'Oct. 5th, Hostile demonstrations of the Indians, whose fears could not be removed,' with the party camped back at the Rio Guadalupe.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-18-encounter-at-taulamne",
   "register_no": "18",
   "name": "Encounter at Taulamne",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1806-10",
    "display": "October 1806",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.83,
    -120.67
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "phase3a",
   "summary": "Tuolumne caves. ~200 souls on steep cliffs, inaccessible. Indians live in caves. Refused to descend. Said \"soldiers killed and captured people.\" Armed passive resistance.",
   "result": "Armed passive resistance; no combat",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Fr. Pedro Muñoz, Diario de la Expedición hecha por Don Gabriel Moraga... á los Nuevos Descubrimientos del Tular, 1806, MS. (Bancroft Library titled manuscript; NOT in the Archives of California series), entry for 3 October 1806.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, 'Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800-1820,' University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (1960), note 23.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix, orig. pp. 295-96 / Savage pp. 118-19, scan leaves n120-n121, Doc 108. Arrillaga, San Diego, 9 October 1806: the Moraga-Muñoz column assembled. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. ii, 1801-1824 (1885), 52 n.16 (Muñoz diary, entry of 3 October 1806).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "UNRESOLVED for a C-A manuscript of the encounter. Searched the whole corpus for 'Taulamne'; zero hits. Same finding as reg-16/17. DATE: Bancroft's abstract of the diary puts this at 3 October 1806, '6 l. E. up the river to a rancheria of Taulamne or Tahualamne (Tuolumne?) situated on inaccessible rocks'; the river being the Guadalupe/Stanislaus, which is consistent with the map's Knights Ferry placement. Note the ethnonym problem Bancroft himself raises: he suspects the Merced of 29 September may actually be Bear Creek 'in order to locate Tahualamne on what is now Tuolumne River', i.e. the identification of this rancheria's stream is contested in the literature. Not reconciled here.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-19-skirmish-at-apaglamenes-tationes",
   "register_no": "19",
   "name": "Skirmish at Apaglamenes/Tationes",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1810-08",
    "display": "August 1810",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.56,
    -121.19
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3a",
   "summary": "Near Grayson, Stanislaus County. 30 armed heathen on opposite bank, \"painted, bedecked with feathers.\" 12 shots fired. One Indian hit. \"Soldier Morales came into the skirmish with half his chin shaved.\"",
   "result": "Brief exchange; Spanish continued march",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Fr. José Viader, Diario ó Noticia del Viage que acabo de hacer por mandato del Sr Gobernador y Padre Presidente, con el objeto de buscar parages ó Sitios para fundar Misiones, Agosto 1810, MS. (Bancroft Library titled manuscript, with a second copy from the Archivo de la Misión de Santa Bárbara; NOT in the Archives of California series), entry for 22 August 1810.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, 'Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800-1820,' University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (1960), note 7 (Viader, August 1810).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[No Archives of California manuscript found for this engagement.]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. ii, 1801-1824 (1885), 56 and n.36 (Viader's August 1810 diary abstracted).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ CITATION CORRECTION. The existing source reads 'Viader diary (Cook note 7). C-A 12.' The Viader diaries are NOT in C-A 12. I searched the whole corpus for 'Viader' (10 hits, all unrelated: mission rosters, a neophyte-wage receipt, a baptism case, Solá correspondence) and ran targeted searches for the August 1810 mission-site reconnaissance in C-A 12, 25 and 26; no record of it exists. Bancroft cites the source as 'Viader, Diario ó Noticia del Viage que acabo de hacer por mandato del Sr Gobernador y Padre Presidente, con el objeto de buscar parages ó Sitios para fundar Misiones, Agosto 1810, MS.'; a titled standalone manuscript; and adds explicitly that 'Viader's original diary in my possession and that copied from the archives of Santa Bárbara do not exactly agree in some details', i.e. the two known copies are a Bancroft Library MS and a copy from the Santa Bárbara mission archive. Neither is Archives of California. DATING/GEOGRAPHY: Bancroft's abstract places Tationes and Apaglamenes on 22 August 1810, on the far bank of the San Joaquin, which fits the feature's 'August 1810' and the Grayson, Stanislaus County placement. Bancroft also notes 'Most of the names were those of the chiefs', a caution worth carrying on the map.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-20-dawn-assault-at-pescadero-cholvones",
   "register_no": "20",
   "name": "Dawn Assault at Pescadero/Cholvones",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1810-10",
    "display": "October 1810",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.82,
    -121.51
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3a",
   "summary": "Delta; Old River area. \"Before dawn we assaulted a village.\" 15 San José Christians recovered, 18 heathen men captured, 51 women (released; \"went away very happy\"). 2 prisoners escaped.",
   "result": "Spanish decisive success; captives recovered",
   "quote": {
    "es": "",
    "en": "\"Frankly military and aggressive character.\" — Cook",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Fr. José Viader, Diario de una Entrada al Río de San Joaquín, Octubre 1810, MS. (Bancroft Library titled manuscript, with a second copy from the Archivo de la Misión de Santa Bárbara; NOT in the Archives of California series), entries of 19-22 October 1810.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, 'Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800-1820,' University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (1960), note 12 (Viader, October 1810).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[No Archives of California manuscript found for this engagement.]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. ii, 1801-1824 (1885), 56-57 n.37 and 92.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ CITATION CORRECTION, same as reg-19: 'Viader diary (Cook note 12). C-A 12'; the diary is Bancroft's 'Viader, Diario de una Entrada al Rio de San Joaquin, Octubre 1810, MS.', a standalone titled manuscript, not a C-A folio. Searched and not found (see reg-19 evidence). NUMBERS DISCREPANCY, FLAGGED NOT RECONCILED: the map says '15 San José Christians recovered, 18 heathen men captured, 51 women (released)'. Bancroft, summarising the same expedition at ii. 92, says 'sixteen Christian Indians were recovered and eighteen gentiles captured by a sudden attack on a rancheria, to say nothing of fifty women taken and set free; all without bloodshed.' 15 vs 16 Christians and 51 vs 50 women. The map's figures presumably come from Cook's text of the diary and Bancroft's from his own copy; Bancroft himself warns the two known copies of Viader disagree in details. Worth a footnote on the map rather than a silent choice. Bancroft's abstract also confirms 'Oct. 22d, Corporal Pico sent home with captives'; the link to reg-24's Pico.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-21-battle-of-suisun",
   "register_no": "21",
   "name": "Battle of Suisun",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1810-05-22",
    "display": "May 22, 1810",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.27,
    -122.13
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3a",
   "summary": "MAJOR ENGAGEMENT. Alf. Moraga, 17 cavalry vs. ~120 Sespesuña/Suisun warriors. Crossed Carquines Strait by boat. Hard fight; 18 captured (released, expected to die). Survivors in 3 huts: 2 stormed, all killed; 3rd set on fire; \"bravely preferred to perish in the flames.\" 4 Spanish wounded (23.5% rate); highest in any Spanish victory. Royal Order from Spain praised \"glorious action.\" Moraga promoted; Herrera + Soto made sergeants.",
   "result": "Spanish tactical victory; highest casualty rate of any Spanish victory",
   "quote": {
    "es": "Chief Malaca: \"Es mejor morir libres que vivir como esclavos, despreciados por nuestro Puy.\"",
    "en": "",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 25), tomo ix, orig. pp. 367-71 [= Bancroft's ix. 122-3, hand folio] / Savage pp. 371-372, scan leaves n374-n375, Doc 686. Arrillaga to the Viceroy, 28 June 1810, 'Sobre encuentro y campaña con gentiles'.",
     "ca_record": "ca25-d686",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_7_2/page/n374"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix, orig. pp. 1016-1019 / Savage p. 313 [Bancroft cites xix. 314], scan leaf n319, Doc 395. Viceroy Venegas to the Governor, México, 12 November 1811: transmits the royal order rewarding the action of 22 May 1810.",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d395",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n319"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 26), tomo xi, orig. pp. 723-24 / Savage pp. 223-24 [= Bancroft's xi. 222-3], scan leaves n223-n224, Doc 831. Governor to the commandant [Estudillo], La Soledad, 26 June 1812: transmits the viceroy's note of 12 November 1811 on Moraga's 'gloriosa acción' of 22 May 1810.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d831",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n223"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 26), tomo xi, orig. p. 593 / Savage B-593, scan leaf n447, Doc 1218. Arrillaga to the Comandante de San Francisco, Monterey, 16 June 1812: the real decreto granting Moraga the grade of Teniente de Caballería (⚠ this entry dates the action 20 May, not 22 May).",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d1218",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n447"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 26), tomo xi, orig. pp. 363-66 / Savage B-363-366, scan leaf n432, Doc 1203. Arrillaga to the Comandante de San Francisco, Monterey, 5 May / 5 June 1810: among the register items, 'salida del Alférez Gabriel Moraga con 17 hombres a aprehender la ranchería de [Suymaya]'.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d1203",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n432",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. ii, 1801-1824 (1885), 91-92 and n.24.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, Recuerdos Históricos y Personales tocantes á la Alta California, MS. (Bancroft Library dictation; Bancroft short-titles it 'Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS.'), i. 151-55. NOT part of the Archives of California series.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Juan Bautista Alvarado, Historia de California, MS. (Bancroft Library dictation), i. 69-70. NOT part of the Archives of California series.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "THE PAGE-NUMBER PUZZLE, SOLVED. Bancroft's 'Prov. Rec., MS., ix. 122-3' does not match the C-A record's fields at first sight (ca25-d686 is catalogued at tomo IX pp. 367-71, Savage p. 371-372, scan n374). It resolves through Savage's DUAL foliation: a neighbouring record in the same run, ca25-d649, carries savage_page '365/116', giving an offset of 249 between the stamped number and the hand folio. 371-249 = 122 and 372-249 = 123. So Savage 371-372 IS hand folio 122-123, and Bancroft was citing the hand folio. The map's citation is right and the record is right; I record the arithmetic so nobody 'corrects' it later. DATE DISCREPANCY INSIDE C-A: ca26-d1218 dates the 'gloriosa acción' to 20 May 1810 while ca26-d831, ca12-d395, Bancroft and the royal order all say 22 May. The catalog record already flags this ('⚠ fecha 20 May, no 22'). Not reconciled. NAME DISCREPANCY: the promoted corporals are 'Herrera y Soto' in ca26-d831, ca12-d395 and Bancroft, but 'José Correa y Francisco Soto' in ca26-d1218. Also 'Ventura' vs 'Buenaventura' Zúñiga. SOURCE CAUTION Bancroft raises and the map should carry: Vallejo's account describes a fight in the same region by José Sánchez in 1817 against the Suisunes under chief Malaca, and Bancroft judges 'It is possible that the author has confounded two different battles'; Alvarado, Hist. Cal., MS., i. 69-70 dates the affair 1817, puts Gabriel Moraga in command, and says Solano was captured on that occasion. Using Vallejo for 1810 detail is therefore risky.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-22-tense-encounter-with-tauquimenes",
   "register_no": "22",
   "name": "Tense Encounter with Tauquimenes",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1811-10",
    "display": "October 1811",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.1,
    -121.5
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Sacramento River branch, delta. Standoff; no combat.",
   "result": "Standoff; no combat",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Fr. Ramón Abella, Diario de un registro de los ríos grandes, 1811, MS. (Bancroft Library titled manuscript; a second copy was in Duflot de Mofras's hands. NOT in the Archives of California series), entries of 23-27 October 1811.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[No Archives of California manuscript found for this encounter.]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. ii, 1801-1824 (1885), 321-23 and n.3.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "BANCROFT'S FOOTNOTE CHASED, RESULT NEGATIVE. The episode is Bancroft, Hist. Cal. ii. 321-23, and his source is 'Abella, Diario de un registro de los rios grandes, 1811, MS.'; a standalone titled manuscript, of which Duflot de Mofras also says 'Le journal manuscrit de cette exploration intéressante est entre nos mains.' Not a C-A citation. SPELLING: Bancroft renders the ethnonym 'Tarquimenes', the map 'Tauquimenes'; grep of vol2 for 'tauquimen/taquimen' returns nothing, for 'Tarquimenes' the Abella note. Worth normalising on the map. EXPEDITION DETAIL from Bancroft: Fr. Ramón Abella with Fr. Buenaventura Fortuni, Sergeant [José] Sánchez apparently commanding, 68 persons in several boats, 15 October to 30 October 1811; they named Points San Pablo and San Pedro, made the first recorded navigation of the Sacramento, and named the numerous Indians on it 'Tarquimenes'. This is a 15-day trip, so the map's 'October 1811' is right. Bancroft notes the Suisunes 'showed more timidity than hostility', consistent with the map's 'standoff, no combat', and that 'Two leagues distant was where Moraga's famous battle took place'; a direct tie to reg-21.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-23-soto-s-battle",
   "register_no": "23",
   "name": "Soto's Battle",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1813-10-27",
    "display": "October 27, 1813",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.22,
    -121.42
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "LARGEST PITCHED BATTLE IN COLONIAL CA. Sgt. Soto + 12 soldiers from SF (by boat) + 100 Mission San José auxiliaries vs. ~1,000 warriors from 4 united rancherías (Unsumnes). Warriors pre-positioned on marshy island, women/children removed. \"Fell upon the soldiers at landing.\" 3-hour battle. Soto \"was at one time doubtful of the result, so reliant were the foes on their numbers, so careless of life.\" 1 neophyte killed (Alcalde Julio); many indigenous dead. Not a single fugitive captured.",
   "result": "Spanish tactical / INDIGENOUS STRATEGIC VICTORY; largest single-engagement indigenous army in CA",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix, orig. pp. 1153-69 / Savage pp. 344-348, scan leaves n351-n355, Doc 425. Luis Argüello to Gov. Arrillaga, San Francisco, 31 October 1813, 'Expedición militar · Combate con los indios' (embodying Sgt. Francisco Soto's own narrative).",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d425",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n351"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. ii, 1801-1824 (1885), 324 and n.4.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "San José, Libro de Misión, MS., 25 (mission register, Mission San José). NOT in the Archives of California series.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sgt. Francisco Soto, Expedición Militar del Sargento, 1813, MS. · Soto's own narrative, surviving embodied in Argüello's report (see the C-A entry above), not as a separately catalogued C-A document.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, 'Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800-1820,' University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (1960), 265-77.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "BEST RESULT IN THE BATCH. Bancroft's footnote says of Soto's narrative that 'The narrative is embodied in a report by Argüello'; and that report survives in C-A as ca12-d425, a five-leaf abstract. The map's Savage page range should be corrected from 334-348 to 344-348 (the record spans Savage 344-348, orig. pp. 1153-69, scan leaves n351-n355). DATE: the record dates the report 31 October 1813 and the battle at dawn on the 27th, matching the map's 27 October 1813. The San José mission book puts the departure against the Unsumnes on 25 October and names the killed alcalde Julio, which the C-A record independently confirms ('one auxiliary, Julio, killed'). The C-A abstract adds a detail not in Bancroft and worth putting on the map: the Indians had taunted that 'soldiers are worth nothing on foot, only on horseback', then learned otherwise; and Soto praises the auxiliaries' obedience and valour.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-24-pico-s-fight-at-san-joaquin-crossing",
   "register_no": "24",
   "name": "Pico's Fight at San Joaquin Crossing",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1815",
    "display": "November 9–10, 1815",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.05,
    -120.75
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "San Joaquin River between Dos Palos and Los Banos. Day 9: armed heathen crossing river, Cpl. Juarez engaged; killed 2. Day 10: Indians came to attack camp at dawn. Line of battle formed. Interpreter asked what they wanted; \"to fight.\" After firing, troops dismounted and pursued through brush. 3 killed, 1 captured. Dead included a Christian from Santa Cruz who was \"the one most determined\" to kill the soldiers.",
   "result": "Spanish victory; 5 killed total",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[Sgt. José Dolores] Pico, diary of the 1815 expedition to the San Joaquin, MS. · printed in Cook. Provenance NOT established as Archives of California; see notes.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[No Archives of California manuscript found for this engagement.]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, 'Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800-1820,' University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (1960), 271-74 (Pico diary, November 1815).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. ii, 1801-1824 (1885), 326 and n.7 (the 1815 'gran expedición': Solá's letters 14 Sept - 9 Nov; Moraga's northern party of 50 against the Pitemas; Sgt. Pico bringing in 11 Indians, Solá to Ruiz, 5 Oct 1815).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ CITATION PROBLEM AND AN OPEN HISTORIOGRAPHICAL CONFLICT. (1) C-A 13 cannot hold this: q.py vol 13 shows it is Prov. St. Pap. tomo XX, whose records run 1816-1821; the 1815 material is not there. C-A 12 (tomo XIX) I searched directly and found nothing. (2) Bancroft, Hist. Cal. ii. 326, says flatly of the 1815 gran expedición: 'It is only from allusions in the archives that this affair is known, for no diary is extant.' Cook nevertheless prints a Pico diary at pp. 271-74. Either the diary surfaced after Bancroft wrote, or Cook used a copy Bancroft did not connect to this campaign. I cannot resolve that from here and will not guess. (3) Bancroft's own manuscript pointers for the 1815 campaign are 'Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlvi. 32-4' (the northern party of 50 under Gabriel Moraga against the Pitemas, out from San Francisco about 25 Sept) and 'Sola to Ruiz, Oct. 5, 1815. Id., xlvi. 5-6' (Sgt. Pico delivering 11 Indians accused of the killing of Christians and the wounding of vaqueros). Prov. St. Pap. Benicia Military is C-A 17, but Savage's abstracts in that stretch carry NO original page numbers (the orig_page field is empty throughout), so the page-interval resolver cannot reach them, and my content searches of C-A 17 for a 1815 Pico entry found nothing. This is a genuine gap, not a search failure I can close. (4) DATE: the map's 'November 9-10, 1815' is consistent with Bancroft's note that Solá's letters on this expedition run 'Sept. 14th to Nov. 9th' and that the expedition returned 1 December 1815 (Tapis to Guerra, 2 Dec).",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-25-ortega-s-raid-on-tache",
   "register_no": "25",
   "name": "Ortega's Raid on Tache",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1815-11-10",
    "display": "November 10, 1815",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.32,
    -119.85
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Tache village, Kings River, not far west of Lemoore (Cook note [2]). Ortega attacked at dawn but village deserted; fugitive Indians had warned them \"the soldiers were coming to kill them at the point of the lance.\" Found 3 Soledad horses. Followed into tule swamp but could not reach inhabitants.",
   "result": "Village deserted; fugitives warned them",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, \"Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800–1820,\" University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (Berkeley, 1960), 267–69 (Ortega's diary, in translation); Cook note [2] places Tachi territory west of Tulare Lake, villages near Lemoore.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 326 and 326 n.8 · Solá's 'grand expedition' of autumn 1815 in pursuit of runaways; 'Diego Olivera was one of the party from Santa Barbara, under Juan Ortega … which met another from Monterey over in the Tulares'; the expedition had returned by 1 Dec. 1815 (Tapis to Guerra, 2 Dec. 1815).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gob. Pablo Vicente de Solá to Sgt. Juan de Ortega, Monterey, 1 Nov. 1815 · the operational order for this raid: Provincial Records (C-A 26), tomo xi, orig. pp. 98–100 / Savage p. 28, scan n27, Doc 93.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d93",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n27",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "LEAF-VERIFIED FIELD CORRECTION: I downloaded C-A 26 scan n27 (BookReader JPEG) and read Savage's entry verbatim. It reads: 'A Sargto Juan de Ortega. / Nove 1o.; 2o con partida de Presidio de Sta Barba y 15 hombres mas hará una expedicion del 6 al 11, pr los parajes inmediatos en persecucion de gentiles: qe el Sargto Jose Dolores Pico se le unirá y entonces hará correrias pr Misiones de Sn Miguel, Sn Antº Soledad y otras, con ambas partidas. pp. 98-100.' The catalog summary for ca26-d93 says 'Con 18 hombres del Presidio de Sta Bárbara'; the leaf says the SB presidio party PLUS 15 more men ('y 15 hombres mas'). That is a catalog error worth correcting. NULL RESULT (record it): the Ortega diary Cook translated is NOT in the Archives of California so far as I can find. I grepped the whole 34,567-record catalog for Tach/Tache/Tachi (word-boundary, case-sensitive) and for diario/expedicion/tular restricted to 1815; zero diary hits. Bancroft II:326 states outright of this expedition that 'no diary is extant,' which is consistent: Cook's text must come from a repository outside C-A, and I could not establish which one. Do not fabricate a C-A link for the diary itself.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-26-pico-s-raid-on-cheneche",
   "register_no": "26",
   "name": "Pico's Raid on Cheneche",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1815-11-08",
    "display": "November 8, 1815",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.12,
    -120.82
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Cheneche village near mouth of Mariposa Creek, north of Los Banos, on the San Joaquin River. Pre-dawn assault at 4 AM. 66 captured (Christians and heathen). Released 4 men and 12 crippled old women. \"Majority of the people escaped because this village is in a bad location.\" Found 7 live horses and 5 recently dead.",
   "result": "Mostly escaped; bad terrain for pursuit",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, \"Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800–1820,\" University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (Berkeley, 1960), 270–71 (Pico's diary, in translation); Cook note [9] places the Cheneches near the mouth of Mariposa Creek.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 326 and 326 n.8 · Solá's grand expedition of 1815; the Monterey party met the Santa Bárbara party in the Tulares; in the south 'Sergt. Pico brought in 11 Indians charged with killing Christians and wounding vaqueros' (Solá to Ruiz, 5 Oct. 1815, Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlvi. 5-6).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gob. Pablo Vicente de Solá to Sgt. Juan de Ortega, Monterey, 1 Nov. 1815, ordering Sgt. José Dolores Pico to join him: Provincial Records (C-A 26), tomo xi, orig. pp. 98–100 / Savage p. 28, scan n27, Doc 93.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d93",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n27",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Same expedition as reg-25, opposite wing. Pico commanded the Monterey party; Ortega the Santa Bárbara party; Bancroft says the two met in the Tulares. The 8 November date for Cheneche falls inside the '6 al 11' window of the order. NULL RESULT: no Pico 1815 diary exists anywhere in the C-A catalog (word-boundary greps for Cheneche, Malim, Tape/Tapee, Nupchenche across all 34,567 records returned nothing; Bancroft II:326 says no diary of this expedition is extant). Cook's source repository is not established.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-27-tapee-horse-slaughter",
   "register_no": "27",
   "name": "Tapee Horse Slaughter",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1815-11-23",
    "display": "November 23, 1815",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.8,
    -120.2
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Village of Tapee (Tape), south of the great bend of the San Joaquin River, ~20 miles west of Fresno (Cook note [9]). Pico surrounded village on both sides of river. Found 238 RECENTLY KILLED ANIMALS, \"a great deal of meat quartered and dried,\" and 16 live animals shot with arrows or badly treated. \"From Tapee to Cheneches... more than 500 dead animals.\" LARGEST INDIGENOUS ECONOMIC WARFARE INCIDENT.",
   "result": "INDIGENOUS ECONOMIC WARFARE; 238+ horses killed, 500+ in region",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, \"Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800–1820,\" University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (Berkeley, 1960), 275–76 (Pico's diary, in translation); Cook note [9] places Tape ~20 mi. west of Fresno, south of the great bend of the San Joaquin.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 326 and 326 n.8 · the 1815 grand expedition, its two parties, and its return on 1 December 1815.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gob. Pablo Vicente de Solá to Sgt. Juan de Ortega, Monterey, 1 Nov. 1815, ordering the joint correrías by the missions of San Miguel, San Antonio and Soledad 'con ambas partidas': Provincial Records (C-A 26), tomo xi, orig. pp. 98–100 / Savage p. 28, scan n27, Doc 93. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The 23 November date falls AFTER the 6–11 November window of the order, in its second phase: 'el Sargto Jose Dolores Pico se le unirá y entonces hará correrias pr Misiones de Sn Miguel, Sn Antº Soledad y otras, con ambas partidas' (verbatim from scan n27). Tapee, ~20 mi west of Fresno, lies in exactly the interior hinterland reached from San Miguel/Soledad, and Bancroft II:326 n.8 records the whole expedition returning 1 December 1815; so a 23 November action is chronologically inside it. NULL RESULT: no C-A record mentions Tape/Tapee, and no C-A record anywhere reports the 238 slaughtered horses. That figure survives only in Cook's translation of the Pico diary. Given its importance to the feature ('largest indigenous economic warfare incident'), the absence of any archival corroboration in C-A should be stated on the map rather than papered over.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-28-search-for-malim-village",
   "register_no": "28",
   "name": "Search for Malim Village",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1815",
    "display": "November 27–28, 1815",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.18,
    -120.82
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Junction of Mariposa Creek and the San Joaquin River, near Los Banos. Guide (from Malim village) told them he knew the way, then when they arrived said he didn't know where it was; \"but he did know that this was his country and we were hunting for his village.\" Guide given 10 lashes. Village found but inhabitants had escaped. 2 Christians from Santa Cruz captured.",
   "result": "Failed; guide resistance, inhabitants escaped",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, \"Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800–1820,\" University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (Berkeley, 1960), 277–78 (Pico's diary, in translation); Cook note [9] places Malim between the Cheneches and the Nupchenches along the San Joaquin River.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 326 and 326 n.8 · the 1815 grand expedition and its return on 1 December 1815.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gob. Pablo Vicente de Solá to Sgt. Juan de Ortega, Monterey, 1 Nov. 1815, ordering the joint correrías by the missions of San Miguel, San Antonio and Soledad 'con ambas partidas': Provincial Records (C-A 26), tomo xi, orig. pp. 98–100 / Savage p. 28, scan n27, Doc 93. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "27–28 November falls in the second phase of the order (the joint correrías 'con ambas partidas'), inside the expedition's chronology (home 1 Dec. 1815 per Bancroft II:326 n.8). NULL RESULT: the catalog has no record mentioning Malim; the only C-A occurrences of anything like the name are 'Malmi' near Santa Cruz (ca13-d110/d111, June 1816); a completely different place and event, and it should NOT be linked here. The Pico diary itself is not in C-A.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-29-martinez-incident-at-bubal",
   "register_no": "29",
   "name": "Martinez Incident at Bubal",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1816-05",
    "display": "May 1816",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.1,
    -119.85
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Village of Bubal (Wowol), western shore of Tulare Lake (Cook note [6]). Fr. Luis Antonio Martinez burned village of Pusas. Lively controversy with other friars over his behavior.",
   "result": "Village burned; controversy among Franciscans",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Sherburne F. Cook, \"Colonial Expeditions to the Interior of California: Central Valley, 1800–1820,\" University of California Anthropological Records 16:6 (Berkeley, 1960), 279–86 (Padre Luis Antonio Martínez's tular entrada, in translation); Cook note [6] identifies Bubal as Wowol on the shore of Tulare Lake.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 327–28 and 327 n.11 · 'Padre Luis Martinez visited these rancherias early in 1816'; the party left San Luis Obispo and visited Lucluc (28 lgs.), Tuohuala (9 l.), Gelecto (18 l.), Lihuanhilame (19 l.), Quihuame (7 l.); Telame mentioned but not visited; 'Tuohuala was called also Hubal (Bubal?).' Bancroft then narrates the ensuing quarrel among the friars over the soldiers' conduct.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Martínez, \"Entrada á las Rancherías del Tular, 1816,\" MS · the diary itself, cited by Bancroft under his own manuscript title (Hist. Cal. II:327 n.11).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Cabot to the prefect, and Sarría to the governor, 1 June 1816: Archivo del Arzobispado [de San Francisco], MS, iii. pt. i. 46–49, 51–53, 119–20 · the inter-Franciscan controversy over the soldiers' conduct on this entrada (Bancroft, Hist. Cal. II:328 n.12).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Pablo Vicente de Solá to P. Fr. [Luis] Antonio Martínez, Monterey, 17 June 1816, 'Instruido de cuanto le acaeció en la Expedicion' · Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 26), tomo xi, orig. p. 334 / scan n352 (Savage 352), Doc 1127. The governor's acknowledgement of Fr. Martínez's report on the Tulares expedition; the Jun 8 entry on the same leaf names him in full as 'P. Fr. Luis Antº Martinez'.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d1127",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n352",
     "link_note": "the administrative echo of the expedition, not a narrative of the Bubal incident itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "NULL RESULT, recorded honestly: there is NO Archives of California record of this entrada. What I tried: (1) word-boundary greps over all 34,567 records for Bubal, Pusas, Tach*, and the other ranchería names; nothing; (2) a full listing of every C-A record dated April–July 1816 (about 90 records, read); nothing on a tular entrada; (3) year-scoped content searches on tular/expedición/ranchería/gentil for 1816; the only hits are the Moraga/Malmi affair near Santa Cruz and routine cimarrón orders. The nearest thing is ca26-d1127 (Solá borrador, 11 June 1816, 'instruido de lo ocurrido en la expedición'), which is too vague to attach; it could equally be the Malmi raid; so I am not linking it. DATE FLAG: the feature dates this May 1816; Bancroft says Padre Luis Martínez 'visited these rancherias early in 1816.' A May date is compatible with the friars' controversy correspondence of 1 June 1816 but Bancroft does not state a month. Do not silently harmonise. NAME FLAG: Bancroft's itinerary gives 'Tuohuala … called also Hubal (Bubal?)'; the identification of Bubal with Wowol on Tulare Lake is Cook's, not the manuscript's.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-30-battle-at-malime-tasnil",
   "register_no": "30",
   "name": "Battle at Malime/Tasnil",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1816-12",
    "display": "December 1816",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.97,
    -122.03
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Near Santa Cruz. Inter-indigenous: Christians vs. gentiles. 4 killed.",
   "result": "4 killed; inter-indigenous",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 328 n.14 ('June, 1816, Moraga made a fruitless expedition against apostate Christians at Malmi rancheria near Santa Cruz. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 103') and II:390 (Santa Cruz annals: the rancherías of Pitemas and of Malmi named for 1815–16).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Luis Argüello to the Gov. of Alta California, San Francisco, 21 June 1816 · Alf. Gabriel Moraga setting out in force against the apostate Indians at the ranchería/pueblo of 'Malmi' in the Santa Cruz mission jurisdiction: Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. pp. 386–88 / Savage p. 104, scan n103, Doc 110.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n103"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Luis Argüello to Gob. Solá, San Francisco, 30 June 1816 · the surprise on the apostate Christians of Malmi failed, they were no longer there: Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. pp. 389–91 / Savage pp. 104–105, scan n103–n104, Doc 111.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n103"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "SERIOUS DISCREPANCY; do not reconcile silently. The feature says December 1816, inter-indigenous (Christians vs. gentiles), 4 killed. The only documented Malmi engagement is Gabriel Moraga's expedition of June 1816, which was a Spanish military operation, not inter-indigenous, and which FAILED because the apostates had already left; no one was killed. I listed every C-A record dated Nov 1816 – Feb 1817 (about 80 records, read) and there is no December 1816 action near Santa Cruz at all. 'Tasnil' appears nowhere: not in the 34,567-record catalog, not in Bancroft's History of California vol. II. Bancroft II:390 says only that in 1815–16 'there had been expeditions after runaway neophytes of which not much is known, but the rancherias of Pitemas and of Malmi are named.' Recommendation: either re-date this feature to June 1816 and re-describe it as a failed Spanish surprise, or mark the December 1816 / 4-killed / inter-indigenous details as unsourced. The two C-A records below are offered as the correct records for the Malmi episode, NOT as confirmation of the feature as currently written.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-31-armed-encounter-on-sacramento",
   "register_no": "31",
   "name": "Armed Encounter on Sacramento",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1817-05",
    "display": "May 1817",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.3,
    -121.5
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Sacramento River, ~50 miles from SF. Standoff; Spanish retreated.",
   "result": "Standoff; Spanish retreated",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 331 and 331 n.37, citing Argüello (Luis), Hoja de Servicios, 1828, MS · a seventeen-day voyage up the Sacramento 'constantly threatened by the numerous Indians, and once landing with four men to fight them.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hoja de servicio of Capt. Luis Antonio Argüello, certified by Ignacio Martínez, San Francisco, 31 Dec. 1828 · records his expedition up the river debouching at San Francisco (10 men, 17 days, attacked): State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 56), tomo xi, orig. to p. 90 / Savage pp. 120–22, scan n119–n121, Doc 138.",
     "ca_record": "ca56-d138",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_18/page/n119"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "CITATION PROBLEM. I checked every occurrence of '1817' in Bancroft's Indian-affairs / explorations chapter of vol. II (the whole span from the chapter head through the notes on Indian affairs of the decade) and there is no May 1817 armed encounter on the Sacramento in Bancroft II. The bare citation 'Bancroft II.' cannot be verified as written. The closest Bancroft passage is II:331 with its note 37, resting on Luis Argüello's Hoja de Servicios: 'in this same month of May he went to explore the river that flows from the north into San Francisco Bay, that is the Sacramento, sailing on it for seventeen days, constantly threatened by the numerous Indians, and once landing with four men to fight them,' which Bancroft assigns to May 1818 but then argues 'was probably made one or two years earlier.' DATE CONFLICT, unreconciled: the hoja as catalogued in C-A reads 1808; Bancroft read May 1818; Bancroft's own guess is 1816–17; the map says May 1817. Four different dates for what may be one voyage. RESEARCH LEAD, not a claim: the May 1817 Sacramento voyage of Luis Argüello with Padres Narciso Durán and Ramón Abella is documented by Durán's own diary, which is not in C-A; if that is the map compiler's real source, the citation should be changed from 'Bancroft II.' to Durán's diary. I did not verify this and am not asserting it.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-32-skirmish-with-fugitives-on-sacramento",
   "register_no": "32",
   "name": "Skirmish with Fugitives on Sacramento",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1817-05",
    "display": "May 1817",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.1,
    -121.6
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Sacramento delta island. Minor skirmish; 1 wounded.",
   "result": "Minor skirmish",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885) · citation as given on the feature; the specific engagement could not be located in this volume.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "UNRESOLVED, recorded as a finding. What I tried: (1) grepped every '1817' occurrence in Bancroft II's explorations-and-Indian-affairs chapter; no May 1817 Sacramento skirmish exists there, so the feature's 'Bancroft II.' citation cannot be substantiated; (2) listed every C-A record dated April–July 1817 (about 40 records, read in full); nothing on a river expedition; (3) year-scoped content searches on Sacramento / San Joaquín / lancha / expedición for 1817; nothing. The one C-A item close in kind, ca26-d161 (Solá, 10 June 1817, 'El Sargto. distinguido Juan Ortega no pudo coger a los indios fugitivos'), gives no location and I am deliberately NOT linking it. I also considered ca56-d138 (Luis Argüello's hoja, the 17-day Sacramento voyage under attack, linked on reg-31) but the feature's two distinguishing details; a delta island and one man wounded; appear nowhere in that record, and attaching it here would be exactly the kind of plausible-looking wrong link that is worse than a gap. RESEARCH LEAD, not a claim: the Argüello–Durán voyage of May 1817 is documented by Fray Narciso Durán's diary, which is outside the C-A series; if that is the compiler's real source the citation needs changing. Unverified.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-33-campaign-against-muquelenis",
   "register_no": "33",
   "name": "Campaign against Muquelenis",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1819-10",
    "display": "October 1819",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.15,
    -121.3
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Mokelumne, eastern delta. Spanish reported success.",
   "result": "Spanish reported success",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 335 and 335 nn. 31–32 · 'Victory of Sanchez over the Moquelumnes'; 27 pagans killed, 20 wounded, 16 captured, 49 horses taken; Padre Durán names the offending gentiles Muquelemes.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Solá's borradores, pt. 4 (artillery and campaigns), San Juan Bautista / Rancho del Rey / Monterey, Jul.–Dec. 1819 · the successful campaign against the Ranchería de los Muquelemnes reported to the Viceroy, Padre Narciso Durán named: State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 54), tomo i, Savage pp. 239–46, scan n238–n245, Doc 154.",
     "ca_record": "ca54-d154",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_16/page/n243"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gob. Solá to Tte. Gabriel Moraga, San Carlos, 24 Sept. 1819 · the instruction forming the multi-pronged 1819 campaign, including 'a SF party of 20–25 under Sgt. Sánchez via San José, and a launch with a cannon by water': Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), orig. pp. 421–22 / Savage pp. 228–29, scan n227–n228, Doc 284.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d284",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n227"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gob. Solá to de la Guerra, 7 Oct. 1819, 'Campaña contra indios' · approving that each presidio mount its own expedition within its own demarcation: Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), orig. pp. 425–30 / Savage pp. 232–33, scan n231–n232, Doc 288. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gob. Solá to de la Guerra (in México), Monterey, 6 Jan. 1820 · the 1819 expeditions had poor results, but Sgt. Sánchez's was 'muy brillante'; recommends him for the grade of alférez: Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), orig. p. 455 / Savage p. 241, scan n240, Doc 300.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d300",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n240",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Padre Narciso Durán to Solá, 2 June and 28 Oct. 1819: Archivo del Arzobispado [de San Francisco], MS, iii. pt. ii. 82–84, 104–105 · the letters in which the offending gentiles are named 'Muquelemes' (Bancroft, Hist. Cal. II:335 n.32).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Amador, \"Memorias,\" MS, 15–16 · the eyewitness account of José María Amador, one of the five soldiers wounded in the fight (Bancroft, Hist. Cal. II:335 and n.32).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Strongest C-A result in this batch. Bancroft II:335 supplies the detail the feature compresses to 'Spanish reported success': Sgt. José Sánchez marched from San Francisco by way of San José in early October 1819 with 25 men, fought in the region of modern Stockton, killed 27, wounded 20, captured 16 and took 49 horses, losing one neophyte ally with five soldiers wounded (one of them José María Amador); the force was back before the end of October and Sánchez was recommended for promotion. Padre Durán's naming of the offenders as 'Muquelemes' is, Bancroft notes, perhaps the first writing of the name. ONE DISCREPANCY, flagged not reconciled: Savage's abstract of ca17-d300 describes Sánchez's expedition as being in the Santa Cruz direction, whereas Bancroft places the fight in the lower San Joaquin near Stockton. The leaf has not been re-read to settle whether that is Savage's error, Solá's, or a second expedition. Also noted: the catalog summary of ca54-d154 itself carries an internal cross-reference '= mil-history register #33', so that one record is not fully independent of the register being annotated; I have therefore rested the verification on the Bancroft correspondence and on ca17-d284, which are independent.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-34-garcia-s-battle-at-jayaya-tape",
   "register_no": "34",
   "name": "Garcia's Battle at Jayaya/Tape",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1815",
    "display": "ca. 1815–20",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.1,
    -121.0
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Beyond Santa Rita, near SJB. Spanish nearly defeated; chaotic retreat.",
   "result": "Spanish near-defeat",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 338–39, note 38 · the fight at the rancherías of Jayaya and Tape beyond Santa Rita, from Garcia, Hechos, MS., 10–15.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "García (Inocente), \"Hechos Históricos de California,\" MS, 10–15 · the participant's own dictated narrative, the sole source for this engagement.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "UNRESOLVED for C-A, and the reason matters. Bancroft prints this episode inside his closing note on Californio personal narratives, where he says explicitly that such items are 'statements more or less inaccurate but founded on facts not clearly recorded in the archives, which it would be hazardous to embody in chronological history.' In other words, Bancroft himself found no archival record of it. My own search agrees: word-boundary greps across all 34,567 C-A records for Jayay* and Tape/Tapee return nothing, and a search for Inocente García in the period returns only his later career (Rancho Natividad 1827, administrator of Mission San Miguel 1839–40). Bancroft's version supplies detail the feature omits and should be carried on the map: six men including Inocente García, under Sgt. José Dolores Pico, accompanied Padre Felipe Arroyo de la Cuesta, with thirty Indian auxiliaries out of San Juan Bautista, past Santa Rita to the rancherías of Jayaya and Tape to collect girls promised as converts; the chief was absent, a fight followed, most of the party ran, García and a few continued against the sergeant's orders and rescued all but two who were killed, along with all the horses; Pico put García in the stocks and the governor pardoned him at Arroyo's intercession. DATE FLAG: Bancroft gives no year for this item; the feature's 'ca. 1815–20' is an editorial estimate, not a source statement.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-35-boronda-s-campaign-at-tachi",
   "register_no": "35",
   "name": "Boronda's Campaign at Tachi",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1815",
    "display": "ca. 1815–20",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.3,
    -119.88
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Tachi village, west of Tulare Lake near Lemoore (Cook note [2]: \"not far west of Lemoore\"). Same village Ortega raided in Nov 1815. \"Arrows raining; underground defenses.\" Indigenous fortification.",
   "result": "Contested; indigenous defensive innovation",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 338–39, note 38 · '1812, etc., the Indians of Tachi had pits from which they discharged their arrows, into which the soldiers' horses often fell. Boronda, Notas, 15'; and '1813, Boronda gives some details of an expedition to Tachi in the Tulares region under Sergt. Espinoza. Notas, MS., 13–15.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Boronda (José Canuto), \"Notas Históricas sobre California,\" MS, 13–15 (the Tachi expedition under Sgt. Espinoza) and 15 (the arrow pits); cf. p. 2 (the river Reyes and Tache Lake, in connection with the 1815 grand expedition, which Boronda accompanied as a soldier).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "UNRESOLVED for C-A, plus a possible duplication problem worth the compiler's attention. (1) DATE CONFLICT: the feature dates this ca. 1815–20; Bancroft dates Boronda's Tachi expedition to 1813, under Sgt. Espinoza, and dates the arrow-pits detail to '1812, etc.' Neither is 1815–20. (2) POSSIBLE DUPLICATE OF reg-25: Bancroft also notes that 'Boronda, Notas, MS., 2, mentions the river Reyes and Tache Lake in connection with what seems to be this expedition'; meaning Solá's grand expedition of November 1815, which Boronda accompanied as a soldier. That is precisely the expedition in which Ortega raided Tache on 10 November 1815 (reg-25). So part of the Boronda Tachi material may be a second, dictation-based telling of reg-25 rather than a separate engagement, and the map may be double-counting. I am flagging this, not asserting it. (3) C-A search: word-boundary greps of all 34,567 records for Tach/Tache/Tachi return nothing; a search for an Espinosa expedition returns only ca12-d297 (Sgt. Miguel Espinosa, 13 Oct. 1809, San Antonio, a 20-day reconnaissance of a ranchería) which is four years early and unnamed as to place; I am deliberately NOT linking it. I also considered attaching ca26-d93 (the November 1815 order, linked on reg-25) but Bancroft's dating of the Boronda Tachi expedition to 1813 under Espinoza argues against it, so no link is offered.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-68-moraga-s-failed-expedition-to-amajava",
   "register_no": "68",
   "name": "Moraga's Failed Expedition to Amajava",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1819",
    "display": "1819",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.5,
    -119.5
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Interior Santa Barbara. \"Impassable roads, no water/pasture. Sin haber podido llegar á la ranchería de los Amajavas.\" Gentiles attacked others as reprisal for mission punishment.",
   "result": "Failed; could not reach objective",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Gabriel Moraga to Gob. Solá, in the field, 16 Dec. 1819 · his own report of the expedition against the Amajava: set out with 50 men and 10 vecinos eastward, reached Mongarayait/Agallaga (the last pasture, 27 horses lost), carried water in vessels and went on inland; on the way back a gentile Indian killed one of his boys to rob him of his horse and blanket: Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. pp. 1077–81 / Savage p. 239, scan n238–n239, Doc 304.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d304",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n238"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gob. Solá to Tte. Narciso Fabregat, Monterey, 21 Dec. 1819 · the Mojave expedition failed to reach the Amajaba ranchería 'por la absoluta imposibilidad en que se hallan esos caminos, pastos, y agua para la caballada'; Fabregat and Moraga returned to Santa Bárbara 14 Dec.: Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), orig. p. 453 / Savage p. 241, scan n240, Doc 299.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d299",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n240"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gob. Solá to Tte. Gabriel Moraga, Monterey, 3 Nov. 1819 · the final order for the Amajaba campaign: 50 men (35 cavalry from both presidios plus 15 Mazatlán infantry under Fabregat), the armament brought by Tte. Francisco Mª Ruiz, 4 artillerymen and a cannon with grape and ball; march at once to the Mojave ranchería, make the capitanejos surrender the fugitive Christians, then garrison San Gabriel and San Fernando with 15 men each: Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), orig. pp. 442–43 / Savage pp. 236–38, scan n235–n237, Doc 296.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d296",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n235"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gob. Solá to Tte. Gabriel Moraga, San Carlos, 24 Sept. 1819 · the instruction forming the 1819 campaign against the 'indios prófugos,' 'deseoso de dar una castigada general á los gentiles por… abrigar en sus rancherías á los cristianos huidos de las misiones': 60 men under Moraga (30 Santa Bárbara, 30 San Diego), Moraga to submit a written plan: Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), orig. pp. 421–22 / Savage pp. 228–29, scan n227–n228, Doc 284. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Santa Bárbara muster of 1819, Comte. José de la Guerra, 1 Dec. 1819, embedding Fr. José Senán's certified burial record of the soldier Mariano Cota, killed on sentinel duty during High Mass at Pentecost 1819 by Amajahua/Mojave gentiles from the Río Colorado, and of cabo Rufino Leyva, killed the same day at San Buenaventura: Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), orig. pp. 227–74 / Savage p. 298, scan n297, Doc 340.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n297"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hilario Machado to the commandants as far as Santa Bárbara, San Gabriel, 11 Oct. 1819 · warning of the Mojave approach: the Indian corporal of Sumibabi (18 leagues east) reports 20 gentiles of San Sebastián relating that an escaped captive among the Amajabas warned that the Mojaves had set out toward these missions 'a pelear y a hacer el daño posible': Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. pp. 1084–85 / Savage p. 241, scan n240, Doc 306. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Solá's borrador register of outgoing orders, 1815–1822 (Monterey) · Solá orders Moraga's 1819 punitive campaign to the Mojave (Amajabat/Mongallune) ranchería, 35 cavalry and 15 Mazatlán infantry under Tte. Narciso Fabregat, 'para conocer á los gentiles la bravura de las armas del Rey'; Moraga could not reach Amajabat for lack of pasture, halting at San Joaquín and Santa Ana de Aguablanca and returning via San Gabriel, to resume next summer: Prov. St. Pap., Benicia Mil. (C-A 17), orig. pp. 152–350 / Savage pp. 118–39, scan n117–n138, Doc 177.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d177",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n117"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 336–37 and 337 n.37 · 'Moraga's Unsuccessful Expedition against the Mojaves'; the march from San Gabriel on 22 November, seventy or eighty leagues into the desert, the turn-back for want of grass and water, and the return of 14 December.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Nuez, \"Diario del Capellán de la Expedición para los Amajavas, 1819,\" MS · the chaplain Fr. Joaquín Pascual Nuez's day-by-day diary of the march, 22 Nov.–13 Dec. 1819 (Bancroft, Hist. Cal. II:337 n.37).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gonzalez, \"Experiencias,\" MS, 12 · the recollection of a soldier of the party, still living in 1879, that the boy killed on the return march was a servant of the padre (Bancroft, Hist. Cal. II:337 n.37).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "This feature is now fully documented from C-A; six linked manuscripts covering provocation, order of battle, campaign report and outcome. Two corrections to the feature text. (1) PLACE: the summary says 'Interior Santa Barbara.' That is wrong. Moraga marched east from Mission San Gabriel into the Mojave Desert on 22 November 1819 and turned back roughly seventy or eighty leagues out; the Santa Bárbara connection is only that the troops came from that presidio and returned to it. The map pin should be moved. (2) RETURN POINT: ca17-d299 says Fabregat and Moraga returned to Santa Bárbara on 14 December; Bancroft II:337, following Fray Nuez's diary, says Moraga reached San Gabriel on 14 December. Same date, different place; not reconciled here. Bancroft also supplies the causation the feature gestures at; in his words, 'the Amajavas had revenged themselves for their treatment' at San Buenaventura by raiding the gentile rancherías, which is why Moraga found the interior peoples already devastated. Not linked, but noted as available: ca13-d305 (Moraga forwarding the San Gabriel and San Fernando escorts' intelligence, 12 Oct. 1819) and ca13-d368 (Moraga, 8 Jan. 1820, urging that the attempt be renewed in May when the horses are fat).",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "killing-of-padre-quintana-at-santa-cruz",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Killing of Padre Quintana at Santa Cruz",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1812-10-12",
    "display": "October 12, 1812",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.975,
    -122.025
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "Neophytes at Mission Santa Cruz killed Padre Andrés Quintana after he used a wire-tipped whip on them. Lorenzo Asisara's eyewitness account (recorded 1877) is the primary source. Planned conspiracy among neophytes; lured padre out at night, strangled and mutilated him. Death concealed as natural for years.",
   "result": "Padre killed; indigenous resistance to mission abuse",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Lorenzo Asisara account, in Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz, eds., Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535-1846 (Santa Clara/Berkeley: Santa Clara University/Heyday, 2001), 284-93.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco: History Co., 1886), 387-89 and notes 43-47.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Jose Maria Amador, 'Memorias sobre la historia de California' (Bancroft dictation, taken by Thomas Savage, 1877), 77-78 · the narrative to which Lorenzo Asisara's eyewitness account is appended.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (BANC MSS C-A 17), scan n100-n102 / Savage 102-103, Doc 153: Tte. Jose Ma Estudillo to Gov. Arrillaga, Mission Santa Cruz, 23 Oct. 1812 · diligencias on the death of P. Fr. Andres Quintana.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d153",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n100"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 12), tomo xix. 1049-50, 1059-60 / scan n329, Savage 322, Doc 405: Comte. Luis Arguello to Gov. Arrillaga, San Francisco, 13 Oct. 1812 · death of Padre Quintana reported.",
     "ca_record": "ca12-d405",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_14/page/n329"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 26), tomo xi-xii. 722-23 / scan n222, Savage 222, Doc 828: Gov. Arrillaga to Bernardo Estudillo, La Soledad, 15 Oct. 1812 · order to view the body.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d828",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n222"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (BANC MSS C-A 17), scan n247-n248 / Savage 248-249, orig. pp.707-10, Doc 312: Ignacio Martinez, juez fiscal, San Francisco, 21 Nov. 1820 · causa criminal, interrogation of the neophyte Alberto on the murder of Fr. Quintana.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d312",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n247"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (BANC MSS C-A 17), scan n117-n138 / Savage 118-139, Doc 177: borrador register of Gov. Sola's outgoing orders, 1815-1822 · sentence of the Quintana murderers, 10 Mar. 1816.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d177",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n119"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 26), tomo xi-xii. 115-16 / scan n32, Savage 33, Doc 106: [Gov. Sola] to Tte. Noriega, Monterey, 10 Mar. 1816 · the condemned Santa Cruz neophytes shipped in the goleta Lidia.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d106",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n32"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 26), tomo xi-xii. 117-19 / scan n33, Savage 34, Doc 108: [Gov. Sola] to Capt. de la Guerra, Monterey, 28 Mar. 1816 · the sentences.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d108",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n33"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 25), tomo ix. 470-76 / scan n390-n391, Savage 387-388, Doc 697: Sola register entries, 1816 · sentences in the Quintana causa; Sola to the Viceroy, 5 Apr. 1816.",
     "ca_record": "ca25-d697",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_7_2/page/n390"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 13), tomo xx. i.470-71 / scan n116, Savage 117, Doc 133: Guerra y Noriega to Gov. Sola, Santa Barbara, 17 Apr. 1816 · receipt of the five convicted Indians.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d133",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n116"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sta Cruz, Libro de Mision, MS., 36-37 (burial certificate by P. Marquinez); Arch. Sta B., MS., xii. 93-94; Arch. Obispado, MS., 86; Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS., xxviii. 102.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Feature carried NO ca_record; nine C-A links added. Bancroft II:387-89 footnotes name the manuscripts (Prov. St. Pap. xix.323; Prov. Rec. xi.221-2/xii.223; Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil. xliv.21 and xlix.59-61; Prov. Rec. ix.138-9, xi.33) and each resolves to a subject-matching C-A record above (the page-interval resolver returned only neighbourhood noise; matches made on content). DISCREPANCY on the murderers' names: ca17-d153/d177 give Lino, Antonino, Vicente, Saturnino & Fulgencio; ca26-d106/d108 give Lino, Cesareo, Antonino, Julian, Fulgencio; ca25-d697 names complices Quirico, Julian y Alberto. Savage's own copies disagree; not harmonised. Killing date 12 Oct 1812 is independently confirmed by ca26-d108 ('noche del 12 Oct 1812').",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-69-sanchez-sf-campaign",
   "register_no": "69",
   "name": "Sánchez SF Campaign",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1820",
    "display": "1820",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.8,
    -122.38
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase3b",
   "summary": "SF area. Solá: campaign under Sargento Sánchez \"fue muy brillante.\" Recommended for alférez despite near-invalid status.",
   "result": "Spanish success; \"muy brillante\"",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (BANC MSS C-A 17), scan n240 / Savage 241, orig. p.455, Doc 300: Gov. Sola to Capt. de la Guerra (in Mexico), Monterey, 6 Jan. 1820 · Sanchez's expedition 'muy brillante,' recommended for alferez.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d300",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n240"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (BANC MSS C-A 17), scan n227-n228 / Savage 228-229, orig. pp.421-22, Doc 284: Gov. Sola to Tte. Gabriel Moraga, San Carlos, 24 Sept. 1819 · instructions forming the campaign, including the San Francisco party under Sgt. Sanchez.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d284",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n227"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (BANC MSS C-A 17), scan n231-n232 / Savage 232-233, orig. pp.425-30, Doc 288: Gov. Sola to Capt. de la Guerra, [Monterey], 7 Oct. 1819 · approves each presidio mounting its own expedition within its district. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: re-pointed from ca17-d288 to ca17-d300, the document that actually attests this]",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d300",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n240"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco: History Co., 1886), 334-36 and notes 31-32.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Jose Maria Amador, 'Memorias sobre la historia de California' (Bancroft dictation, 1877), 15-16; P. Narciso Duran to Sola, 2 June and 28 Oct. 1819, Archivo del Arzobispado, MS., iii. pt. ii. 82-84, 104-5; Guerra, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS., iv. 45, 49, 51-52.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DATE CORRECTION: the feature is dated 1820, but the campaign ran in OCTOBER 1819; ca17-d300 (6 Jan 1820) is Sola's retrospective praise and promotion recommendation, presumably the source of '1820'. Bancroft II:335 has the march 'early in October' 1819 and the force back before the end of the month. NAME/PLACE DISCREPANCY: ca17-d300 calls it Sgt. Sanchez's 'Santa Cruz-direction' expedition, while ca17-d284 (the order forming it) and Bancroft both send Sanchez's San Francisco party through San Jose into the lower San Joaquin. Savage's rubric and the operational order disagree; flagged, not reconciled. No C-A record of Sanchez's own battle report was found: Bancroft says of the northern expeditions 'we know little more than the fact that they were made.'",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-36-battle-of-punta-de-guijarros-lelia-byrd",
   "register_no": "36",
   "name": "Battle of Punta de Guijarros (Lelia Byrd)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1803-03",
    "display": "March 1803",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.67,
    -117.24
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "FIRST NAVAL ENGAGEMENT in California. Shore battery vs. American frigate. Grapeshot exchanged; ship escaped.",
   "result": "Ship escaped; inconclusive",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 633-36 / scan n256-n262, Savage 255 [stamp] / 252 [hand], Doc 290: Manuel Rodriguez, comandante of San Diego, to Gov. Arrillaga, 10 Apr. 1803 (certified copy, Loreto 12 May 1803) · 'Sobre lo acaecido con tripulantes de Fragata Lelia Bird.'",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d290",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n256"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 648-50 / scan n265-n268, Savage 264 [stamp] / 261 [hand], Doc 297: Jose Velasquez, cabo 1o of the Real Cuerpo de Artilleria, under arrest at San Diego, to Gov. Arrillaga, 11 Apr. 1803 · 'Sobre prision pr. haber canoneado a una Fragata Americana.'",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d297",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n265"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 651-52 / scan n269-n270, Savage 268 [stamp] / 265 [hand], Doc 298: Jose Velasquez, cabo 1o, Real Fuerte de San Joaquin, Punta de Guijarros, to Gov. Arrillaga, 9 Apr. 1803 · accuses the comandante of taking a bribe from the American captain. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 631-32 / scan n256, Savage 255 [stamp] / 252 [hand], Doc 289: extract of the ship's papers of the Lelia Bird, Norfolk, Virginia, 1 Apr. 1801 (copied by Gov. Arrillaga). [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 758-59 / scan n311, Savage 310, orig. p.307, Doc 351: Viceroy Iturrigaray to the Governor of the Californias, 7 Sept. 1803 · the viceregal response to the affair.",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d351",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n311"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 25), scan n270-n271, Savage 268/20, orig. p.66, Doc 501: Governor of the Californias to the Viceroy, Loreto, 1 May 1803 · forwards the San Diego comandante's parte on the Lelia Bird.",
     "ca_record": "ca25-d501",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_7_2/page/n270"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 645-47 / scan n265, Savage 264 [stamp] / 261 [hand], Doc 296: Onofre Villalva, 1er cabo of the 1a Compania de Voluntarios, to Gov. Arrillaga, San Diego, 12 Mar. 1803 · asks return of 223 confiscated otter skins.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n265"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco: History Co., 1886), 10-14; and Richard J. Cleveland, A Narrative of Voyages and Commercial Enterprises (Cambridge, 1842), i. 210-21.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Feature carried only 'Bancroft II. C-A 11.'; no doc-level link. Seven C-A records now supplied, all subject-verified. The C-A account CONFLICTS with Cleveland's printed narrative (Bancroft prints both): Cleveland says the ship endured a three-quarter-hour cannonade before replying; Rodriguez says the battery opened with a blank, then ball, and that the Lelia Byrd fired first as she came abreast, 'seis tiros... sin hacer estrago.' Velasquez in ca11-d297 says he fired EIGHT ball rounds, calls her 'una Fragata Inglesa,' and dates her arrival the 16th where Rodriguez says the 17th. Not harmonised. ca11-d296 also records an American frigate in late FEBRUARY 1803 buying 223 skins; either a second vessel or a dating slip, as Savage himself notes.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-37-battle-at-santa-catalina-frontera",
   "register_no": "37",
   "name": "Battle at Santa Catalina Frontera",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1804",
    "display": "1804",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    30.5,
    -115.5
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Baja California frontier. Spanish victory in two phases; chief killed. Sargento Salgado wounded; musket ball lodged.",
   "result": "Spanish victory; 2 phases",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 1028-30 / scan n396-n397, Savage 395-96, Doc 481: Comte. Jose Manuel Ruiz, San Vicente, to Gov. Arrillaga, 6 Sept. 1804 · 'Escaramuzas con gentiles' at Mission Santa Catalina.",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d481",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n396"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 1010-12 / scan n393, Savage 392, Doc 474: Ruiz, San Vicente, to Arrillaga, 7 Aug. 1804 · gentiles wound a Christian Indian woman at Mission Santa Catalina; three mounted guards posted.",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d474",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n393"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (BANC MSS C-A 25), scan n294, Savage 292/43, orig. p.133, Doc 1050: Governor to the Viceroy, Loreto, 8 May 1804 · 'Sobre muertes por gentiles': two soldiers killed between Santa Catalina and San Vicente. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 1016-19 / scan n394, Savage 393, Doc 476: Ruiz, San Vicente, to Arrillaga, 6 Aug. 1804 · the Indians who killed the soldiers known to be roaming the sierra; four lances received. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 11), tomo xviii. 1008-9 / scan n392-n393, Savage 391-92, Doc 472: Ruiz, San Vicente, to Arrillaga, 9 May 1804 · inventories of the effects of the deceased soldiers Juan Camacho and Jose Peiquera. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[Unlocated] Ruiz's follow-up report on the pursuit ordered at the close of his 6 Sept. 1804 letter · the presumed source of the 'second phase,' the chief killed, and Sargento Salgado's wound.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "I READ THE LEAF IMAGE (C-A 11 n396-n397) and found two catalog errors in ca11-d481: (1) the letter is dated 'Set.e 6', not October 6; Savage's heading reads '+ 1804 - Set.e 6 - S.n Vicente / Ruiz a Arrillaga. Escaramuzas con gentiles' (neighbouring Doc 480 is misdated the same way); (2) the fight is 'el 17 al albear' with no month, so 17 AUGUST, not 17 October; the catalog's 'Oct 17' follows from its own wrong letter date. The abstract reads '10 hombres', not 8. UNRESOLVED: the feature's 'two phases, chief killed, Sargento Salgado wounded' is nowhere in C-A; see the null entry below.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-41-english-ship-at-bodega-with-cannons-on-land",
   "register_no": "41",
   "name": "English Ship at Bodega with Cannons on Land",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1793",
    "display": "1793",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.31,
    -122.98
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "English ship anchored at Bodega with cannons on land; possible temporary fortification. Same year as Spanish Bodega colonization failure.",
   "result": "Foreign military presence",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 14), tomo xxi. 233-36 / scan n93, Savage 94, Doc 83: Gov. int. Jose Joaquin de Arrillaga to the Viceroy, San Diego, 15 Mar. 1793 · an English vessel in the mouth of San Francisco, others anchored at Bodega with their guns landed.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d83",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n93"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 14), tomo xxi. 236-37 / scan n93, Savage 94, Doc 84: Arrillaga to the Viceroy, San Diego, 16 Mar. 1793 · the Alta California presidios undefended, as the English themselves have noticed.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d84",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n93"
    },
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (BANC MSS C-A 54), scan n261-n263, Savage 262-264, Doc 161 (Savage's Doc II-64): Hermenegildo Sal to acting Gov. Arrillaga, San Francisco, 16 Mar. 1793 · the English ship under Captain Brown off San Francisco, and the English at Bodega. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 6), tomo x-xi. 254 / scan n276, Savage stamp 276 / ink folio 92, Doc 217: Viceroy Revilla Gigedo to Gov. Arrillaga, Mexico, 6 July 1793 · 'Sobre ocupacion del Puerto de Bodega.'",
     "ca_record": "ca6-d217",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_8/page/n276"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 14), tomo xxi. 273-74 / scan n106, Savage 107, Doc 468: Arrillaga to the Viceroy of Mexico, Monterey, 16 July 1793 · Bodega to be occupied whether or not the English reports are true.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d468",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n106"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 14), tomo xxii, c.290 / scan n112, Doc 99: Arrillaga to the Viceroy, 1793 · the Bodega land expedition; overland route 'grande rodeo y tierra incognita'; Goycoechea with a sergeant and ten soldiers. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. I (San Francisco: History Co., 1884), 513-18 and notes 28-31.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DATE PRECISION: the report is of 15 March 1793 (written from San Diego), not merely '1793'; confirmed two ways: the leaf shows the item inside Savage's 'Marzo 15 (3 Docs) - pp. 233-6' cluster, and ca6-d217 records the viceroy acknowledging Arrillaga's news 'en 15 de Marzo... sobre haber visto los indios de S.n Fran.co ancladas embarcaciones inglesas en Bodega.' NOTE the manuscript has ships PLURAL at Bodega ('otros fondeados en Bodega') and one vessel at the San Francisco mouth; the feature's singular 'English ship at Bodega' is slightly off. DISCREPANCY: Bancroft I:514 n.28 renders the natives' report as the vessel 'hanging about the coast for two months,' while Savage's copy of Sal (ca54-d161) says the English had been at Bodega 'mas de seis meses.'",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-42-de-la-cuadra-emergency-battery-at-monterey",
   "register_no": "42",
   "name": "De la Cuadra Emergency Battery at Monterey",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1794-10",
    "display": "October 1794",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.605,
    -121.885
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "defense",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Naval captain from Nootka finds NO defense at Monterey landing. Orders 4-cannon battery built on overlooking hill.",
   "result": "Emergency fortification",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 14), tomo xxii, orig. p. ~382 (approximate, as catalogued) / scan n164, Doc 139: Bodega y Quadra, commander of the Nootka commission, ordered a battery placed for the defence of the Monterey presidio and supplied the pertrechos necesarios.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d139",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n164"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 14), tomo xxi. 222-24 / scan n88, Doc 78: Arrillaga to the Viceroy, 20 Dec. [1792] · the Sutil, Mexicana, Saturnina and Activo at Monterey from the northern explorations under Galiano, Valdes and de la Cuadra.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d78",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n88"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 14), tomo xxi, c.176 / scan n74-n75, Doc 67: Arrillaga to the Viceroy, 13 Aug. 1792 · the frigate Santa Gertrudis from Nootka anchored at Monterey under Capitan de Navio Juan Francisco de la Cuadra. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 14), tomo xxii. 264-66 / scan n101-n102, Doc 93: Arrillaga to the Viceroy, Monterey, 16 July 1793 · state of the Californian coast defences. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[Unattested] The particulars that the battery was of FOUR cannons, sited on a hill overlooking the landing, and that de la Cuadra found NO defence at the landing place.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "SERIOUS DATE PROBLEM. I read the leaf images (C-A 14 n163-n164). The battery item sits inside a letter whose Savage heading reads '179[2] - Dic.e 24 - (No dice el lugar) / Arrillaga al Com.te Gral. (10 Docs) - pp. 384-7.' The final year digit is formed identically to the '2' of 'Dic.e 24' on the same line, and the letter's other items are unambiguously 1792: the Sutil, Mexicana, Saturnina and Activo anchoring at Monterey on 22 Sept. from the exploration of the Strait of Juan de Fuca (the Galiano-Valdes voyage of 1792) and Bodega y Cuadra sailing on 14 Oct. So the battery was ordered and built in AUTUMN 1792 and reported 24 Dec. 1792; not October 1794 (the feature) and not 1793 (the catalog date on ca14-d139). ca14-d78 carries the same 1794/1792 problem. Recommend re-dating the feature and re-checking both catalog dates against the leaf.",
   "symbol": "earthwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-44-english-launches-at-santa-cruz",
   "register_no": "44",
   "name": "English Launches at Santa Cruz",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1794-11",
    "display": "November 1794",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.975,
    -122.025
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "English launches at Santa Cruz coast; withdrew morning of Nov 28. Sargento Pedro Amador sent as reinforcement. Soldier Joaquín Mesa punished for misreporting.",
   "result": "English withdrew",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 7), tomo xii-xiii, pp. 81-82 / scan n33 (Savage p. 34), Doc 60: Perez Fernandez to Borica, 1 Dec 1794.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d60",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n33"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 7), tomo xii-xiii, pp. 79-80 / scan n32 (Savage p. 33), Doc 59: Perez Fernandez to Borica, 30 Nov 1794.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d59",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n32"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 7), tomo xii-xiii, pp. 110-111 / scan n42 (Savage p. 43), Doc 75: Sgt. Pedro Amador at Santa Cruz to Borica, 29 Nov 1794.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d75",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n42"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 7), tomo xii-xiii, pp. 112-113 / scan n43 (Savage p. 44), Doc 76: Cabo Jose Sanchez, Santa Cruz, to Borica, 29 Nov 1794.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d76",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n43"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 24), tomo v-vii, pp. 25-26 / scan n23 (Savage p. 24), Doc 48: Borica to the Comandante de la Escolta de Santa Cruz, Monterey, 23 Nov 1794 (RESERVADA).",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d48",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n23"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 24), tomo v-vii, p. 32 / scan n30 (Savage p. 31), Doc 59: Borica to the Comandante of San Francisco, Monterey, 3 Dec 1794.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d59",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n30"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Episode = Vancouver's third visit, Nov 1794 (boats sent from his ships at Monterey to Santa Cruz for provisions). DISCREPANCY: the feature says soldier Mesa was 'punished'; C-A 7 Doc 60 does say he was put in the cepo for a false report, but C-A 24 Doc 59 (3 Dec 1794) records Borica FREEING him, finding no malice, with only an admonition to heed verbal orders. Both are in the record; the punishment was brief. The feature's forename 'Joaquin' Mesa is not given in either catalog summary - the records say only 'Mesa'; I did not confirm the forename.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-53-san-diego-harbor-defense-protocol",
   "register_no": "53",
   "name": "San Diego Harbor Defense Protocol",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1797",
    "display": "1797",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.672,
    -117.235
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "defense",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Detailed defensive orders: artillery alternates 24-hr guard; live sentinel at batería; watch bocana del Estrecho. English aware of SJC fondeadero. Pedreros recommended at SJC embarcadero.",
   "result": "Defense planning; no engagement",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, scan n255 (Savage pp. 977-978), Doc 445: Grajera to Borica, San Diego, 11 May 1797, 'Sobre preguntas para el caso de ataque'.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d445",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n255"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, scan n270-n271 (Savage pp. 1039-1042), Doc 477: Grajera to Borica, San Diego, 11 May 1797, 'Prevenciones contra hostilidades'.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d477",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n270"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 9), tomo xvi, scan n269 (Savage pp. 1034-1037), Doc 475: Grajera to Borica, San Diego, 31 Mar 1797, 'Declaracion de Guerra / Precauciones contra Hostilidades'.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d475",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n269"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Both documents are Grajera to Borica and both are dated 11 May 1797, so the feature's date confidence could be tightened from 'year' to 1797-05-11. The two elements the feature merges are in fact two separate documents: the SJC pedrero recommendation is in Doc 445 (the questionnaire), the 24-hour artillery guard and bocana watch are in Doc 477 (the standing orders to the artillery corporal). Context is the 1796-1808 Anglo-Spanish War.",
   "symbol": "earthwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-67-american-vessel-captured-at-refugio",
   "register_no": "67",
   "name": "American Vessel Captured at Refugio",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1816",
    "display": "ca. 1816",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.47,
    -120.07
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Sargento Carlos Carrillo reported 2 vessels. Alférez with 14 men captured 2 Americans + 2 Indians + 1 negro. Then 6 more Americans + 2 captains. Goleta prisionera.",
   "result": "Spanish capture American ship + crew",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. pp. 313-41 / scan n159-n160 (Savage pp. 160-161), Doc 200: Comandante Luis de la Guerra, Santa Barbara muster of 1816, embedding the Refugio capture.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d200",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n159"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Custom House) (C-A 41), tomo i-viii, pp. 1-2 (orig. 5-6) / scan n1, Doc 1: Jose de la Guerra y Noriega to Gov. Sola, from the Rancho del Refugio, 16 Jan 1816.",
     "ca_record": "ca41-d1",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036069_81_3/page/n1"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Custom House) (C-A 41), tomo i-viii, p. 3 / scan n3, Doc 2: roster of 'Prisioneros americanos', Santa Barbara, 3 Feb 1816.",
     "ca_record": "ca41-d2",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036069_81_3/page/n3"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 26), tomo xi-xii, pp. 104-107 / scan n29 (Savage p. 30), Doc 100: Gov. Sola to Tte. [de la Guerra y] Noriega, Monterey, 18 Jan 1816.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d100",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n29"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 26), tomo xi-xii, pp. 107-109 / scan n30 (Savage p. 31), Doc 101: Gov. Sola to Tte. de la Guerra, Monterey, 25 Jan 1816.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d101",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n30"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (1801-1824) (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 274-277 and notes.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "IDENTIFICATION: this is the seizure of the American schooner Lydia (Capt. Henry Gyzelaar) and the arrest of Capt. William Smith of the ship Albatross at Rancho del Refugio, 14-20 Jan 1816 - not a vague 'ca. 1816'. DISCREPANCIES: the feature says '2 Americans + 2 Indians + 1 negro'; C-A 17 Doc 200 says 3 Americans, 2 Indians and Black prisoners; Bancroft (II:275n) names the Albatross men taken as Capt. Smith, 2 white sailors, 2 Kanakas (Hawaiians, not Indians) and 'the negro Bob', plus deserters Thomas Doak and Nathaniel Davis. The Albatross itself was NOT captured - only the Lydia was taken as prize, so the feature's result line should say one of the two ships escaped.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-70-post-bouchard-defense-150-machetes",
   "register_no": "70",
   "name": "Post-Bouchard Defense: 150 Machetes",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1819",
    "display": "1819",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.595,
    -121.895
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "defense",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Solá + Fr. Payeras: construct 150 machetes + cartucheras; \"por el corto número de espadas que tienen.\" Model machetes sent to missions for production. Desperate arming.",
   "result": "Emergency arms production",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. pp. 301-15 / scan n300-n302 (Savage pp. 301-303), Doc 346: Gov. Sola to the comandantes of Monterey and San Francisco, Mission San Antonio, 7 Mar 1819, 'Preparativos de defensa'.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d346",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n300"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. p. 388 / scan n216 (Savage p. 217), Doc 269: Gov. Sola to Capt. de la Guerra, Mission San Antonio, 6 Jan 1819. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. pp. i.1060-1061 / scan n234-n235 (Savage pp. 235-236), Doc 297: Jose Maria Estudillo to Gov. Sola, Monterey, May 1819.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d297",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n234"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 26), tomo xi-xii, pp. 445-448 / scan n400, Doc 1171: [Sola] to P. Presidente Payeras and others, San Juan Bautista, 26 May 1819. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d1171",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The catalog shows the order GREW past the figure on the map: 'Order grew to 200 machetes', and it also carried an Indian-auxiliary provision (40 skilled bowmen per mission, each mission to elect an Indian 'capitan') and a horse-relay plan of at least 150 horses at named parajes. The '150 machetes + 150 cartucheras' figure and the Payeras collaboration are exactly right; the feature just stops short of the rest. Date is 7 Mar 1819 (exact), tighter than the feature's year-level date.",
   "symbol": "earthwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "english-corsair-campaign-ca-response",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "English Corsair Campaign · CA Response",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1799",
    "display": "May–Sept 1799",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.61,
    -121.9
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "defense",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "4 English frigates (22–24 guns each) raided Gulf of California shipping. Gov. Arrillaga: \"sin ningunos elementos de defensa.\" 50-man militia raised; battery formed at Puerto Escondido.",
   "result": "English naval dominance; Spanish desperate defense",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi-xxii, p. xxi.70-72 / scan n19-n20, Doc 19: Arrillaga to the Viceroy, 30 Jun 1799.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d19",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n19"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi-xxii, p. xxi.65-66 / scan n15, Doc 15: Arrillaga to the Viceroy, 20 May 1799.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d15",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n15"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi-xxii, p. xxi.66-67 / scan n16, Doc 16: Arrillaga to the Viceroy, May 1799.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d16",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n16"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi-xxii, p. xxi.70-74 / scan n20-n21, Doc 20: Arrillaga to the Viceroy, 3 Jul 1799.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d20",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n20"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi-xxii, p. xxi.73-76 / scan n21-n22, Doc 21: Arrillaga to the Viceroy, Aug/Sept 1799.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d21",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n21"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi-xxii, p. xxi.76-83 / scan n22-n25, Doc 22: the Viceroy to Arrillaga, Sept/Oct 1799.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d22",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n22"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 16), tomo xx-xxxix, orig. pp. 51-53 / scan n121 (Savage p. 122), Doc 198: Gov. Diego de Borica to Comd. Arrillaga, Monterey, 19 Jul 1799.",
     "ca_record": "ca16-d198",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_18_2/page/n121"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 10), tomo xvii, orig. pp. 709-710 / scan n279-n280, Doc 400: Arrillaga to Borica, Loreto, 13 Sept 1799, 'Sobre levantamiento de 50 hombres'.",
     "ca_record": "ca10-d400",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_12/page/n279"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 15), tomo i-xix, orig. pp. 481-504 / scan n270-n280 (Savage pp. 264-274), Doc 392: investigation into the capture of the balandra Mercedes, Loreto, 28 Jun 1799.",
     "ca_record": "ca15-d392",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_17_2/page/n270"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "UNVERIFIED FEATURE DETAIL: '4 English frigates (22-24 guns each)'. The count of 4 is confirmed (C-A 14 Docs 19 and 21). The gun figure is NOT: the only C-A record that names the squadron, C-A 15 Doc 392, gives 18 guns + 14 carronades, 24/16, 18, and 14 - not 22-24 apiece. That record does mention '22 prizes off Peru', a possible source of the confusion. I found no C-A record stating 22-24 guns each; the figure should be corrected or sourced. Also note Gov. Borica's 19 July 1799 alert (C-A 16 Doc 198) says 'no fewer than 12' enemy ships on the Cabo Corrientes-Cabo San Lucas run, a wider count than Arrillaga's 4 in the Gulf.",
   "symbol": "earthwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "bouchard-s-attack-on-monterey",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Bouchard's Attack on Monterey",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1818",
    "display": "November 20–26, 1818",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.595,
    -121.88
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "MAJOR NAVAL RAID. Argentine privateer Bouchard: Argentina (38 guns + 2 howitzers) + Santa Rosa (26 guns), ~285 crew. Spanish: 40 defenders (25 cavalry, 4 veteran artillery, 11 militia). Nov 21: 2-hour artillery duel; J.J. Vallejo's beach battery did most damage; 5+ insurgents killed. Nov 22: 400 men landed with 4 field pieces; Estrada's 25 men overwhelmed. Solá retreated to Salinas, saving archives + 6,000 cartridges. Presidio burned Nov 26-27. Damage: ~$10,000. Only foreign capture of a California capital.",
   "result": "Only time a California presidio fell to an enemy; Monterey burned",
   "quote": {
    "es": "",
    "en": "Guerra's trick at Sta Barbara: marched troops round a hill repeatedly to look like a large army.",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 25), tomo viii-x, orig. pp. 304-306 / scan n481 (Savage 477-478), Doc 923: [Gov. Sola] to Gen. Jose de la Cruz, Monterey, 6 Jan 1819, 'Sobre ataque de la Provincia por 2 fragatas'.",
     "ca_record": "ca25-d923",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_7_2/page/n481"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 26), tomo xi-xii, p. 164 (catalogued at orig. pp. 418-420) / scan n389, Doc 1162: Sola to the mission ministers north and south, Monterey, 8 Oct 1818 - the pre-Bouchard alarm.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d1162",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n389"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. pp. i.1044-1045 / scan n228-n229 (Savage pp. 229-230), Doc 290: Jose de la Guerra to Sola, Santa Barbara, 24 Nov 1818.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d290",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n228"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. pp. i.1040-1041 / scan n228 (Savage p. 229), Doc 288: Jose de la Guerra to Sola, Santa Barbara, 20 Nov 1818.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n228"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. pp. i.1049-1051 / scan n230-n232 (Savage pp. 231-233), Doc 293: Gov. Sola, circular to the fathers from San Luis to San Diego, Rancho de la Real Hacienda, 27 Nov 1818.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d293",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n230"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. pp. ~256-61 / scan n254-n260 (Savage pp. 255-261), Doc 318: 'Declaraciones de insurgentes de la expedicion de Bouchard', taken by Alf. Santiago Arguello, Mission San Juan Capistrano, 29 Dec 1818.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d318",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n254"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. p. 435 / scan n233-n234 (Savage pp. 234-235), Doc 292: Sola to de la Guerra, Rancho de la Real Hacienda, 11 Dec 1818, 'Molina y su castigo'.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d292",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n233"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. p. 385 / scan n212 (Savage p. 213), Doc 263: Sola to Jose de la Guerra, 16 Dec 1818, 'Sobre los buques de Bouchard'. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. pp. i.198-203 / scan n66-n67 (Savage pp. 67-68), Doc 66: Conde del Venadito to Gov. Sola, Mexico, 20 Jan 1819.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d66",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n66"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 26), tomo xi-xii, pp. 427-429 / scan n393-n394, Doc 1165: [Sola] to the P. Presidente, Monterey, 28 Jan 1819 - damage accounting.",
     "ca_record": "ca26-d1165",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_8_2/page/n393"
    },
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 55), tomo vi-ix, orig. pp. viii.549-551 / scan n292-n293 (Savage pp. 293-294), Doc 339: Sola to the comandantes of the presidios, Monterey, Oct 1818, 'Sobre buques piratas'.",
     "ca_record": "ca55-d339",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_17/page/n291"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. pp. i.119-120 / scan n34-n36 (Savage pp. 35-37), Doc 33: deposition of Lt. William Taylor of Boston, taken at Santa Ynes by an interrogating officer 'de Ortega', 1818.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d33",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n34"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (1801-1824) (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), ch. x, 'Bouchard and the Insurgents', 220-249.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Bancroft dictations and reminiscences: M. G. Vallejo, Historia de California; Jose de Jesus Vallejo; Alvarado; A. M. Osio, Historia de California; Amador, Memorias; Gonzalez, Experiencias; Ord, Ocurrencias; Boronda; Jacinto Rodriguez; Avila, Notas; Romero, Notas; Lugo, Vida. Bancroft Library, not the Archives of California.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sola, 'Noticia' (cited by Bancroft, History of California II:243n as 'Sola, Noticia, 286').",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "FORCE FIGURES DISAGREE and the feature flags none of it. Sola's own report (C-A 25 Doc 923): two frigates of 38 and 28 guns, MORE THAN 500 men. Pre-raid warning (C-A 26 Doc 1162): 34 and 18-20 guns, 250 men. C-A 55 Doc 339: 34 and 18, 230 crew. Prisoner Taylor (C-A 13 Doc 33): 235 crew. The feature's 38+2 howitzers / 26 guns / ~285 crew matches none of these. DATES: feature says Nov 20-26; Sola says the ships appeared on the 21st and 23rd; C-A 17 Doc 292 fixes the occupation at 22-25 Nov; C-A 13 Doc 293 (27 Nov) says the castillo and presidio were fired 'yesterday' (26 Nov); the Viceroy was told 24 Nov (C-A 13 Doc 66). The '6,000 cartridges' saved is in NO C-A record I found - Sola confirms only that the archive papers were saved. J. J. Vallejo's beach battery is likewise absent from C-A; Bancroft attributes it entirely to the Californio dictations.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "bouchard-s-raid-on-refugio-ranch",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Bouchard's Raid on Refugio Ranch",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1818",
    "display": "December 2–3, 1818",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.465,
    -120.075
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Dec 2: Bouchard landed, plundered and burned Ortega's ranch, killed cattle. Sgt. Carlos Carrillo with 30 men reached Sta Inés at 11:30 PM. Padres sent 40 armed neophytes + 35 more from SLO. Spanish ambush party captured 3 insurgents (Lt. William Taylor of Boston, Martin Romero, Mateo José Pascual).",
   "result": "Ranch destroyed; 3 insurgents captured by ambush",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), II:235-38.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Padre Ullibarri to Fr. Mariano Payeras, Santa Ines, 3 and 4 Jan. 1819, Archivo del Arzobispado (Arch. Arzob.), MS., iii, pt. ii, 24-26.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Correspondence of Payeras, Uria, Rodriguez and Martinez on the neophyte levies, Arch. Arzob., MS., iii, pt. ii, 35-37, 41; Arch. Sta Barbara, MS., vi, 277-80.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sgt. Carlos Antonio Carrillo to Capt. Jose de la Guerra, Santa Ines, 2 Dec. 1818, 11.30 p.m., in Guerra, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS., iv, 197.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. i.1023-1029 / Savage pp. 225-227, scan n224-n226, Doc 285: Jose de la Guerra to Gov. Sola, 6 Dec. 1818 (Bancroft's 'Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 223').",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d285",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n224"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. i.119-120 / Savage pp. 35-37 (fol. 119-120), scan n34-n36, Doc 33: deposition of Lt. William Taylor of Boston, taken at Santa Ynes, Dec. 1818.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d33",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n34"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 13), tomo xx / Savage p. 38 (fol. 121-122), scan n36-n38, Doc 34: deposition of Martin Romero, Santa Ynes, Dec. 1818.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d34",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n36"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. p. 383 / Savage pp. 208-210, scan n207-n209, Doc 260: Gov. Sola to Capt. de la Guerra, Dec. 1818 (borrador), 'Desaprueba sus relaciones con los enemigos.'",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d260",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n207"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Bancroft II:236-37 nn.25-29 name every manuscript behind this episode; only some are in C-A. Date discrepancy to flag: Savage dated the Taylor deposition 'Abril 5' and the Romero deposition 'Oct 5' though both must be Dec 1818 / Jan 1819 (the catalog flags both). Bancroft's page arithmetic runs ~2 pp. behind Savage's foliation in C-A 13 (his 'xx. 223' = Savage p.225); the match here rests on content, not arithmetic. Bancroft himself resolves the Pascual puzzle: the negro Mateo Jose Pascual taken at Refugio was exchanged and then surrendered again at San Juan Capistrano, which is why he appears in both dossiers.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "bouchard-at-san-juan-capistrano",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Bouchard at San Juan Capistrano",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1818",
    "display": "December 14–15, 1818",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.505,
    -117.665
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Dec 14-15: Alf. Santiago Argüello with 30 men from San Diego posted on hill. Bouchard landed, requested supplies, refused. Minor damage; straw houses burned, wine/brandy spilled. 4 insurgent deserters surrendered (John Rose, Scotch drummer; Pedro Zaldíbar; Nicolás Chavarría; Mateo José Pascual).",
   "result": "Minor damage; 4 insurgent deserters surrendered",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), II:240-42.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. p. 385 / Savage p. 214, scan n213, Doc 264: Gov. Sola to Tte. Jose Maria Ruiz, Monterey, 18 Dec. 1818.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d264",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n213"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 17), tomo xl-lii, orig. p. 386 / Savage pp. 215-216, scan n214-n215, Doc 266: Gov. Sola to Alf. Santiago Arguello, 18/19 Dec. 1818.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d266",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n214"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 17), tomo xlix (C-A 17 covers tomos xl-lii), 66-72 / Savage pp. 255-261, scan n254-n260, Doc 318: 'Declaraciones de insurgentes de la expedicion de Bouchard,' taken by Alf. Santiago Arguello at Mission San Juan Capistrano, 29 Dec. 1818.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d318",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n254"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. i.189-190 / Savage p. 63, scan n62, Doc 64: Conde del Venadito to the Governor, Mexico, 28 Oct. 1819 (Bancroft's 'Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 62').",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d64",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n62"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. i.331-334 / Savage pp. 88-91, scan n87-n90, Doc 95: Jose de la Guerra y Noriega to Gov. Sola, Santa Barbara, 6 Apr. 1819.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d95",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n87"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 13), tomo xx, orig. i.355-357 / Savage pp. 91-93, scan n90-n92, Doc 96: Alf. Santiago Arguello to Gov. Sola, San Diego, 7 Apr. 1819.",
     "ca_record": "ca13-d96",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_15_2/page/n90"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Bancroft II:241 n.38 is the key: 'Names of the prisoners with their testimony. Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 62; Id., Ben. Mil., xlix. 66-72. Oct. 28, 1819, viceroy orders proceedings ... Prov. St. Pap., MS., xx. 62. Sola's communications to commandants Guerra and Ruiz on Dec. 18, 19 ... Prov. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., xlix. 25-7.' All four resolve into C-A 13 and C-A 17. Name discrepancy to flag: the map (following Bancroft) gives 'Nicolas Chavarria of Bogota,' the C-A 17 depositions give 'Nicolas Blanco ... of Santa Fe,' and the viceroy's 1819 order gives 'Nicolas Echeverria (Santa Fe).' Three forms of one man; the manuscripts do not support 'Bogota.' The viceregal order also dates the desertion 'Oct/Nov 1818,' against the 15-16 Dec date the contemporary correspondence establishes.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-43-santa-clara-uprising-threat",
   "register_no": "43",
   "name": "Santa Clara Uprising Threat",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1794",
    "display": "1794",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.35,
    -121.97
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "defense",
   "layer": "infra",
   "summary": "Fray Diego de Noboa warns: rancherías augmented, \"rompimiento muy semejante al de Sonora\" (uprising like Sonora). Exiled gentiles from Monterey/Santa Cruz fled with Christians. \"Situación muy crítica.\"",
   "result": "Intelligence warning; no engagement",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xii-xiii, orig. pp. 129-133 / Savage pp. 50-54, scan n49-n53, Doc 86: Jose Perez Fernandez to Gov. Arrillaga, 15 Mar. 1794, 'Critica situacion, debiles escoltas,' enclosing Fr. Diego de Noboa's letter of 14 Mar. 1794 (at Savage p. 53 / scan n52).",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d86",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n49"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xii-xiii, orig. pp. 127-128 / Savage p. 50, scan n49, Doc 85: Jose Perez Fernandez to Gov. Arrillaga, 1 Mar. 1794.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d85",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n49"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The catalog entry for ca7-d86 carries its own cross-reference to this very map feature ('= prior mil-hist #43, at Sav p.53'), so the existing pointer and the record agree. One element of the map text is not evidenced in the catalog summary: 'Exiled gentiles from Monterey/Santa Cruz fled with Christians.' That detail, if correct, sits inside Noboa's enclosed letter on Savage p. 53 (scan n52) and I could not confirm it from the record without reading the leaf image; treat it as unverified. Bancroft's History of California does not narrate this warning at all (vol. 1 mentions Noboa only in the Santa Clara mission-statistics chapter), so the C-A document is the sole known source and there is no printed footnote to mine.",
   "symbol": "earthwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-49-stockade-at-mission-san-jose",
   "register_no": "49",
   "name": "Stockade at Mission San José",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1797",
    "display": "1797",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.532,
    -121.925
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "defense",
   "layer": "infra",
   "summary": "Estacada ordered: 70 varas long, 60 varas wide. Soldiers must carry arms at all times; weekly arms and cartridge inspection. Pedro Amador instructions.",
   "result": "Fortification construction",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 9), tomo xvi / Savage pp. 54-55, scan n33, Doc 33: Sgt. Pedro Amador, 'Prevenciones al Cabo sobre los trabajos y el servicio,' Mission San Jose, 28 June 1797.",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d33",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_79_11/page/n33"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 9), tomo xvi / Savage pp. 51-53, scan n32-n33, Doc 32: diary of Sgt. Pedro Amador, expedition to found Mission San Jose, 9-28 June 1797. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 9), tomo xvi / Savage p. 48, scan n30, Doc 26: Comte. Jose Dario Arguello to Gov. Borica, San Francisco, 30 Sept. 1797, 'Sobre un proyecto de ataque.' [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca9-d26",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "One wording correction for the map text: the document says the stockade plaza was marked out 70 varas long and 60 varas at its NARROWEST point ('60 at the narrowest'), not 60 varas wide; the enclosure was therefore irregular, not a rectangle. Bancroft's History of California carries no footnote to this order, so the C-A record stands alone. Amador's instructions were issued the day he closed his founding diary (28 June 1797), which is why the two records sit on adjacent leaves.",
   "symbol": "earthwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-59-indian-prisoners-at-san-diego",
   "register_no": "59",
   "name": "Indian Prisoners at San Diego",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1794",
    "display": "1794–1808",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.755,
    -117.195
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "defense",
   "layer": "infra",
   "summary": "\"Indios presidiarios\" maintained at $693/year at San Diego presidio. Indigenous prisoners as fiscal/military burden.",
   "result": "Prison infrastructure",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 16), tomo xx-xxxix, orig. pp. 297-98 / Savage p. 181, scan n180, Doc 284: Habilitado Manuel Rodriguez, San Diego, account of 31 Dec. 1802, 'Gasto por presos.'",
     "ca_record": "ca16-d284",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_18_2/page/n180"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xii-xiii, orig. pp. xiii.50-51, scan n239, Doc 345: Comte. Antonio Grajera to Gov. Borica, San Diego, Sept. 1795 (rations of the Indian prisoners).",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d345",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n239"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial Records (C-A 23), tomo iii-iv, orig. pp. 61-62 / Savage p. 325, scan n330, Doc 864: Gov. Borica to the comandantes of San Diego and Santa Barbara, Monterey, 1796 (undated). [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial Records (C-A 24), tomo v-vii, orig. p. 659 / Savage p. 508, scan n509, Doc 909: Gov. Borica to Fr. Martin de Landaeta, Monterey, 3 Apr. 1797.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d909",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n509"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Two corrections to the map text. (1) DATE: the $693 figure is a single year-end account dated 31 Dec. 1802, not a 1794-1808 range; the range should be dropped or re-labelled as the span of the supporting records. (2) WORDING: the catalog summary reads 'presidio convicts (presidiarios), numbering 26 and up to 48' - it does NOT say they were Indians. The map's phrase 'indios presidiarios' is therefore unverified from this record; the ethnicity of the San Diego convicts is an inference (a reasonable one, given the separate Indian-prisoner records below, but an inference). I have not read the leaf image to see whether Savage's Spanish uses 'indios'; that would settle it. The three supporting records are genuine Indian-prisoner records at San Diego but none carries the $693 figure.",
   "symbol": "earthwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-60-neophyte-hermenegildo-condemned-to-death",
   "register_no": "60",
   "name": "Neophyte Hermenegildo Condemned to Death",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1807-03-22",
    "display": "March 22, 1807",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.752,
    -117.188
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "defense",
   "layer": "infra",
   "summary": "Neophyte sentenced to capital punishment at San Diego. Extreme measure.",
   "result": "Capital punishment",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 16), tomo xx-xxxix, orig. pp. 625-52 / Savage pp. 401-402, scan n400-n401, Doc 644: sentence by fiscal Ignacio Martinez, San Diego, 22 Mar. 1807.",
     "ca_record": "ca16-d644",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_18_2/page/n400"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 16), tomo xx-xxxix, orig. pp. 197-232 / Savage p. 313, scan n312, Doc 533: criminal case before fiscal Ignacio Martinez, San Diego, 20 Dec. 1807. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Discrepancy to flag, not to reconcile. C-A 16 Doc 533 (Savage p. 313, 20 Dec. 1807, same fiscal Ignacio Martinez, same presidio) tries the neophytes Anastacio Cholopian, HERMENEGILDO and Atilano for the homicide of the Indian Juan and sentences the latter two to eight years in the San Blas arsenals. If that is the same Hermenegildo, the March death sentence was not carried out but revised on review - which would change the map's stated result from 'capital punishment' to 'death sentence, apparently commuted.' The catalog does not identify the two men with each other and the March record names no victim, so I have NOT merged them. Bancroft's History of California does not mention the case (his only Hermenegildos are Sal and an escolta soldier), so there is no printed footnote to arbitrate. Resolving this needs a read of Savage leaves n312 and n400-401.",
   "symbol": "earthwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-71-arms-inventory-all-ca-presidios",
   "register_no": "71",
   "name": "Arms Inventory ALL CA Presidios",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1782-01-08",
    "display": "January 8, 1782",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.1,
    -118.11
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "defense",
   "layer": "infra",
   "summary": "Complete \"Relación del Armamento\" at San Gabriel. ALL 5 presidios: 263 swords (72 short), 376 mohanas (22 short), 289 escopetas (51 short), 434 pistol pairs. SF: 32 swords (13 short), 55 mohanas, 39 escopetas (12 short).",
   "result": "Baseline military capacity",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 22), tomo I, orig. p. 561 / scan n200, Doc 286: 'Relación del Armamento existente… en los Presidios de Calif.', San Gabriel, 8 January 1782.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d286",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n200"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DISCREPANCY: the map says '289 escopetas (51 short)'; the catalog reading of the table totals gives 239 escopetas with 51 short (263/52/376/138/239/51/434/185). One of the two is a transposition; needs a leaf check at n200. The map's per-presidio San Francisco line (32 swords/13 short, 55 mohanas, 39 escopetas/12 short) is NOT recoverable from the Savage abstract, which records only column heads and totals; it must come from the table on the leaf. COMPANION RECORDS (same inventory series, not cited by the map, deliberately not emitted): ca22-d280 (9 Feb 1782, Neve, orig. p.531 / n197, presidial fuerza actual and armament distribution) and ca22-d2028 (21 Mar 1781, orig. II:274-277 / n297, the Dec-1780 arms state, noting only 39 of 195 escopetas were new and the swords too brittle to repair).",
   "symbol": "earthwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "chumash-revolt-santa-ines",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Chumash Revolt · Santa Inés",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1824-02-21",
    "display": "February 21, 1824",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.6135,
    -120.07
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "LARGEST INDIGENOUS UPRISING IN CALIFORNIA. Trigger: flogging of Purísima neophyte by Cpl. Cota. Feb 21 afternoon: neophytes attacked soldiers, set fire to \"a large part of mission buildings.\" Sgt. Anastasio Carrillo arrived next day with reinforcements. Hostile Indians fled to Purísima.",
   "result": "Chumash driven off; revolt spreads to La Purísima and Santa Barbara",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II: 1801-1824 (San Francisco: History Company, 1886), 527-36.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz, eds., Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535-1846 (Santa Clara/Berkeley, 2001), 323-65 (Rafael González narrative).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Antonio Ripoll, 'Levantamiento de Indios en Santa Bárbara, 1824,' MS (Bancroft Library) · Ripoll's report of 5 May 1824 to Fr. Sarría.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (BANC MSS C-A 46), tomo I, orig. pp. 148-150 / scan n219-n221 (Savage 216-218), Doc 285: Gov. Luis Argüello to the Ministro de Guerra y Marina, Monterey, 21 April 1824 · official report of the revolt.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d285",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n219"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (BANC MSS C-A 46), tomo I, orig. p. 72 / scan n100 (Savage 101/100), Doc 134: Argüello to Comte. Ramírez, Monterey, 10 March 1824.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d134",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n100",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (BANC MSS C-A 46), tomo I, orig. pp. 75-76 / scan n105 (Savage 106/105), Doc 140: Argüello to Sgt. Ignacio Vallejo, Monterey, 24 March 1824 · the 2 a.m. dispatch.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n105"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 27), tomo I, orig. pp. 112-115, 130-131 / scan n31 (Savage 32), Doc 41: Capt. José Romero to Gov. Argüello, San Gabriel, 17 April 1824.",
     "ca_record": "ca27-d41",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_9_2/page/n31",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The C-A series holds no eyewitness parte of the 21 Feb Santa Inés fight; Bancroft says as much ('Details of what happened here are not known'). All his Santa Inés detail is from Ripoll, Osio, Ord and the Archivo del Arzobispado; non-C-A. The four records above are the government correspondence the event generated, the strongest manuscript link available. DATE FLAG: C-A abstracts give the rising as 21-22 Feb; Osio (Bancroft II:530 n.43) says it began at Santa Inés on Saturday. Bancroft followed the official documents; the map follows Bancroft. Not reconciled. ALSO: ca18-d46 (C-A 18, LIV.50 / n101) records the Santa Inés indios Benito and Bernabé sentenced for 'la sublevación y asesinatos' but is dated 29 Jan 1824, BEFORE the revolt; a Savage date error or mis-keyed sequence. Not emitted until the leaf is checked.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "chumash-revolt-la-purisima-seized",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Chumash Revolt · La Purísima Seized",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1824",
    "display": "February 21–22, 1824",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.67,
    -120.42
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Same afternoon as Sta Inés. Cpl. Tapia + 4-5 soldiers defended families through night; surrendered when powder ran out. 4 white travelers killed (Sepúlveda, Sotelo + 2). 7 Indians killed. ~400 neophytes then fortified mission: palisades, loopholes in adobe, mounted old cannon + 2 swivel-guns, drilled for month. Padre Rodríguez stayed; \"no disposition to molest him.\"",
   "result": "INDIGENOUS VICTORY; Chumash held fortified mission for 29 days",
   "quote": {
    "es": "",
    "en": "Only time indigenous fighters used artillery in California.",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Bancroft, History of California, II:528-33.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "La Purísima Concepción, Libro de Misión, MS., 11 (mission burial register; Santa Barbara Mission Archive-Library).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Beebe and Senkewicz, eds., Lands of Promise and Despair, 323-65.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (BANC MSS C-A 18), tomo LVII, orig. 624-44 / scan n188-n189, Doc 161: trial and sentences, Misión de la Purísima, 23 March 1824 (tribunal: José de la Guerra, José Estrada, Subtte. Francisco de Haro).",
     "ca_record": "ca18-d161",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035973_79_20/page/n188"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 27), tomo II, orig. pp. 571-576 / scan n147-n150 (Savage 157-160), Doc 167: Lt. José Estrada, parte y detalle of the retaking of La Purísima, 16 March 1824 (copy certified by José Mª Estudillo, Monterey, 6 Oct 1826). [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (BANC MSS C-A 46), tomo I, orig. p. 217 / scan n291 (Savage 288/287), Doc 414: Argüello to the Comandante of San Francisco, Monterey, 26 March 1824.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d414",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n291"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The 29-day occupation, Tapia's night defence and Padre Rodríguez's decision to stay are known only from Bancroft's non-C-A sources (Osio, Ord, Sarría in the Archivo del Arzobispado, Valdés). No C-A record narrates the night of 21-22 February at La Purísima; the C-A evidence is retrospective (the trial, the retaking parte, the governor's letterbook). Stated as inference, not fact. Companion C-A records not emitted, to avoid duplicating the recapture feature: ca46-d334 (25 Mar 1824, the same Estrada parte copied to a second correspondent) and ca56-d41 (C-A 56, XIV·334-335 / n19, the 26-name captive roster of those 'tomados en el alzamiento de las misiones [Purísima], Sta Barbª y Sta Inés', leaf-verified 2026-07-06).",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "chumash-revolt-santa-barbara",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Chumash Revolt · Santa Barbara",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1824",
    "display": "February 22–23, 1824",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.4373,
    -119.7143
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Feb 22: Neophytes under Andrés armed themselves. Fought Capt. Guerra's troops \"several hours\" from behind corridor pillars with guns and arrows. Indians: 2 killed, 3 wounded (28 total dead later). Spanish: 4 wounded. Indians took property (respected church), fled to hills then Tulares. Ripoll \"sat at a window at the presidio overlooking the mission, weeping.\"",
   "result": "Chumash strategic withdrawal to Tulares; retained autonomy for 4 months",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Antonio Ripoll, 'Levantamiento de Indios en Santa Bárbara, 1824,' MS (Bancroft Library), Ripoll's report of 5 May 1824 to Fr. Sarría.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "María de las Angustias de la Guerra Ord, 'Ocurrencias en California,' MS (Bancroft Library dictation, 1878), 7-11.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Bancroft, History of California, II:530-31.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (BANC MSS C-A 46), tomo I, orig. pp. 148-150 / scan n219-n221 (Savage 216-218), Doc 285: Argüello to the Ministro de Guerra y Marina, Monterey, 21 April 1824.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d285",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n219"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (BANC MSS C-A 46), tomo I, orig. pp. 73-74 / scan n102-n103 (Savage 103/102), Doc 138: Argüello to Comte. Ramírez, Monterey, 31 March 1824.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d138",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n102"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (BANC MSS C-A 46), tomo I, orig. p. 16 / scan n25 (Savage 26/25), Doc 43: Argüello to the Ministro de Estado, Monterey, 24 July 1824.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d43",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n25"
    },
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (BANC MSS C-A 56), tomo XIV, orig. 334-335 / scan n19 (Savage 20), Doc 41: 'Lista de Indios presos por revolucionarios y Ladrones,' n.d. [1824].",
     "ca_record": "ca56-d41",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_18/page/n19"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "WARNING FOR ANY LATER EDITOR: ca46-d196 (C-A 46, Savage 149/148, scan n150, 15 Apr 1824) ranks first on content search here and looks perfect; Guerra's confidential parte on 'una acc.n reñida 5 1/2 horas, contra los Indios sublevados de la Mis.n de S.ta Bárb.a'. It is NOT the 22 Feb fight at the mission. Bancroft II:533-34 places that 5-hour action on 9 April at Buenavista Lake, when Lt. Narciso Fabregat took 80 men into the Tulares after the Santa Bárbara fugitives; the document concerns Fabregat's unexplained retreat. Deliberately not linked. ALSO: the map's '28 total dead later' is not in C-A at all; Bancroft II:531 n.44 takes it from Santa Barbara, Libro de Misión, MS., 45-6 (twelve buried by end of February plus a later certificate of sixteen more buried by their companions), a mission register, other-archive.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "recapture-of-la-purisima",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Recapture of La Purísima",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1824-03-16",
    "display": "March 16, 1824",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.67,
    -120.42
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Lt. Estrada: 109 men (16 artillery, 23 cavalry, 35 infantry, 35 Indian auxiliaries) + 4-pounder. 8 AM attack. 400 neophytes returned fire from cannon, swivels, muskets + arrows. Neophyte guns ineffective; \"ignorance of gunners.\" Canon may have burst, killing defenders. Cavalry cut off escape. P. Rodríguez interceded. Over at 10:30 AM. Indians: 16 killed, many wounded. Spanish: 3 wounded (1 mortal). 7 sentenced to death + shot. 4 ringleaders: 10 yrs exile.",
   "result": "Mexican victory; 2.5 hour battle; 7 Chumash leaders executed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Departmental State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 27), tomo II, orig. pp. 571-576 / scan n147-n150 (Savage 157-160), Doc 167: Lt. José Estrada, parte y detalle of the assault and retaking of Mission La Purísima, 16 March 1824 (copy certified by José Mª Estudillo, Monterey, 6 October 1826).",
     "ca_record": "ca27-d167",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_9_2/page/n147"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (BANC MSS C-A 18), tomo LVII, orig. 624-44 / scan n188-n189, Doc 161: depositions, fallo and sentences, Misión de la Purísima, 23 March 1824.",
     "ca_record": "ca18-d161",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035973_79_20/page/n188"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (BANC MSS C-A 46), tomo I, orig. pp. 148-150 / scan n219-n221 (Savage 216-218), Doc 285: Argüello to the Ministro de Guerra y Marina, Monterey, 21 April 1824, forwarding Estrada's parte.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d285",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n219"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (BANC MSS C-A 20), tomo LXXXVIII, orig. p. 817 / scan n471 (Savage 472/69), Doc 497: Ministro de Guerra Terán to Comte. Luis A. Argüello, México, 31 July 1824 · rewards for the action.",
     "ca_record": "ca20-d497",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_2_2/page/n471"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Bancroft, History of California, II:532-34.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Rafael González, 'Experiencias de un soldado de California,' MS (Bancroft Library dictation, 1878).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "FORCE-SIZE DISCREPANCY, not reconciled. The map's 109 men (16 artillery, 23 cavalry, 35 infantry, 35 auxiliaries) is Bancroft's figure at II:531 n.45, citing 'Dept. St. Pap., Ben. Mil., MS., lviii. 7; lxxxvii. 64' (= C-A 18 and C-A 20), and it describes the force SENT SOUTH, not the force at the mission. Estrada's own parte (ca27-d167) says 80 men reached La Purísima, and ca46-d196 independently calls it 'una divis.n (aunq.e pequeña) de 80 homb.s'. I searched C-A 18 and C-A 20 for the two estado documents behind Bancroft's breakdown and could not identify them: UNRESOLVED, and I have not guessed one. Also: ca27-d167 is a certified copy made 6 Oct 1826, not the 1824 original; and the map dates the parte 16 March while Argüello's letterbook (ca46-d334, ca46-d414) says 17 March, probably action-report vs covering letter, unverified.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "estanislao-s-first-revolt-sanchez-defeated",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Estanislao's First Revolt · Sánchez Defeated",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1829",
    "display": "May 5–8, 1829",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.75,
    -121.25
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "ESTANISLAO; \"a neophyte of more than ordinary ability, educated at Mission San José, of which establishment he was at one time alcalde.\" Ran away 1827-28 with CIPRIANO. By Nov 1828 PP. Durán and Viader warned Martínez of general rising. Earlier ~20-man expedition accomplished nothing. Estanislao continued \"insulting challenges to the soldiers.\" May 5-8: Alf. Sánchez with ~40 men + damaged swivel-gun. Divided into 6 parties of 6 under Cpls. Piña, Berreyesa, Soto. 2 of Piña's men \"so rash as to enter the wood\"; killed. \"Ammunition exhausted, men tired out, weather excessively hot.\" Estanislao left unconquered. Cpl. Soto and pvts. Peña and Pacheco praised for gallantry.",
   "result": "INDIGENOUS VICTORY; Sánchez's force repulsed with heavy losses (~50% casualty rate)",
   "quote": {
    "es": "Duhaut-Cilly claims Sánchez \"could not get at the Indian warriors, but killed 30 women and children, and with this shameful glory returned.\"",
    "en": "",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "José Sánchez, 'Campaña contra Estanislao y sus Indios sublevados, 1829,' MS (Bancroft Library), dated San José, 10 May 1829.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Fr. Narciso Durán and Fr. José Viader to Comte. Ignacio Martínez, 9 November 1828; Martínez to Echeandía, 20 November 1828 · Archivo del Arzobispado, Santa Bárbara, MS., v. pt. i. 68-70.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Beebe and Senkewicz, eds., Lands of Promise and Despair, 366-412.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Bancroft, History of California, vol. III: 1825-1840 (San Francisco, 1885), 110-12.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Missions and Colonization (BANC MSS C-A 53), tomo II, orig. pp. 37-44 / scan n15-n20 (Savage 16-21), Doc 10: Alférez José Sánchez to Comte. Ignacio Martínez, San José, 16 May 1829 · report of the first expedition against Estanislao.",
     "ca_record": "ca53-d10",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_15/page/n15"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (BANC MSS C-A 48), tomo VII, orig. pp. 546-547 / scan n149, Doc 353: Gov. José Mª Echeandía to the Comandante of San Francisco, 8 May 1829 · order for the expedition.",
     "ca_record": "ca48-d353",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_10/page/n149",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (BANC MSS C-A 48), tomo VII, orig. pp. 606-608 / scan n172, Doc 423: Echeandía to the Comandante of San Francisco, 3 June 1829.",
     "ca_record": "ca48-d423",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_10/page/n172"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DISCREPANCIES, flagged not reconciled. (1) ca53-d10 names 'cabo Antonio Soto, soldiers Manuel Piña & Tomás Pacheco'; Bancroft III:111 n.53 has 'Corp. Soto and privates Manuel Peña and Lorenzo Pacheco'. The map follows Bancroft. Two of three given names differ; a leaf check at n15-n20 would settle it. (2) Casualties: C-A gives 2 dead + 8 wounded + 3 auxiliaries wounded (1 mortally); Bancroft gives 2 dead, 8 wounded, ELEVEN auxiliaries wounded. The map's '~50% casualty rate' follows neither and looks like the map author's own arithmetic. (3) Bancroft flagged his order-date as suspect ('May 6th, probably an error in date'); the C-A copy reads 8 May 1829, still after Sánchez's 5 May departure. (4) METHOD: ca48-d353 was found by CONTENT search; 'Dept. Rec., MS., vii. 149' through the page resolver returns ca48-d38, a friar-loyalty roster; right arithmetic, wrong document.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "estanislao-s-revolt-vallejo-s-expedition",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Estanislao's Revolt · Vallejo's Expedition",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1829",
    "display": "May 29 – Jun 4, 1829",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.76,
    -121.24
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "VALLEJO'S 3RD COMMAND; prior campaigns: Sierra Nevada from S. Miguel (1 killed, 15 wounded), Tulares (35 men, \"slain 48 Indians, no casualties\"). 107 men + 3-pounder. Set impenetrable wood on fire. Sánchez with 25 men fought 2+ hrs in burning wood. Vallejo with 37 men found \"pits and ditches arranged with considerable skill\"; \"Indians could never have been dislodged except by the agency employed.\" Pursued to Arroyo Seco: \"some negotiations\" then Indians declared \"they would die rather than surrender.\" Cut road through chaparral with axes; 8 wounded; ammunition ran out. Night: Indians escaped one by one. Morning: only dead bodies + 3 women. ATROCITY: Piña records 6+ captives killed. Osio: \"order of no quarter given by Vallejo, infuriated auxiliaries wrought terrible carnage, pits for defences utilized as graves.\" Fiscal concluded: only 1 man + 1 woman killed; woman \"unjustifiably by soldier Joaquín Alvarado.\" Martínez: \"no decisive results obtained.\" Pardoned Oct 7, 1829.",
   "result": "Pyrrhic Mexican victory; Estanislao escaped; atrocity investigation",
   "quote": {
    "es": "",
    "en": "YOSCOLO CONNECTION: Davis reports Yoscolo later seized 200 girls from Sta Clara, joined Estanislao in Mariposa. Vallejo \"outgeneralled by the Indians.\" Yoscolo's head later displayed on pole at Sta Clara.",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III: 1825-1840 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 110-14.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "St. Pap., Missions and Colonization (C-A 53), tomo ii. 24-36 / Savage 12-16, scan n11-n15, Doc 9. Mariano G. Vallejo (San José) to the comandante of the port of San Francisco, 4 June 1829 - official battle report of the campaign against Estanislao.",
     "ca_record": "ca53-d9",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_15/page/n11"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo lxx. 518-541 / Savage 45, scan n45, Doc 47. Lt. Ignacio Martínez, fiscal, San Francisco, 31 Oct. 1829 - inquiry into the Indians killed on the punitive expedition.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d47",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n45"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 48), tomo vii. 797-98, scan n229, Doc 614. Echeandía to the comandante of San Francisco, 7 Oct. 1829 - 'Perdón á Indios sublevados'.",
     "ca_record": "ca48-d614",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_10/page/n229",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "St. Pap., Missions and Colonization (C-A 53), tomo ii. 37-44 / Savage 16-21, scan n15-n20, Doc 10. Alf. José Sánchez (San José) to comandante Ignacio Martínez, 16 May 1829 - report of the FIRST, failed expedition against Estanislao.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_15/page/n15"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 48), tomo vii. 546-47, scan n149, Doc 353. Echeandía to the comandante of San Francisco, 8 May 1829 - orders the expedition under alférez José Sánchez, with a 3-pounder.",
     "ca_record": "ca48-d353",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_10/page/n149"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 48), tomo vii. 606-08, scan n172, Doc 423. Echeandía, 3 June 1829 - 'Expedición contra Indios': deplores the casualties of Sánchez's expedition and demands the pormenores, the diario and the parte oficial.",
     "ca_record": "ca48-d423",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_10/page/n172"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Campaña contra Estanislao y sus Indios sublevados, 1829, MS. (Bancroft Library).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Piña, Diario de la Expedición al Valle de San José, 1829, MS. (Bancroft Library) - the diary of artillery corporal Joaquín Piña, 19 May to 13 June 1829.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), i. 174, 175; xx. 280.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Antonio María Osio, Historia de California, MS., 126-38 (Bancroft dictation; published as The History of Alta California, trans. Beebe and Senkewicz, 1996).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "William Heath Davis, Glimpses of the Past in California, 282-89.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Two discrepancies to flag, not reconciled. (1) CASUALTIES: the map text (from Bancroft) says the fiscal found 'only 1 man + 1 woman killed'; Vallejo's own report (ca53-d9) states 'several rebels + 3 women killed, 3 women captured' and 11 men + 2 auxiliaries wounded. Savage's abstract of Vallejo and the fiscal's finding do not agree, and Bancroft prints both without resolving them. (2) DATES: the map header reads 'May 29 - Jun 4, 1829'; ca53-d9 says the force set out 26 May with 107 men, a cannon and 2,500 cartridges, and the report is dated at San José 4 June. Bancroft's 29 May is the San Joaquin crossing, not the departure. Also note ca19-d47's catalogue summary hedges the commander's forename ('Gonzalo?'); the hedge is resolved by the record's own content, which names soldier Alvarado exactly as Bancroft's footnote does.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "vallejo-vs-guapos-sotoyomes",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Vallejo vs. Guapos (Sotoyomes)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1836",
    "display": "April 1–7, 1836",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.78,
    -122.76
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "VALLEJO'S SONOMA FRONTIER. Cainameros (allies near Sta Rosa) attacked by Sotoyomes/\"Guapos\"; 22 killed, 50 wounded. Chiefs appealed to Vallejo. Apr 1: 50 soldiers + 100 Indians + Cainamero force. Salvador Vallejo commanded one division. Apr 4: Battle in Geyser region hills. Guapos \"routed and driven back to their rancherías, where most of them were killed.\" Apr 7: back at Sonoma, zero casualties. Jun 7: TREATY with 7 tribes (Yoloytoy, Guilitoy, Ansactoy, Liguaytoy, Aclutoy, Churuptoy, Guapos). Approved by Gov. Chico. 1837: Chief Zampay of Yoloytoy revolted; captured by Solano + Salvador Vallejo; eventually became \"peaceful citizen and industrious farmer.\"",
   "result": "Decisive Mexican victory; zero casualties; 7-tribe treaty followed",
   "quote": {
    "es": "",
    "en": "Bancroft: Vallejo's Indian policy \"excellent and effective when compared with any other policy ever followed in California.\"",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV: 1840-1845 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 70-72.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 20), tomo lxxxi. 530 / Savage 237, scan n236, Doc 279. Gov. Mariano Chico (San Gabriel) to Mariano G. Vallejo, 27 June 1836 - approves the treaties Vallejo made on the northern frontier with several Indian tribes.",
     "ca_record": "ca20-d279",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_2_2/page/n235"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), iii. 104 - Vallejo's orders for assembling troops, 28 March 1836.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), iii. 105 - report of the campaign, 8 April 1836 (Salvador Vallejo commanded one division).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), iii. 193 - Comandante General Gutiérrez thanks Lt. Vallejo and his men for their gallantry, 21 April 1836.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), iii. 119, 217 - the treaty of 7 June 1836 with the chiefs of seven tribes.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No C-A manuscript located for the battle of 1-7 April 1836 in the Geyser region.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The existing citation 'Dept. St. Pap. Ben. Mil. LXXXI.25-7' does resolve into C-A 20, but the only record in that neighbourhood whose content concerns the treaty is ca20-d279, Chico's approval of 27 June 1836. I found NO record carrying the text of the seven-tribe treaty of 7 June 1836 itself; I checked ca20-d275 through ca20-d288 individually and they are musters, pay budgets, mail arrangements and recruiting notes. The treaty text is therefore either unabstracted by Savage or survives only in Vallejo, Doc., iii. 119, 217. Second flag: I could find NO C-A record of the 1-7 April 1836 battle in the Geyser hills. Bancroft himself cites only Vallejo Documentos for it, which is consistent with the Sonoma frontier's operational correspondence living in C-B rather than C-A.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "battle-of-soscol-horse-thieves",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Battle of Soscol · Horse Thieves",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1838-08",
    "display": "August 1838",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.15,
    -122.3
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "50 Indian horse-thieves crossed Sacramento, appeared at Soscol with band of tame horses, aiming to stampede Sonoma horses. 34 killed in battle with Vallejo's men; rest surrendered. Chief CUMUCHÍ shot at Sonoma for his crimes.",
   "result": "Decisive Mexican victory; 34 killed, 0 Mexican casualties",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV: 1840-1845 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 72-73.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap. (C-A 29), tomo iv. 498-501 / Savage 223, scan n220, Doc 253. Mariano G. Vallejo (Sonoma) to Juan Bautista Alvarado, 7 August 1838 - reports the August 1838 encounter with predatory Indians, prisoners taken, and asks to found a new establishment to contain the depredations.",
     "ca_record": "ca29-d253",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_11_3/page/n220",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), v. 124 - Vallejo's circular to the authorities, 3 August 1838, with Cumuchí's confession about the droves of stolen horses on the Sacramento in charge of the Moquelumnes.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DISCREPANCY, flagged not reconciled: Bancroft (from Vallejo, Doc., v. 124) gives 34 killed and names the executed chief Cumuchí; the C-A record, Vallejo's own letter of 7 August 1838, says only 'tuvo un encuentro con algunos Indios depredadores y mataron algunos' and that he holds some prisoners. Savage's abstract carries no number and no chief's name. I regex-grepped the entire catalogue for Cumuchi / Cumuchí / Soscol / Suscol and got zero hits, so the name Cumuchí and the figure 34 rest solely on the C-B circular. Note also that the map dates the engagement to August 1838 and places it at Soscol; Vallejo's C-A letter is dated Sonoma, 7 August 1838 and does not name the place.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "capture-of-zampay-yoloytoy",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Capture of Zampay (Yoloytoy)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1837-06",
    "display": "June 1837",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.3,
    -122.2
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Chief ZAMPAY of the Yoloytoy broke the 1836 treaty, \"committing many outrages and trying to arouse the Sotoyomes again.\" Head chief MOTI offered to aid his capture. Combined forces of SOLANO and SALVADOR VALLEJO effected capture. Zampay held captive at Sonoma but eventually \"became a peaceful citizen and industrious farmer.\"",
   "result": "Diplomatic/military capture; treaty enforcement",
   "quote": {
    "es": "",
    "en": "Before this expedition Vallejo organized a company of 44 Suisunes and Napas, \"armed and equipped like Mexican soldiers,\" under Lt. Sabas Fernandez, given to Solano as bodyguard.",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV: 1840-1845 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 72.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), iv. 250, 256 - M. G. Vallejo to his brothers Salvador and Jesús, 25-26 June 1837.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), xxxii. 104 - Alvarado thanks Salvador Vallejo for his gallant achievement, 26 July 1837.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Salvador Vallejo, Notas Históricas sobre California, MS., 7-65 (Bancroft Library dictation).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Mariano G. Vallejo, Recuerdos Históricos y Personales (Historia de California), MS., iii. 230-38, 298-99, 299-304 (Bancroft Library dictation).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No C-A manuscript located for the capture of Zampay, June 1837.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "This is a recorded null for the C-A series. Every manuscript Bancroft cites for the Zampay episode is in the Vallejo Documentos (C-B) or is a Bancroft dictation. The map's existing citation is already correct as to collection; my only correction is that it is not a C-A citation and should not be expected to yield an archivesofcalifornia.com link.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "sacking-of-pacheco-sanchez-ranchos",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Sacking of Pacheco/Sánchez Ranchos",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1838-07",
    "display": "July 1838",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.84,
    -121.4
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Indians sacked ranchos of Pacheco and Sánchez near San Juan Bautista: killed 1 white man, \"outraging several women, burning the buildings, and destroying all they could lay their hands on.\" Sánchez rancho also attacked March 1837 (2 Indians killed). Riflemen at Monterey demanded $2 each before pursuing.",
   "result": "Indigenous raid; significant property destruction",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV: 1840-1845 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 75-76.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap. (C-A 29), tomo iv. 468-469 / Savage 213-214, scan n210-n211, Doc 238. Antonio María Osio (Monterey) to his cousin [José Castro], 24 July 1838 - 'Relativo á depredaciones de Indios'.",
     "ca_record": "ca29-d238",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_11_3/page/n210"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), v. 116-17, 129.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hartnell, Narrativa, MS., 5 (Bancroft Library dictation); Mariano G. Vallejo, Historia de California, MS., iii. 378-80.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Partial coverage, flagged. Osio's letter (ca29-d238) attests the Pacheco rancho attack - one gente de razón killed and several wounded - and adds two murders at Hartnell's rancho that Bancroft does not mention in his text. It does NOT mention the Sánchez rancho, the sexual assaults, or the burning of the buildings; those details come from Vallejo, Doc., v. 116-17, 129 and from Hartnell's Narrativa. So this record confirms the engagement but not every element of the map's summary. Note also that Bancroft's footnote cites Hartnell, Narrativa, MS., 5 - and Osio's letter is the contemporaneous report of the killings at Hartnell's own rancho, an independent corroboration Bancroft did not use.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "death-of-yozcolo-at-santa-clara",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Death of Yozcolo at Santa Clara",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1839-07",
    "display": "July 1839",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.35,
    -121.95
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Party of YOZCOLOS attacked neophytes guarding wheat-fields at Santa Clara, killing 1. Leader DIOSCULO/YOZCOLO was killed and \"his head set up on a pole at the mission.\" This is the same Yoscolo linked to Estanislao by Davis; confirmed ex-neophyte resistance leader.",
   "result": "Yozcolo killed; head displayed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV: 1840-1845 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 76.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), viii. 4, 41; and viii. 46 (21 August 1839, a 75-man party returned to San José from the pursuit of eleven runaways, two killed).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No C-A manuscript located for the death of Yozcolo at Santa Clara, July 1839. Bancroft's 'St. Pap., Miss., MS., ix. 60-1' does not resolve to a Santa Clara record in C-A 51.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Recorded null with a positive finding about the citation. The map's existing citation 'St. Pap., Miss., MS., ix. 60-1' does NOT resolve to a Santa Clara document in the C-A series. I tested both possible readings of Bancroft's tomo pagination against C-A 51 and both fail, and I verified one of them against the leaf image rather than the catalogue. A user clicking this feature should be told the manuscript is not currently locatable in C-A, not sent to a wrong leaf.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "prado-mesa-ambush-on-rio-de-estanislao",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Prado Mesa Ambush on Río de Estanislao",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1839-12",
    "display": "December 1839",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.75,
    -121.25
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Alf. PRADO MESA on expedition against thieves on \"Río de Estanislao\" (Stanislaus River). Surprised by the foe. 3 citizen volunteers killed, Mesa wounded, 6 of his men wounded, many weapons lost. Desiderio Briones left behind; found 7 days later by Francisco Palomares. \"This disaster caused much excitement and alarm. The Indians became bolder than ever.\"",
   "result": "INDIGENOUS VICTORY; Mexican force routed with heavy losses",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV: 1840-1845 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 76.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Monterey (C-A 43), tomo iv. 19 (Savage stamp 245), orig. pp. 72-73, scan n245, Doc 546. Manuel Jimeno (Monterey) to the Prefect of the 1st District, 15 December 1839 - on the 'suceso desgraciado' of alférez Prado's party against Indian horse-thieves; alférez Rafael Pinto marches with 15 soldiers to Mission San José.",
     "ca_record": "ca43-d546",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036067_81_5/page/n245"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 49), tomo x. 75 / Savage x·17, scan n172, Doc 451. Gov. Alvarado (Monterey) to the administrator of San José, 13 December 1839 - alférez Rafael Pinto sallies with 15 soldiers against the Tulare Indians. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca49-d451",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap. (C-A 29), tomo iv. 725-26 / Savage 287, scan n282, Doc 360. Mariano G. Vallejo (Sonoma) to Gov. Alvarado, 26 December 1839 - 'Sobre depredaciones de indios en San José. Falta de fuerza pública.' [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), xxv. 249; viii. 368, 373, 375, 382, 394-95.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "San José Archives, MS., i. 43-46 (the Pueblo Papers of San José).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "This feature resolves unusually cleanly: two of Bancroft's footnote citations land on exactly the right record by their own page numbers, and a third lands one page off in the direction I verified independently for C-A 29. Note the map's date, 'December 1839', is right: the disaster is reported to Monterey by 13 December and the governor's relief order goes out the same day. None of the three C-A records gives the casualty figures; the three killed, Mesa wounded, six wounded and Desiderio Briones found seven days later all come from Vallejo, Doc., and from the San José Archives.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "sonoma-native-infantry-revolt",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Sonoma Native Infantry Revolt",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1840-04",
    "display": "April 1840",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.3,
    -122.46
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Vallejo's own Indian infantry company; \"about 25 selected Indians given Spanish names on the rosters, armed with muskets\"; attempted revolt. \"Many of the number were killed in a fight, and nine were subsequently shot.\" A trained indigenous military unit turned against its commanders.",
   "result": "Revolt suppressed; many killed + 9 executed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV: 1840-1845 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 74.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap. (C-A 30), tomo v. 17-18 / Savage 6, scan n5, Doc 7. Mariano G. Vallejo (Sonoma), 12 April 1840 - 'Sobre sublevación de tropa': the frontier infantry company rose on the night of the 9th, meaning to destroy the cavalry and kill Chief Solano; alférez Lázaro Piña with many rancherías and gentiles under their chiefs attacked them, killed many and shot those taken.",
     "ca_record": "ca30-d7",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_12/page/n5"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap. (C-A 30), tomo v. 19-21 / Savage 6, scan n5, Doc 8. Mariano G. Vallejo (Sonoma) to the Jefe de las Californias, 13 April 1840 - forwards the document on what happened on the frontier, explaining that it kept him from going to San Francisco for the sailing of the ship carrying the foreign prisoners. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca30-d8",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), viii. 192; xiv. 18; xxxiii. 56-57; and Vallejo, Historia de California, MS., iv. 166-68.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DATE CORRECTION and a discrepancy. (1) The map dates this 'April 1840' with month confidence; Vallejo's own letter fixes the rising to the night of 9 April 1840, so the date can be tightened to 9-12 April 1840. (2) DISCREPANCY: Savage's abstract says the rebels were attacked by alférez Lázaro Piña together with many rancherías and gentiles under their own chiefs, who 'matan á muchos y fusilan á los cogidos' - killed many and shot those taken. It gives no number. Bancroft's 'nine were subsequently shot' comes from Vallejo, Doc., viii. 192 / xiv. 18 / xxxiii. 56-57, not from this record. (3) A detail the map omits and the manuscript supplies: the mutineers' stated aim was to destroy the cavalry and kill Chief Solano, and the force that put them down was itself largely indigenous.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "clear-lake-massacre-salvador-vallejo",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "CLEAR LAKE MASSACRE · Salvador Vallejo",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1843",
    "display": "March 12-13, 1843",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    39.0,
    -122.8
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "LARGEST SINGLE-DAY DEATH TOLL IN CALIFORNIA. Capt. SALVADOR VALLEJO: 70 Californians + 200 auxiliary Indians. 12 soldiers + 30 auxiliaries reached island of \"Moth\" by rafts. Night attack 8-11 PM. 170 INDIANS KILLED. Official report placed island \"near Cape Mendocino\"; actually Clear Lake. Bojorges: real objective was slave-raiding (\"to obtain Indian laborers and servants\"). Dr. Sandels: attack was \"in the absence of all the fighting men.\" Negro deserter \"shot in the back.\" Governor ordered investigation; result unknown. Tribes: Mottiyomi, Chiliyomi, Holiyomi, Tuliyomi, Supuyomi, + 4 more.",
   "result": "Massacre; 170 killed; investigation ordered",
   "quote": {
    "es": "",
    "en": "Precursor to 1850 U.S. Army \"Bloody Island\" massacre at same lake by Lt. Nathaniel Lyon.",
    "source": ""
   },
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV: 1840-1845 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 162-63.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), xi. 342 - Salvador Vallejo, from Mendocino, to M. G. Vallejo, 13 March 1843, describing the previous evening's fight.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), xi. 354 - Col. M. G. Vallejo's report to the governor, 1 April 1843, naming the tribes (Mottiyomi, Chiliyomi, Holiyomi, Tuliyomi, Supuyomi, Paguenjelayomi, Sicomyomi, Hayomi, Clustinomayomi).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), xi. 361 - on the killing of the negro deserter.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS. (BANC MSS C-B), xi. 366 - the governor to Vallejo, 26 April 1843, ordering a strict investigation because 'the public mind is troubled about the killing of so many Indians'.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Juan Bojorges, Recuerdos sobre Historia de California, MS., 24-37 (Bancroft Library dictation).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "G. M. Waseurtz af Sandels, A Sojourn in California by the King's Orphan (Sandels's narrative), for the eyewitness account of the party's return to Sonoma.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No C-A manuscript located for the Clear Lake massacre of 12-13 March 1843.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Recorded null for the C-A series, and I want to be explicit about why: this is one of the best-documented atrocities on the map and none of its documentation is in the Archives of California. Every manuscript Bancroft used is in Vallejo Documentos (BANC MSS C-B), because the Sonoma frontier command's operational correspondence went into Vallejo's private files rather than the departmental archive. The map's existing citation is accurate as to the documents; it simply names a collection that will never yield an archivesofcalifornia.com link. Note also the geography flag Bancroft himself raises and the map repeats: Salvador Vallejo's official report placed the island near Cape Mendocino, and Bancroft concludes on Bojorges's evidence that the scene was Clear Lake.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "chaguanosos-steal-1-200-horses-from-slo",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Chaguanosos Steal 1,200 Horses from SLO",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1840-04",
    "display": "April 1840",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    35.28,
    -120.66
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "CHAGUANOSOS (Shawnees from New Mexico, under Canadian chiefs, in league with trappers). Stole 1,200 horses from San Luis Obispo. \"Well armed, ready for any kind of profitable adventure.\" Pursuers from LA saw \"the foe retiring deliberately and independently\" but \"thought it imprudent to risk a conflict, especially when they saw that among the Chaguanosos there were more Americans than Indians.\"",
   "result": "Raiders escaped unchallenged; Mexicans too afraid to attack",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV: 1840-1845 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 77.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), Prefecturas y Juzgados tomo iv, doc pp. 316-318, scan n506, Doc 1248. Circular from the Santa Bárbara administration to San Fernando and Los Angeles, 26 April 1840, relaying San Luis Obispo's report of the 24th that a party of Chaguanosos drove off several caballadas.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1248",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n506"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Monterey (C-A 43), tomo iv. 21 (Savage stamp 247), orig. pp. 87-88, scan n247, Doc 554. Manuel Jimeno to the Encargado del Juzgado de 1a Instancia of the 1st District, Monterey, 9 May 1840 - the Chaguanosos have stolen 1,000 horses at San Luis Obispo.",
     "ca_record": "ca43-d554",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036067_81_5/page/n247"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., San José (C-A 45), orig. pp. 314-15 / Savage stamp 250, hand 71, scan n251, Doc 83. Manuel Jimeno to the juez of San José, Monterey, 9 May 1840 - heading 'Chaguanosos': the Chaguanoso rustlers entered the San Luis Obispo establishment, took more than 1,000 animals and threatened the servants.",
     "ca_record": "ca45-d83",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036066_81_7/page/n251"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 49), tomo xi. 69 / Savage xi·14, scan n219, Doc 562. Casarín to the juez of San Luis Obispo, Monterey, May 1840 - pursue the 'extranjeros chaguanosos' who stole more than 1,000 head.",
     "ca_record": "ca49-d562",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_11/page/n219"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 49), tomo xi. 63-65 / Savage xi·12, scan n217, Doc 557. Casarín to the juez de paz of San José, Monterey, 27 April 1840 - orders him to coordinate with Castro to pursue the Chaguanosos.",
     "ca_record": "ca49-d557",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_11/page/n217",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), Prefecturas y Juzgados tomo iv, doc pp. 426-429, scan n525-n526, Doc 1292. Tiburcio Tapia to the jueces de paz 1o and 2o, 23 May 1840 - a 10-man advance guard sent to observe the enemy; the raiders had gone with the caballada and darkness prevented tracking; the pursuit party inventoried at 13 men, 4 muskets, 7 pairs of pistols, 19 lances, 22 sabres, 445 cartridges.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n525"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), Prefecturas y Juzgados tomo iv, doc pp. 430-432, scan n526, Doc 1293. Ignacio Palomares (San Bernardino) to the juez de paz, 19 May 1840 - combat report: of a 23-man party, in an attack on the Chaguanosos there were deaths; he broke off as tired horses let his men fall to the raiders.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n526"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), Prefecturas y Juzgados tomo iv, doc pp. 461-469, scan n533-n534, Doc 1308. Juan Bautista Leandri to the Prefect, May 1840 - three documents including the campaign report of 30 May: the 36-man party under José Antonio Carrillo returned the night of the 28th; on the 25th it overtook the thieves at the paraje 'agua de Ramón' about 100 leagues out; 'El número de ladrones que componía la retaguardia era la de 20 hombres Ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos.'",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1308",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n533",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), Prefecturas y Juzgados tomo iv, doc pp. 492-498, scan n539-n540, Doc 1321. Felipe Lugo to the Prefect, 9 June 1840 - transcribes Carrillo's campaign parte: the 36-man party set out at 3 a.m. on 23 May, tracked raiders who had a four-day start with about 3,000 head; the rearguard, surprised just before sunset at 'agua de Ramón', 'se componía de 20 hombres todos rifleros' and fled headlong, abandoning gear and about 500 cattle dead of hunger and thirst; not pursued further for the bad state of the horses and want of provisions.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1321",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n539",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Benicia, Prefecturas y Juzgados, MS., vi. 69-70; Duflot de Mofras, Exploration du Territoire de l'Oregon, i. 379.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "This is the richest feature in the batch: nine C-A records, two of them matching Bancroft's footnote page citations exactly. NUMBERS DISCREPANCY, flagged not reconciled: the map and Bancroft say 1,200 horses; the two governor's circulars of 9 May 1840 (ca43-d554, ca45-d83) say 1,000 and 'mas de 1000 bestias'; Casarín's order (ca49-d562) says 1,000+; and Carrillo's own campaign parte (ca34-d1321, ca34-d1308) says the raiders were driving about 3,000 head and lost more than half of them, abandoning about 1,500 dead animals. The manuscripts do not support a single figure. DATE: the map says April 1840; the San Luis Obispo report is dated 24 April, relayed 26 April, and the governor's circulars follow on 9 May, with the Los Angeles pursuit running 19-30 May. CORRECTION to the map's claim that the pursuers never engaged: ca34-d1293 records Palomares's party of 23 actually attacking the Chaguanosos with deaths on the field before he broke off, and ca34-d1307 records him recovering the caballadas beyond the Matanceras with one man wounded and one unaccounted for. Bancroft's 'thought it imprudent to risk a conflict' describes Carrillo's later party, not Palomares's.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "indian-attacks-near-san-diego",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Indian Attacks near San Diego",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1837",
    "display": "1837",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.76,
    -117.08
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Late-period indigenous military action near San Diego. Juana Machado's firsthand account describes continued frontier violence in the Mexican period.",
   "result": "Continued frontier violence",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz, eds., Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535-1846 (Santa Clara and Berkeley: Santa Clara University / Heyday Books, 2001), 413-19 - the Juana Machado account.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 37), orig. pp. 420-424 / Savage 86-89, scan n87-n90, Doc 188. Agustín V. Zamorano to the ayuntamiento, San Diego, 29 May 1837 - the Jacum battle and the call for a general expedition.",
     "ca_record": "ca37-d188",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_19/page/n87"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), Prefecturas y Juzgados, doc pp. 437-38, scan n281-n282, Doc 676. José Antonio Estudillo (San Diego) to the Juez 1er Constitucional, 26 June 1837 - San Diego forms a 23-man guard to repel the continual threatened invasion by the sierra Indians, who 'han devastado, incendiado los ranchos' of the district.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d676",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n281"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 37), orig. pp. 433-434 / Savage 92, scan n93, Doc 193. Gov. Alvarado to the alcalde, Santa Bárbara, 3 August 1837 - aid Capt. Pablo de la Portilla with every resource 'para la persecución de los indios que han cometido depredaciones en Sn Diego'.",
     "ca_record": "ca37-d193",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_19/page/n93"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 37), tomo xii. 212-214 / Savage xii·17, scan n198, Doc 463. Manuel Jimeno to Tapia, Monterey, 22 November 1837 - 'Sublevación de gentiles en la frontera Sur (S. Diego)': approves the measures for defending the port of San Diego; the Comandante de la Frontera reported the invasion without stating its causes, which Padre Caballero and the comandante are to report.",
     "ca_record": "ca37-d463",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_19/page/n198"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 37), tomo xii. 234-236 / Savage xii·22, scan n203, Doc 473. Manuel Jimeno to the Prefect of the 2nd District, Monterey, 7 November 1837 - 'Sobre medidas contra indios sublevados en San Diego'. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Two things the map should know. (1) This feature is a generic container ('Late-period indigenous military action near San Diego, 1837') resting on a single printed testimonio. The C-A series documents that year on the San Diego frontier in detail, and I have supplied five records that between them give a chronology: the Jacum battle of May 1837, the 23-man guard formed at San Diego in June, Alvarado's August order to reinforce Portilla's pursuit, and the November rising of the sierra gentiles. (2) ca37-d188 is not a background paper, it is the record of a distinct engagement in which the Californio force was beaten - 'QUEDÓ EL CAMPO PR LOS ENEMIGOS'. If the map carries or should carry a separate 'Battle of Jacum, 1837' feature, that record belongs to it, and linking it here is second best. I have flagged it rather than quietly folding it in. Note also that the Juana Machado testimonio is a Bancroft Library dictation ('Los tiempos pasados de la Alta California') that Beebe and Senkewicz translate and print; the map cites the printed book, which is correct as it stands.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "indian-attacks-near-guadalupe",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Indian Attacks near Guadalupe",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1840",
    "display": "1840",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.97,
    -120.57
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Late frontier violence near Guadalupe (Santa Barbara County). José Luciano Espinosa and María Gracia accounts describe indigenous raids in the final years before American conquest.",
   "result": "Late-period frontier raids",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Rose Marie Beebe and Robert M. Senkewicz, eds., Lands of Promise and Despair: Chronicles of Early California, 1535-1846 (Santa Clara and Berkeley: Santa Clara University / Heyday Books, 2001), 420-27 - the José Luciano Espinosa and María Gracia accounts.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No C-A manuscript located for an Indian attack near Guadalupe, Santa Barbara County, in 1840.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "A GEOGRAPHY FLAG that the map's owner needs to resolve before any link is attached. The feature is plotted at 34.97 / -120.57, which is Guadalupe in Santa Barbara County (Rancho Guadalupe, near Santa Maria), and the summary glosses it that way. I could not find a single C-A record of an Indian attack at that Guadalupe in any year, let alone 1840: I grepped the whole catalogue for Arellanes, Nipomo, Rancho Guadalupe and Olivera, and listed every 1840 record mentioning Santa Bárbara, San Luis Obispo or La Purísima, and the 1840 material for that stretch of coast is entirely the Graham affair, the Carrillo conspiracy depositions, and presidial musters. The ONLY 'Indian attack near Guadalupe' documented in the corpus is at Mission Guadalupe del Norte on the BAJA CALIFORNIA frontier, in the San Diego demarcation - about 500 miles south of where the pin sits. Two candidate records are named in my evidence below, deliberately NOT emitted as links. Someone should check Beebe and Senkewicz pp. 420-427 to see which Guadalupe José Luciano Espinosa and María Gracia are actually talking about; if it is the Baja mission, both the pin and the summary's 'Santa Barbara County' gloss are wrong. Second, smaller flag: the map dates the feature 1840 with year confidence, while the Baja Guadalupe siege records are dated 1839.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-89-castillo-de-san-joaquin-fires-on-the-saturnina-f",
   "register_no": "89",
   "name": "Castillo de San Joaquín fires on the Saturnina (friendly fire)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1792-09-10",
    "display": "September 10, 1792",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.8106,
    -122.473
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "defense",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Earliest known shore-battery firing at San Francisco. Hermenegildo Sal's guard sighted a sail at 8 a.m. and fired a warning shot; getting no reply, manned the Cantil Blanco battery (8 cannon; the future Castillo de San Joaquín / Fort Point) intending to sink her, and fired 8 cannon-shots from 11 a.m. until 5 p.m. Pilot Juan Carrasco then identified her as the Spanish navy schooner Saturnina, carrying Bodega y Quadra's Nootka dispatches, driven in for water.",
   "result": "Friendly-fire blunder; predates the 1803 Lelia Byrd as a battery-fires-on-ship episode",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 55), tomo i. 304-5 / scan n68-69, Doc 130 - Hermenegildo Sal (San Francisco) to Gob. Arrillaga, 10 Sept. 1792, 'Haber hecho fuego contra un buque espanol por equivocacion.'",
     "ca_record": "ca55-d130",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_17/page/n68"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Bancroft NULL RESULT (recorded per the null-results rule): grepped vol1 for Saturnina, Carrasco, 'by mistake', 'fired upon' and read I:490-532. Bancroft nowhere narrates this friendly-fire episode, so there is no book source and no footnote to mine. The one Saturnina passage (I:532) is Borica's 1794 gulf voyage. Vessel identity corroborated but NOT linked: ca6-d141 has the goleta Saturnina 'procedente de Nuca' as the Limites-expedition schooner, ca6-d199 gives her alias 'La Orcasitas'.",
   "symbol": "earthwork"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-90-english-ships-at-bodega-bay-indian-intelligence",
   "register_no": "90",
   "name": "English ships at Bodega Bay (Indian intelligence)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1792-10-08",
    "display": "October 8, 1792",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.332,
    -123.05
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "An Indian \"de las Islas\" reports two ships at Puerto de la Bodega, ashore 4 days taking water and wood, hunting deer, and trading otter skins for cattle; the sailors believed English. Sal to Arrillaga. Foreign use of unguarded Bodega as the back door to SF Bay during the Nootka-crisis / Vancouver season. Related to #41 (1793 English ship at Bodega with cannons on land).",
   "result": "Coastal-defense intelligence; consecutive-year foreign presence at the bay Spain meant to occupy",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 55), tomo i. 296 / scan n66-67, Doc 124 - Hermenegildo Sal (San Francisco) to Gob. Arrillaga, 8 Oct. 1792, 'Buques ingleses en Bodega.'",
     "ca_record": "ca55-d124",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_17/page/n66"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. I (San Francisco, 1884), 516 n.29.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Bancroft's footnote cites 'St. Pap., Sac., MS., vi. 67-8' and ca55-d124's Savage page is 67-68, so for C-A 55 tomo vi Bancroft's page = the record's savage_page column (his next cite, 'Id., vi. 98', likewise lands on ca55-d160 savage 98, the Jan 1793 second sighting the map assigns to feature #41). Useful resolver rule, but note it does NOT hold for tomo vii (see reg-92). I found no Arrillaga reply or Prov. Rec. counterpart for the Oct 1792 report.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-100-the-sochem-engagement",
   "register_no": "100",
   "name": "The \"Sochem\" engagement",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1795-04",
    "display": "April 1795",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.08,
    -116.29
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "After gentiles killed a Christian Indian of Mission San Miguel, an alférez + 5 soldiers seized 3 of the killers; on the return ~300 armed Indians attacked the patrol. The soldiers killed 1, wounded 2 and withdrew, but the alférez's horse was killed and the 3 captives escaped. Grajera then fortified against a feared assault on the mission.",
   "result": "Spanish arrest-raid repelled; captives escaped",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xiii. 507-509 / scan n441-442, Doc 567 - Antonio Grajera (San Diego) to Gob. Borica, 13 May 1795: clash at the rancheria 'Sochem' behind Mission San Miguel.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d567",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n441"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial Records (C-A 24), tomo v. 322 / scan n139-140, Doc 223 - Gob. Borica (Monterey) to Antonio Grajera (San Diego), 7 June 1795.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d223",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n138"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial Records (C-A 24), tomo v. 175-6 / scan n375, Doc 570 - Gob. Borica to the Viceroy, 1795, 'Sobre Indios de Jacom, S.n Diego.'",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d570",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n375"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xiii. 188-189 / scan n299-300, Doc 403 - Viceroy Branciforte (Mexico) to Gob. Borica, 18 Sept. 1795. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d403",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. I (San Francisco, 1884), 652-53 (and I:547).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Location now CONFIRMED, not inferred: ca24-d570 places the pursuit at 'la Rancheria de Jacom [Jacum/Jacumba]' with the return toward 'la mis.n de S.n Miguel' 5-6 leagues off, and Bancroft I:653 calls San Miguel a Dominican establishment 'in La Frontera' - i.e. San Miguel de la Frontera, Baja California, not San Miguel Arcangel. DISCREPANCIES flagged, not reconciled: (1) the rancheria is 'Sochem' in ca7-d567 but 'Jacom' in ca24-d570; (2) attacker strength ~300 in ca7-d567 vs ~200 in ca24-d223, ca24-d570 and Bancroft; (3) Bancroft dates it 'May or June 1795' and 'June', the C-A records 17-18 Apr 1795. Bancroft's footnote page arithmetic (Prov. Rec. v. 227-8, Prov. St. Pap. xiii. 215-16) does not resolve to these records; the links rest on content, not page match.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-101-san-luis-obispo-indian-conspiracy",
   "register_no": "101",
   "name": "San Luis Obispo Indian conspiracy",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1794-09",
    "display": "September 1794",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    35.276,
    -120.67
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "A thwarted mission uprising: instigators Miguel and Marito used beads as recruitment currency; La Purísima gentiles were jailed and set to forced labor; the commandant downplayed it. Part of the 1794 unrest arc with the Santa Clara / SF crisis (#43); recurs in Arrillaga's \"Estado de las Californias\" (ringleaders sent to SF-fort forced labor).",
   "result": "Conspiracy suppressed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xii. 263 / scan n104, Doc 166 - Goycoechea to Arrillaga, 20 Sept. 1794, 'Sedicion de Indios' at San Luis.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d166",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n104"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xii. 268-269 / scan n106-107, Doc 171 - Goycoechea to Arrillaga, 12 Sept. 1794: declarations of the imprisoned La Purisima gentiles.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d171",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n106"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xii. 273 / scan n108, Doc 174 - Goycoechea to Arrillaga, 4 Sept. 1794: Alf. Pablo Cota returns from La Purisima with the accomplices.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d174",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n108"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xii. 491-498 / scan n192-202, Doc 287 - Arrillaga to Borica, 1794, 'Estado de las Californias' / Papel de Puntos, pts. 22-25.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d287",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n192"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xii. 271-272 / scan n108, Doc 173 - Goycoechea to Arrillaga, 4 Sept. 1794: the indio 'Chuarquin' held in grillos. DOES NOT BELONG TO THIS FEATURE.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d173",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n108"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. I (San Francisco, 1884), 547 and 689.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "NAME DISCREPANCY flagged: the instigators are 'Miguel & Marito' in ca7-d174 but 'Miguel & Morillo' in ca7-d287. Bancroft (I:547 n.42 and I:689 n.51) cites Prov. St. Pap. xii. 33, 49-53, 100-4, 124-32, 192-4 for this episode; I ran those through the resolver and they land on unrelated records (Santa Cruz sailors, Loreto musters), i.e. Bancroft's tomo-xii page numbers do not agree with the catalog's page column for C-A 7. The links here rest wholly on content, not page arithmetic. Bancroft also disagrees on scale: he says 'five ringleaders' condemned, ca7-d174 reports 9 Indians + 17 gentiles brought in.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-92-the-charquin-uprising-at-mission-san-francisco",
   "register_no": "92",
   "name": "The Charquín uprising at Mission San Francisco",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1792",
    "display": "ca. 1792–93",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.762,
    -122.425
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "The Christian Indian Charquín rebelled at Mission San Francisco, took up arms against the mission Christians, and held ~20 mission women and children captive in the sierra; reported by Sgt. Miguel Pacheco. An early-1790s armed mission revolt led by a baptized Indian; a precursor to the Bay Area resistance cluster (#7 / #9).",
   "result": "Founding-era indigenous mission revolt",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 55), tomo vii. 57-64 / scan n159-163, Doc 207, item No 3 - Hermenegildo Sal, habilitado (San Francisco), to Gob. int. Arrillaga, 27 Feb. 1793.",
     "ca_record": "ca55-d207",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_17/page/n159"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial Records (C-A 22), tomo ii. 585-589 / scan n362-364, Doc 2046 - Gob. Arrillaga (Monterey) to the Comandante of San Francisco, 1793: 'aprehension de Charquin.'",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2046",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n363"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xii. 491-498 / scan n192-202, Doc 287 - Arrillaga to Borica, 1794, 'Estado de las Californias,' pts. 22-25. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d287",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 7), tomo xii. 271-272 / scan n108, Doc 173 - Goycoechea to Arrillaga, 4 Sept. 1794: the indio 'Chuarquin' held in grillos at Santa Barbara, to be sent to San Diego.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d173",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n108"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 8), tomo xiv. 228-229 / scan n69-70, Doc 117 - diary of Alf. Pablo Cota, Santa Barbara, 28 Apr.-3 May 1795: attempted arrest of Mateo Charquin at 'Calabaguala.'",
     "ca_record": "ca8-d117",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_10/page/n69"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (C-A 8), tomo xiv. 237 / scan n72, Doc 122 - Goycoechea to Gob. Borica, 15 May 1795: escape of the prisoner Charquin.",
     "ca_record": "ca8-d122",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_10/page/n72"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. I (San Francisco, 1884), 709 n.27.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DATE: refine 'ca. 1792-93' to February 1793 - the source letter is 27 Feb 1793 and Bancroft says 'In February 1793 a new convert named Charquin ran away.' CATALOG DEFECT worth reporting upstream: two other records (ca22-d2046, ca55-d264) carry internal cross-references reading 'cf. C-A 55 Doc 212' for Charquin; that pointer is wrong in the catalog itself and is the likely origin of the map's bad link. PAGE DISCREPANCY: Bancroft cites St. Pap., Sac., MS., vii. 24-5, which does not match the catalog's p.vii.57-64 / savage 160-64; the identification rests on content (Charquin, 20 women and children captive, Feb 1793), not arithmetic.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-91-capture-execution-of-the-outlaw-pomponio",
   "register_no": "91",
   "name": "Capture & execution of the outlaw Pomponio",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1820",
    "display": "1820–24 (sentence 6 Feb 1821)",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.1074,
    -122.5697
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "From Ignacio Martínez's hoja de servicios: with only a cabo + 2 soldiers he ran down and captured the cimarrón Christian José/Pomponio at the cañada de Novato after a firefight (one comrade wounded). Guilty of \"innumerables robos, homicidios\" (one victim a soldier), Pomponio was shot at Monterey by government order. The death sentence survives in C-A 17 Doc 389, a Consejo de Guerra condemning him for killing soldado Manuel Varela.",
   "result": "Spanish counter-banditry; Pomponio executed at Monterey",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers, Benicia Military (C-A 17), tomo lii. 7 / scan n349, Doc 389 - Consejo de Guerra, Monterey, 6 Feb. [1824; catalog reads 1821], death sentence of 'el indio Pomponio' for the killing of soldado Manuel Varela.",
     "ca_record": "ca17-d389",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_79_19_2/page/n349"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental State Papers, Benicia Military (C-A 18), tomo lxvi. 962-963 / scan n418-419, Doc 365 - hoja de servicios of Capt. Ignacio Martinez, San Francisco, 31 Dec. 1828.",
     "ca_record": "ca18-d365",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035973_79_20/page/n418"
    },
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 56), tomo xi. 823-825 / scan n179-181, Doc 182 - hoja de servicios of Capt. Ignacio Martinez, certified by Echeandia, San Diego, 11 Aug. 1829.",
     "ca_record": "ca56-d182",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_18/page/n179"
    },
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 56), tomo xi. 623-628 / scan n98-101, Doc 108 - Ignacio Martinez (San Francisco) to Luis Arguello, 31 July 1823: the Ponponio pursuit.",
     "ca_record": "ca56-d108",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_18/page/n98"
    },
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 56), tomo xi. 537-538 / scan n81, Doc 487 - Ignacio Martinez to Luis Antonio Arguello, 1 Apr. 1823: Ponponio raids near the Rancho de San Pedro. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca56-d487",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 46), tomo i. 213-214 / scan n287, Doc 406 - Gov. Luis Antonio Arguello (Monterey) to the Comandante of San Francisco, 20 Jan. 1824: 'Sentenciado a Muerte.'",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d406",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n287"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental State Papers, San Jose (C-A 44), tomo i. 513-517 / scan n112, Doc 85 - Gob. Sola to the Comandante of San Jose, 1820-21: Pomponio taken in a theft.",
     "ca_record": "ca44-d85",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036066_81_6/page/n112"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II (San Francisco, 1885), 537 and n.59; also II:510.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Archivo del Arzobispado (Santa Barbara), MS., iv. pt. i. 29 - report of 21 Mar. 1820: 20 runaways from Mission San Francisco, 'Pomponio and his company committing ravages.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DATE CONFLICT, flagged not reconciled. The catalog dates ca17-d389 to 6 Feb 1821; Bancroft II:537 puts the same court-martial (same signers) at 6 Feb 1824 with execution 6 Sept 1824; ca46-d406 (20 Jan 1824) reports the consejo de oficiales de guerra held at Monterey on 14 Jan 1824 and Arguello's approval of the death sentence. Decisive against 1821: Luis Antonio Arguello, who signs, only became governor in Nov 1822. I judge the catalog's 1821 year very likely a mis-dating, but I have not seen the leaf, so I am not overwriting it. Second discrepancy: ca18-d365 places the capture at the canada de Novato (as Bancroft does), ca56-d182 at the 'Canada de Nuestra Senora'.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-93-the-solis-revolt",
   "register_no": "93",
   "name": "The Solís Revolt",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1829-11",
    "display": "November 1829",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.605,
    -121.9
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "A convict-sergeant pronunciamiento: presidiario Sgt. Joaquín Solís and subcomisario José Mª Herrera seized Monterey against Gov. Echeandía; marched south; the SF garrison fired a salute and raised the flag to welcome them; defeated at Santa Bárbara (Pacheco's counter-revolution). Leaders deported to San Blas on the Volunteer. Prosecution built a \"revolución por España\" charge and named a foreign-merchant circle (Hartnell/Spence/Anderson/Stearns) on both sides.",
   "result": "Mexican-period military coup; suppressed; leaders deported",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 578–598 / Savage pp. 16–20, scan n16–n20, Doc 20: sumaria on the Solis conspiracy, Subtte. Jose Fernandez del Campo, Monterey, 18–25 Jun 1829.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d20",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n16"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. p. 270 / Savage pp. 70–71, scan n70–n71, Doc 80: Romualdo Pacheco's hoja de servicios on suppressing the revolt, Monterey, 3 Apr 1830.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d80",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n70"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 452–476 / Savage pp. 78–85, scan n78–n85, Doc 90: 'Sublevacion de Solis' · causa vs. artillery Cabo Jose Joaquin Pina for the San Francisco salute, Pacheco to Alf. Ramirez, 24 Mar 1830.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d90",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n78"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 679–680 / Savage pp. 142–143, scan n145–n146, Doc 128: Echeandia's deportation roster of the Solis prisoners, Monterey, 7 May 1830.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d128",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n145"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, Savage p. 151, scan n154, Doc 145: umbrella header of the Solis trial dossier, Echeandia, Monterey, 12 Nov 1829.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d145",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n154"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, Savage p. 152, scan n155, Doc 146: Francisco Pacheco to Rodrigo del Pliego, corroborating report on the prisoners' statements, Monterey, 15 Apr 1830.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d146",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n155"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 152–162 / Savage pp. 152–162, scan n155–n165, Doc 147: 'Plan de la revolucion' / 'Manifiesto al Publico,' signed Joaquin Solis, Mariano Vaquero, Andres de Leon, Petronilo Rios, J. de la Torre, Monterey, 15 Nov 1829.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d147",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n155"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 162–203 / Savage pp. 162–201+, scan n165–n206, Doc 148: the Solis-revolt sumaria · declarations and confessions, Echeandia with fiscals Pacheco and Pliego, Santa Barbara / Monterey, Feb 1830 (events Nov 1829).",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d148",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n165"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 204–231 / Savage pp. 204–231, scan n209–n236, Doc 149: the 'revolucion por Espana' autos and the prosecution of Fr. Luis Antonio Martinez, Echeandia / Zamorano as fiscal, Monterey–Santa Barbara, 1830.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d149",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n209"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 271–306 / Savage pp. 407–411, scan n412–n416, Doc 224: 'Razon tomada a los presentados que abandonaron la faccion de Solis' · defector register, Agustin V. Zamorano, Santa Barbara, 14 Jan 1830.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d224",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n412"
    },
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 56), tomo X–XIX, orig. pp. 470–475 / Savage pp. 54–56, scan n53–n55, Doc 79: Echeandia to the Minister, 'Reservado,' San Diego, 27 Nov 1829 · first report on the revolt.",
     "ca_record": "ca56-d79",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_18/page/n53"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III: 1825–1840 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1885), ch. iii, 'Echeandia and Herrera · Finance · The Solis Revolt,' pp. 58–88.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Every document named in the existing citation (Docs 20/80/90/128/145-149 + 224) was pulled with q.py rec and exists; none needed correction. Doc 90 is the specific record behind the map's 'SF garrison fired a salute and raised the flag' claim; Doc 80 behind 'defeated at Santa Barbara (Pacheco's counter-revolution)'; Doc 128 behind 'deported to San Blas on the Volunteer'; Docs 148-149 behind the 'revolucion por Espana' charge and the Hartnell/Spence/Anderson/Stearns circle. One caution the map should carry: Doc 148 records the foreign community on BOTH sides; Spence deposed as having been read the Plan, but the Alcalde's counter-attack on the artillery barracks was mounted by armed foreigners gathered at John Cooper's house.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-94-post-victoria-civil-war-avila-sanchez-vs-zamoran",
   "register_no": "94",
   "name": "Post-Victoria Civil War (Ávila/Sánchez vs. Zamorano)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1832",
    "display": "1832",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.0522,
    -118.2437
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "After Gov. Victoria's overthrow, Vicente Sánchez and the convict José Antonio Ávila armed a band of presidiarios (weapons from Santa Bárbara) against Zamorano's northern faction. Ávila's party split from Sánchez past San Buenaventura and surrendered at Mission Santa Inés; dismissed under the 25 Apr 1832 amnesty. The endpoint of the Solís→anti-Victoria arc.",
   "result": "North–south factional war; amnestied",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 566–606 / Savage pp. 346–359, scan n351–n364, Doc 183: 'Sedicion de Antonio Avila,' Agustin V. Zamorano, Comand.te accidental, to Sargto Solorzano, Monterey, 24 Jun 1832.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d183",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n351"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 675, 680–682 / Savage p. 378, scan n383, Doc 217: memorial of Jose Antonio Avila (presidiario) to Gen. Figueroa, Monterey, 29 Mar 1833. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 675–679 / Savage pp. 379–383, scan n384–n388, Doc 218: Avila's second petition with Capt. Zamorano's informe, Monterey, 29 Mar 1833.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d218",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n384"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III: 1825–1840 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1885), 'An Interregnum · Echeandia and Zamorano,' pp. 229–231 (the Avila sedition).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, 'Documentos para la Historia de California' (BANC MSS C-B), i. 311–312: Zamorano to the comandante of San Francisco, 19 and 23 Jun 1832, on the capture of Avila's party; with San Jose, Archives, ii. 57 (Zamorano to the alcalde of San Jose, 13 Jun 1832).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Every element of the map text is now attested in Doc 218: the split with Sanchez '~8 leagues past Mission San Buenaventura,' the surrender at Mission Santa Ines, and (in Doc 183) Figueroa's dismissal of the case under the amnesty law of 25 April 1832. One caution: Doc 217 is a service-record memorial about Avila's role hunting SOLIS in 1829–30, not about the 1832 civil war; it belongs to the feature only as the backstory the citation groups with 218. Bancroft III:229–30 narrates the episode from a MS he titles 'Avila, Papeles Tocantes a la Sedicion de Antonio Avila y otros Presidiarios en 1832'; his footnote detail that Vicente Sanchez declined to testify on the plea that he was a diputado appears verbatim in ca19-d183, so Bancroft was working from this same dossier.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-95-estanislao-campaign-atrocity-inquiry",
   "register_no": "95",
   "name": "Estanislao-campaign atrocity inquiry",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1829-10",
    "display": "October 1829",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.338,
    -121.88
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Fiscal Ignacio Martínez investigates Indians of San José and Santa Clara killed on a punitive expedition under an alférez \"de Vallejo\" (⚠ likely M. G. Vallejo), including an elderly gentile woman killed by a Monterey soldier; \"no le es permitido á ninguna persona atacar á los del sexo femenino.\" Inferred to be the aftermath of Vallejo's May–June 1829 Estanislao campaign.",
   "result": "Reprisal inquiry",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 518–541 / Savage p. 45, scan n45, Doc 47: fiscal Ignacio Martinez's inquiry into Indians of San Jose and Santa Clara killed on a punitive expedition, San Francisco, 31 Oct 1829.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d47",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n45"
    },
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Missions and Colonization (C-A 53), tomo II, orig. pp. 24–36 / Savage pp. 12–16, scan n11–n15, Doc 9: M. G. Vallejo's battle report of the 1829 Estanislao campaign, San Jose, 4 Jun 1829. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 292–293 / Savage p. 72, scan n72, Doc 83: Comandante Ignacio Martinez to Cmdt. Gen. Echeandia forwarding the diligencias, San Francisco, 19 Feb 1831.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d83",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n72",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 48), tomo VII–VIII (Books 33–37), orig. pp. 606–608, scan n172, Doc 423: Echeandia to the comandante of San Francisco, 3 Jun 1829, on the casualties of Alf. Jose Sanchez's expedition. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III: 1825–1840 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1885), pp. 113–114 ('One phase of this campaign demands further notice…'), with nn. 37–39.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Pina, 'Diario de la Expedicion al Valle de San Jose, 1829' (MS., Bancroft Library; original given to Bancroft by Gen. Vallejo), kept by Cabo Joaquin Pina of the artillery, 19 May – 13 Jun 1829.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Archivo del Arzobispado / Archives of Santa Barbara Mission, MS., xii. 178: Padre Narciso Duran's accusation against Vallejo over the killings, 1829.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The Estanislao linkage no longer rests on inference. Bancroft III:114: 'Echeandia ordered an investigation of the charge that three men and three women, not taken in battle, had been shot and then hanged… From the testimony the fiscal decided that only one man and one woman had been killed, the latter unjustifiably by the soldier Joaquin Alvarado, whose punishment was recommended.' That is ca19-d47, matched on fiscal, finding and perpetrator's name. ⚠ Two live discrepancies to keep visible: (1) Bancroft cites the record at tomo lxx p.13, but Savage's C-A 19 Doc 47 carries orig. pp. 518–541; page arithmetic does not reconcile, the content does. (2) Savage's copy reads the commanding officer's name as resembling 'Gonzalo' de Vallejo; M. G. Vallejo is an inference from his being the SF company's alferez 1o in 1829 (per the Dec-1829 muster, ca19-d63).",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-96-pursuit-killing-of-the-fugitive-valerio",
   "register_no": "96",
   "name": "Pursuit & killing of the fugitive Valerio",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1828-01",
    "display": "January 1828",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.58,
    -119.85
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Alf. Rodrigo del Pliego's hoja de servicios: caught the cimarrón Indian Valerio \"herido de un balazo, de cuyas resultas murió luego,\" 19 Jan 1828. Almost certainly the noted Santa Bárbara-region fugitive neophyte Valerio.",
   "result": "Spanish counter-fugitive killing",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 399–400 (Solis entry) / Savage pp. 75–77, scan n75–n77, Doc 87: hoja de servicios of Alf. Rodrigo del Pliego, Monterey, 6 Aug 1830.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d87",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n75"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 18), tomo LIII–LXVIII, orig. tomo LIX pp. 612–654, scan n225–n226, Doc 199: causa vs. the neophyte Valerio and others, fiscal Jose Joaquin Maitorena, Santa Barbara, 29 Mar 1826. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 56), tomo X–XIX, orig. pp. 732–737 / Savage p. 105, scan n104, Doc 113: Jose Joaquin Maitorena (Santa Barbara) to Echeandia forwarding the sumaria against the Indian Valerio, 'famoso ladron,' 12 Feb 1828 (2 docs).",
     "ca_record": "ca56-d113",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_18/page/n104"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 47), tomo IV–VI (Books 16–20, 27–32), orig. p. 769, scan n384, Doc 1502: Echeandia to the Comandante de Santa Barbara, 15 Feb 1828.",
     "ca_record": "ca47-d1502",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_9_2/page/n384"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. II: 1801–1824 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1885), note on Valerio (citing Duhaut-Cilly and the Feb-1828 records).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Auguste Duhaut-Cilly, Viaggio intorno al globo… negli anni 1826, 1827, 1828 e 1829 (Turin, 1841), ii. 10–13 (the Valerio episode).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ CHRONOLOGY CONFLICT, unreconciled, flagged not smoothed. Pliego's hoja dates the pursuit and Valerio's death to 19 Jan 1828. But Maitorena forwarded the sumaria against Valerio on 12 Feb 1828 (ca56-d113) and Echeandia agreed on 15 Feb 1828 that he be taken 'vivo o muerto' (ca47-d1502); orders reading as if he were still at large a month AFTER Pliego says he died. Duhaut-Cilly instead has him killed some months before April 1827. Bancroft II flags the same problem: 'According to this author Valerio was hunted down and killed some months before April 1827; but efforts to capture the famoso ladron are recorded in Feb. 1828.' Either Savage mis-copied a year, or the Feb-1828 file is retrospective. ⚠ Bancroft's page refs (Dept. Rec. vi.186; St. Pap. Sac. x.100) do not reconcile with Savage's running pagination; matches below rest on content and date.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-97-pacification-of-the-mission-san-fernando-indians",
   "register_no": "97",
   "name": "Pacification of the Mission San Fernando Indians",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1828-07",
    "display": "July 1828",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.272,
    -118.461
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Del Pliego's record: with 20 men, captured the cabecillas and brought them prisoner to Santa Bárbara (21 Jul 1828).",
   "result": "Ringleaders captured",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 399–400 / Savage pp. 75–77, scan n75–n77, Doc 87: hoja de servicios of Alf. Rodrigo del Pliego, Monterey, 6 Aug 1830.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d87",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n75"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 47), tomo IV–VI (Books 16–20, 27–32), orig. p. 354, scan n272, Doc 1072: Echeandia (San Diego) to the Comandante de Santa Barbara, 1 Aug 1828 · 'Informar sobre pretensiones de Neofitos de Mision S.n Fernando.' [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental Records (C-A 47), tomo IV–VI (Books 16–20, 27–32), orig. p. 364, scan n275, Doc 1082: Echeandia to Fr. Francisco Gonzalez de Ibarra of San Fernando, 7 Aug 1828. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "NULL RESULT: no independent operational report, causa, or prisoner roster for the July 1828 San Fernando pacification has been located in the Archives of California.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ HONEST LIMIT: this engagement rests on ONE document, a retrospective service record compiled two years later. I searched for corroboration and did not find it: content searches on San Fernando + sublevacion/cabecillas/pacificacion for 1828 across all volumes, a sweep of C-A 47 (Departmental Records, the 1828 outgoing register) for San Fernando, and a read of Bancroft III's San Fernando material returned no independent account of a July 1828 rising or of prisoners brought to Santa Barbara. Bancroft appears silent on the episode altogether. The two C-A 47 items below are offered as PROBABLE context only; same mission, same fortnight, same correspondents; not as attestation of the military action.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-98-san-diego-indian-uprising-conspiracy",
   "register_no": "98",
   "name": "San Diego Indian-uprising conspiracy",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1833",
    "display": "1833",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.678,
    -117.24
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "A planned assault on the SD presidio; \"acabar con los blancos p[ar]a ser independientes, y gobernarse ellos mismos\"; extending to the missions up to San Gabriel. Ringleaders Molina and Tesochi got 2 years (attenuated for \"ignorancia\"); the authorities conceded \"la probabilidad de los malos tratamientos\" as motive. Figueroa confirmed 22 Nov 1833.",
   "result": "Indigenous self-government conspiracy; suppressed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomo LXIX–LXXVII, orig. pp. 314–528 / Savage pp. 370–373, scan n375–n378, Doc 206: sentence in the San Diego Indian-uprising conspiracy, Gen. Jose Figueroa with fiscal Nicolas Gutierrez, Monterey / San Diego, confirmed 22 Nov 1833.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d206",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n375"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental State Papers (C-A 28), tomo III, orig. iii. 348–351 / Savage pp. 117–118, scan n118–n119, Doc 148: Santiago Arguello, Cmdte. Militar of San Diego, to Figueroa reporting the conspiracy, 15 Jun 1833.",
     "ca_record": "ca28-d148",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_10/page/n118"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental State Papers (C-A 28), tomo III, orig. iii. 373–378 / Savage p. 123, scan n124, Doc 156: Santiago Arguello (San Diego) to Figueroa reporting the capture of Tomas Tajochi, 1 Jul 1833.",
     "ca_record": "ca28-d156",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_10/page/n124"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental State Papers (C-A 28), tomo III, orig. iii. 273–275 / Savage p. 90, scan n90, Doc 115: Ignacio del Valle, Comisionado at San Gabriel, to Cmdte. Gral. Figueroa transcribing Capt. Portilla's warning of 9 Feb, 10 Feb 1833.",
     "ca_record": "ca28-d115",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_10/page/n90",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. State Papers, Benicia (Military) (C-A 20), tomo LXXVIII–LXXXVIII, orig. p. 137 / Savage pp. 74–75, scan n73–n74, Doc 66: Figueroa (Monterey) to the Santa Barbara military commander, 22 Jun 1833.",
     "ca_record": "ca20-d66",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_2_2/page/n73"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Departmental State Papers, Benicia (C-A 42), Prefecturas y Juzgados I–VI, orig. pp. 916–919 / Savage stamp 491 (ink 75), scan n491, Doc 1435: Figueroa to Capt. Pablo de la Portilla, Monterey, 18 Feb 1833. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III: 1825–1840 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1885), p. 359 ('Indian Hostilities'), with n. 47.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Archivo del Arzobispado (Santa Barbara), MS., v. pt. i. 74–76, 107–109: the complaints of the San Diego Indian Tomas Tajochi against Santiago Arguello, forwarded by Echeandia, 1833.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The added links are independently vouched by Bancroft III:359 n.47, whose citation 'Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 89, 117-23' maps onto Savage's C-A 28 pages 90, 117–118 and 123; ca28-d115, ca28-d148 and ca28-d156 exactly, three consecutive page-references matching three records. ⚠ NAME VARIANT: the ringleader is 'Tomas Tesochi' in C-A 19 and 'Tomas Tajochi' in C-A 28; Bancroft reads Tajochi. Same man; the map's spelling is Savage's reading of the C-A 19 leaf. ⚠ Do not conflate this with the 1834 San Diego / Santa Barbara conspiracy inquiry (ca28-d207, which reaches at Padre Duran); different affair, different year. ⚠ Bancroft is sceptical: 'The political element was perhaps imaginary; and it is not impossible that the plot for a general revolt was equally so.'",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-99-new-mexico-horse-thief-expedition-into-the-tular",
   "register_no": "99",
   "name": "New Mexico horse-thief expedition into the Tulares",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1833-02",
    "display": "February 1833",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    35.38,
    -119.4
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "After New Mexico \"aventureros/ladrones\" (allied with Tulares gentiles) drove off ~1,000 head (incl. 108 mules from Mission San Miguel; SLO stock recovered near Arroyo Grande), Gov. Figueroa ordered a 15-cavalry punitive expedition under Alf. Dámaso Rodríguez \"á perseguir y destruir\" the band. An early Old-Spanish-Trail horse-raiding record.",
   "result": "Interior counter-raiding",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomos lxix-lxxvii, Doc 232 (orig. p.334 / Savage p.435, scan n440): Gen. Figueroa's formal instructions to Alf. Damaso Antonio Rodriguez for the punitive expedition into the Tulares, 1833. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: re-pointed from ca19-d232 to ca19-d231, the document that actually attests this]",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d231",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n440"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomos lxix-lxxvii, Doc 247 (orig. pp.470-481 / Savage pp.417-423, scan n422-n428): Fray Juan Cabot, Mission San Miguel, to Gen. Figueroa, 24 Feb 1833 - the mission's complaint against the New Mexico traders, 108 mules lost.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d247",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n422"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomos lxix-lxxvii, Doc 228 (orig. pp.301, 485 / Savage pp.420-425, scan n425-n430): Alcalde Jose Antonio Carrillo, Los Angeles, 18 Feb 1833, 'Robos y otros excesos de aventureros de N. Mex.'",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d228",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n425"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomos lxix-lxxvii, Doc 229 (orig. pp.486-487 / Savage p.425, scan n430): Alcalde Carrillo to Luis de Taboada, 18 Feb 1833 - stock recovered in the valle de los Tulares near Arroyo Grande.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d229",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n430"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomos lxix-lxxvii, Doc 227 (Savage p.420, scan n425; orig. page not recoverable): Gen. Figueroa, Monterey, 26 Feb 1833, to the Cmdt. of the San Gabriel escolta - orders re the New Mexico horse-thieves.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d227",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n425"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomos lxix-lxxvii, Doc 231 (orig. pp.501-502 / Savage p.430, scan n435): Gen. Figueroa to the Alcalde de Monterey, 26 Feb 1833 - name armed vecinos to join Alf. Damaso Rodriguez's expedition, in maximum secrecy.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d231",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n440"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (Military) (C-A 19), tomos lxix-lxxvii, Doc 230 (orig. pp.498-500 / Savage p.430, scan n435): Gen. Figueroa, Monterey, 1833 - seeks extradition of the criminal Juan de Jesus Villapando from the authorities of New Mexico.",
     "ca_record": "ca19-d230",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168035972_80_1_2/page/n439"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. iii (1825-1840) (San Francisco: History Co., 1886), 395-97.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Bancroft narrates this affair at Hist.Cal. iii. 395-97, naming 'a grand military expedition sent out under Alferez Damaso Rodriguez.' His footnote cites 'Nuevo Mexico, Expediente de Abigeato, 1833, MS.', Los Angeles Arch. iv. 73, 86-7 and Dept. St. Pap., Angeles i.109, xi.3-4 - none of which resolved to a C-A record via q.py banc (DSP_ANG returned only ca37-d2, 1825, unrelated). The C-A 19 run is the manuscript basis regardless. Date note: Savage puts the San Miguel complaint 24 Feb 1833 and Figueroa's orders 26 Feb; d232 (the instructions) carries only a year, so the map's 'February 1833' is safe for the orders but the march itself is undated.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-82-felipe-briones-killed-at-cerro-de-bolbones",
   "register_no": "82",
   "name": "Felipe Briones killed at Cerro de Bolbones",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1840-01",
    "display": "January 1840",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.8816,
    -121.9142
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Felipe Briones killed trying to recover horses from Indians near the Cerro de Bolbones (Mt Diablo area).",
   "result": "Californio killed in horse-recovery fight",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap., Monterey (C-A 43), tomos i-viii, Doc 728, orig. pp.456-57 / scan n337: Ignacio Peralta, Rancho San Antonio, 12 Jan 1840, to the Prefecto - 'Robo de Caballada por los indios a Felipe Briones, quien los siguio con 4 hombres a los indios que lo mataron.'",
     "ca_record": "ca43-d728",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036067_81_5/page/n337"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. iv (1840-1845) (San Francisco: History Co., 1886), 76 n70.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS., ix. 20 (BANC MSS C-B, Bancroft Library).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "DATE DISCREPANCY, not reconciled: Bancroft (from Vallejo, Doc., MS., ix. 20) dates the killing 6 Jan 1840; the C-A record is Ignacio Peralta's report of 12 Jan 1840 from Rancho San Antonio. These are compatible (report six days after the event) but the C-A document itself carries no day for the fight, so the map should keep 'January 1840' rather than adopt 6 Jan on this record's authority. Searched q.py for 'Briones' across all volumes: the only other Briones hits are 18th-century soldiers (Marcos, Vicente, cabo Briones) and Desiderio Briones, wounded on the Estanislao in Dec 1839 - a different man and a different fight.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-83-martinez-defeats-indians-near-mt-diablo",
   "register_no": "83",
   "name": "Martínez defeats Indians near Mt Diablo",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1840-02",
    "display": "February 1840",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.9,
    -121.85
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Lt. Martínez defeated Indians near Mt Diablo, \"Marsh with other Americans rendering valuable service.\" Report dated Feb 7.",
   "result": "Californio/American victory",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California record identified for Lt. Martinez's action near Mt Diablo, February 1840.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. iv (1840-1845) (San Francisco: History Co., 1886), 76 n70.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, 'Recuerdos Historicos y Personales tocante a la Alta California' [Bancroft's 'Vallejo, Hist. Cal.'], MS., iv. 28-30 (Bancroft Library dictation).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Searched hard and found nothing. Queries run: content search for 'Martinez indios campana 1840 febrero'; 'Diablo indios expedicion' filtered to 1840; 'Bolbones' across all volumes (returns only the 1828-30 Willis grazing dispute); 'indios robo caballada rancho' filtered to 1840; a walk of C-A 43 Docs 724-733, i.e. the leaf-neighbourhood of the January Briones report, which runs Guerrero's San Francisco juzgado correspondence straight through February 1840 with no Martinez field report. q.py hist 4 76 77 returned only land-grant and mission-salary records, none on this action. The 1840 C-A material on this campaign is all later in the year (ca43-d457, ca30-d22, the July patrol between San Jose and San Juan).",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-86-sutter-s-indian-executions",
   "register_no": "86",
   "name": "Sutter's Indian executions",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1840",
    "display": "1840",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.5725,
    -121.4744
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Indians surrendered at a lake 30 mi south of the fort; \"14 were put to death.\" Vallejo says a force of Californians sent to the valley multiple times rescued captives and took ~80 prisoners.",
   "result": "New Helvetia summary executions",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California record identified for the September 1840 executions at New Helvetia.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. iv (1840-1845) (San Francisco: History Co., 1886), 138-39 n31 (the map's '131' appears to be a slip).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "John A. Sutter, 'Personal Reminiscences', MS., 44-46 (Bancroft Library dictation).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, 'Recuerdos Historicos' [Bancroft's 'Vallejo, Hist. Cal.'], MS., iv. 106-08 (Bancroft Library dictation).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Sutter's report to Capt. Jose de Jesus Vallejo at San Jose, 20 September 1840, in Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, MS., xxxiii. 129 (BANC MSS C-B, Bancroft Library).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "PAGE CORRECTION: the map cites 'Bancroft IV, 131 n31', but in the local full text the passage and its note 31 sit under the running head 138 ('Sutter's Fort - Visits and Books'), so it should read iv. 138-39 n31. Flagged as probable, not certain: the OCR carries page markers only sparsely. Searches run, all null for 1840: 'Sutter Nueva Helvecia indios'; 'Cosumnes Sacramento indios neofitos San Jose 1840'; and a walk of C-A 30 Docs 190-200, the Sutter neighbourhood in Dept. State Papers v-vi, where the only 1840 Sutter items are his naturalisation papers (ca30-d194, d195).",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-87-cochrane-squadron-raid-on-mission-todos-santos",
   "register_no": "87",
   "name": "Cochrane squadron raid on Mission Todos Santos",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1822",
    "display": "1822 (⚠ Savage \"1823 Mar 30\")",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    23.4467,
    -110.2233
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Ships of \"la Escuadra del Lord Cochrane\" entered Cabo de Cortés and attacked Mission Todos Santos at night; the inhabitants defended themselves, killing the lieutenant + 4 men, mortally wounding 3, and capturing the rest; a 13-man landing party. Gov. Solá ordered church silver withdrawn from the coast.",
   "result": "Independence-era foreign naval raid repelled",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "St. Pap., Sacramento (C-A 54), tomo i, Doc 149 (Savage pp.212-13 / scan n211-n212): Gov. Pablo Vicente de Sola, Monterey, 30 Mar [1823 per Savage], circular to the friars and commandants of Monterey and San Francisco - ships of 'la Escuadra del Lord Cochrane' entered Cabo San Lucas (Cabo de Cortes) and attacked Mission Todos Santos on 18 Feb; the inhabitants killed the lieutenant and four men, mortally wounded three, and captured the rest of a thirteen-man raiding party. Sola orders church silver and valuables withdrawn from the coast.",
     "ca_record": "ca54-d149",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_16/page/n211"
    },
    {
     "citation": "St. Pap., Sacramento (C-A 55), tomos vi-ix, Doc 84, orig. p.i.153-154 / Savage p.46, scan n45: Sola, 5 May 1822, to Jose Romero - Lord Cochrane's privateers at Cabo San Lucas, Feb 1822, including the brig El Alcion; missions San Jose and Todos Santos sacked.",
     "ca_record": "ca55-d84",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_17/page/n45"
    },
    {
     "citation": "St. Pap., Sacramento (C-A 56), tomos x-xix, Doc 397, orig. pp.xviii.20-21 / Savage pp.347-350, scan n346-n349: Gov. of the Californias, Monterey, 4 May 1822, to the Padre Prefecto, relaying Lt. Jose Manuel Ruiz's report of Cochrane's insurgent squadron ravaging Baja California, Feb-Mar 1822. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca56-d397",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. St. Pap. (C-A 27), tomos i-ii, Doc 2, orig. pp.3-6 / Savage p.3, scan n2: Sola, Monterey, 29 Mar 1822, to the commandants of Santa Barbara and San Diego - defence against Lord Cochrane's squadron, quoting Gov. Capt. Jose Dario Arguello of Baja California via the mission cordillera; the attack on Mission San Jose del Cabo, 1 Feb, with about twelve prisoners taken by the defenders.",
     "ca_record": "ca27-d2",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_9_2/page/n2",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The Savage copy dates Solá's circular 30 Mar 1823 and the raid itself 18 Feb; the Cochrane operations off the Californias belong to 1822, and three independent volumes (C-A 27, 55, 56) place the squadron at Cabo San Lucas in February 1822. Event year shown as circa 1822. ⚠ An earlier version of this record cited 'C-A 54 Doc 2051', a document number that no longer exists after the volume was re-itemised; the correct record is C-A 54 Doc 149. DATE DISCREPANCY, flagged not reconciled. Savage heads the C-A 54 circular '1823 Mar 30' with the raid on '18 Feb', while three other C-A records put the same raid in Feb 1822: ca27-d2 (29 Mar 1822), ca55-d84 (5 May 1822), ca56-d397 (4 May 1822). 1822 also fits Bancroft ii. 474 (the San Francisco Javier 'captured by one of Cochrane's fleet at Cape San Lucas'). Likeliest a slip of a year in Savage's heading, but I did not check the heading against the leaf, so both readings stand. Note too that the records disagree on the mission: d2 has San Jose del Cabo on 1 Feb with ~12 prisoners, d84 has both San Jose and Todos Santos sacked, d149 has Todos Santos on 18 Feb with 13 raiders - probably successive landings by one squadron.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-88-ambush-near-san-vicente-santa-catalina",
   "register_no": "88",
   "name": "Ambush near San Vicente / Santa Catalina",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1800",
    "display": "ca. 1800–05 (⚠ year TBD)",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    31.33,
    -116.25
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "An escort transporting 5 captured Indians was ambushed: 2 soldiers killed; Juan Camacho + one other; beaten on the head with stones, their muskets found loaded but broken; the prisoners escaped; the bodies buried at San Vicente. Distinct from #37 (the 1804 Santa Catalina Spanish victory).",
   "result": "Indigenous tactical success / Spanish defeat",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "St. Pap., Sacramento (C-A 54), tomo i, Doc 256, orig. tomo iv, pp.346-349 / Savage pp.469-471, scan n468-n470: Jose Manuel Ruiz, San Vicente, 9 April 1804, to Gov. Arrillaga - 'Muerte violenta de dos soldados pr los indios qe llevaban presos y maniatados.'",
     "ca_record": "ca54-d256",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_16/page/n468"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial Records (C-A 25), tomos viii-x, Doc 551, orig. p.245 (tomo ix) / Savage p.300, scan n302: the Governor to the Viceroy, 1 July 1804, 'Sobre dos soldados muertos por indios' - the fullest narrative of the Agua Blanca ambush; with a Loreto draft of 21 July on the resulting criminal case.",
     "ca_record": "ca25-d551",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_7_2/page/n302"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 11), tomo xviii, Doc 472, orig. pp.388-89 (Savage's cross-ref pp.1008-9) / Savage pp.391-92, scan n392-n393: Ruiz, San Vicente, 9 May 1804, to Arrillaga - forwards to the Habilitado the inventories of the effects of the deceased Juan Camacho and Jose Peiquera.",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d472",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n392",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 11), tomo xviii, Doc 481, orig. pp.392-93 (Savage's cross-ref pp.1028-30) / Savage pp.395-96, scan n396-n397: Ruiz, San Vicente, 6 Oct 1804, to Arrillaga - the fight at Santa Catalina, in which the gentiles engaged are identified as the same men who killed the soldiers.",
     "ca_record": "ca11-d481",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_13_2/page/n396",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "YEAR RESOLVED from the manuscript leaves (bancarchca_81_16 n468-n470), not inferred. Savage's heading verbatim: '1804 - Abril 9 - Sn Vicente. / Jose Manuel Ruiz al Gob. Arrillaga - Muerte violenta de dos soldados pr los indios qe llevaban presos y maniatados.' Narrative: at noon on the 25th of the previous month Ruiz got the oficio from the cabo of Santa Catalina; on the 26th at 9 a.m. word came both men were dead in the Sierra de Agua Blanca. So the ambush is c. 24-25 March 1804, reported 9 April 1804 - replace 'ca. 1800-05, year TBD'. The map's note that this is distinct from #37 still holds, but they are now the same year and directly linked (see ca11-d481). The second soldier is now named: Jose Peiquera (Savage's reading; possibly Pesquera).",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-5-spanish-yuma-punitive-campaign",
   "register_no": "5¾",
   "name": "Spanish Yuma Punitive Campaign",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1782-09",
    "display": "Sep–Oct 1782",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.73,
    -114.62
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "yuma",
   "summary": "Neve and Capt. José Antonio Romeu (108 men) march down the Colorado; Romeu with 40 men and 12 Indian allies (Jalchedunes/Cocomaricopas) routs the Yuma cavalry ('crecida mortandad'), 4 soldiers wounded; Fages escorts the rescued captives. An abortive plan to re-fortify the crossing follows. Neve's 'Antecedentes de una mortandad' names the revolt's causes: gifts withheld from Palma, women seized, mules destroying the mesquite.",
   "result": "Spanish reprisal after the 1781 Yuma victory",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Neve to the Comandante General, 16 Oct 1782, 'Expedición contra los Yumas.' Prov. Rec. (C-A 22), tomo ii. 137–143 / Savage 269–272, scan n270–n272, Doc 2019.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2019",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n271"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Neve to the Comandante General, Aug–Oct 1782, Junta de Guerra orders for the Yuma campaign and the 'Suspensión de guerra.' Prov. Rec. (C-A 22), tomo ii. 150–163 / Savage 273–275, scan n273–n276, Doc 2020.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2020",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n274"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Neve (San Gabriel) to the Comandante General, 18 Nov 1781, 'Antecedentes de una mortandad.' Prov. Rec. (C-A 22), tomo ii. 213–216 / Savage 286–288, scan n286–n288, Doc 2024.",
     "ca_record": "ca22-d2024",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_4_2/page/n287"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Croix to Neve, Arizpe, 18 May 1782, 'Disposiciones para la guerra á los Yumas.' Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), tomo iii–iv, p. 386+ / Savage 199–200, scan n202–n203, Doc 93.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d93",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n202"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Junta de Guerra y Real Hacienda, Arizpe, 16 May 1782 (certified copy 18 May, Bonilla). Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 2), tomo iii–iv, pp. 336–345 / Savage 203–208, scan n206–n211, Doc 94.",
     "ca_record": "ca2-d94",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_4_2/page/n206"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Caballero de Croix and the Junta de Guerra to Gov. Neve, Arizpe, 15 Nov 1781 (Doc IV-17). State Papers, Sacramento (C-A 54), tomo i, Savage 346–353, scan n345–n352, Doc 207.",
     "ca_record": "ca54-d207",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_16/page/n345"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [
    "Quechan (Yuma)",
    "Jalchedun",
    "Cocomaricopa"
   ],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ Discrepancy with the map text: the feature says 'Neve and Capt. Romeu (108 men) march down the Colorado.' ca22-d2019 actually reads that Neve went down with 60 men and found Romeu already holding the ruined pueblo of La Concepción WITH 108 men; the 50 soldiers + 12 settlers are a further breakdown. The '108 men' therefore belongs to Romeu's standing force, not to a joint column. Everything else in the map summary (Romeu with 40 men + 12 Indian allies, 'crecida mortandad', 4 soldiers wounded, Fages escorting the rescued captives, the abortive re-fortification of the crossing, and Neve's 'Antecedentes de una mortandad' on the revolt's causes) is confirmed verbatim across d2019, d2020 and d2024.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-45-tule-balsa-shipwreck-at-the-farallones",
   "register_no": "45",
   "name": "Tule balsa shipwreck at the Farallones",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1794",
    "display": "1794",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.699,
    -123.003
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Mission San Francisco Indians navigated by sea in tule balsas to evangelize gentiles on the opposite shore; currents carried one balsa onto the Farallones, where 2 of the 4 Indians drowned. Not a military engagement; an indigenous open-water navigation datum at the Bay mouth.",
   "result": "Maritime accident; 2 drowned",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Pérez Fernández to Gov. Borica, 30 Nov 1794. Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 7), tomo xii–xiii, 72–73 / Savage 29–30, scan n28–n29, Doc 54.",
     "ca_record": "ca7-d54",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_9_2/page/n28"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The catalog record places the drowning on 'the 4th of the month' in a letter of 30 Nov 1794, i.e. 4 Nov 1794; the map's bare '1794' can be tightened to Nov 1794, but I have not read the leaf image to confirm the day, so I state it as what the catalog summary says. The record also shows the balsa voyages were not free-standing: they sit inside Pérez Fernández's refusal of extra escort soldiers for a missionary 'conquista de gentiles' across the bay toward Marin, which is the administrative context the map's 'evangelize gentiles on the opposite shore' comes from."
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-103-horse-theft-raid-punitive-expedition-140-head-ca",
   "register_no": "103",
   "name": "Horse-theft raid & punitive expedition (140-head caballada)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1824-06",
    "display": "Jun–Jul 1824",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.5,
    -121.2
   ],
   "coord_precision": "conjectural",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "'Indios malhechores' drove off a caballada of 140 head from the national rancho; Gov. Argüello sent Alf. Santiago Argüello with 34 troops to punish the raiders and the rancherías that harbor them ('por cortar de raiz los daños'). In a related San Diego–frontier action, 14 of 15 neophyte auxiliaries who fought were killed, and ~40 raiders later burned a San Diego rancho.",
   "result": "Stock raid + collective punishment",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Argüello to Capt. Francisco María Ruiz, Monterey, 31 Jul 1824, 'Robo de Caballada.' Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), tomo i, p. 132 / Savage 198/197, scan n200–n201, Doc 259.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d259",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n200"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Argüello to the Governor of Baja California, Monterey, 17 Dec 1824, 'Persecucion de Indios' (opening). Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), tomo i, Savage 164/163, scan n165, Doc 212.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d212",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n165",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Argüello to the Governor of Baja California, 17 Dec 1824 (continuation). Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), tomo i, p. 113 / Savage 165/164, scan n166, Doc 213.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d213",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n166",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Rancherías not located in the abstract; pin placed in the Monterey-district interior, conjectural. Verbatim re-read flagged in the register. ⚠ Two discrepancies to flag, not to reconcile. (1) TROOP COUNT: the map says Santiago Argüello took 34 troops; ca46-d259 reads '24 homb.s de tropa.' I have not checked the leaf image, so I report what the catalog transcription says. (2) DATE/EPISODE SEPARATION: the '14 of 15 neophyte auxiliaries killed' and the ~40 raiders who burned a San Diego rancho are reported in a letter of 17 Dec 1824 to the Governor of Baja California (ca46-d212 head, ca46-d213 tail), five months after the July caballada raid and on the Baja/San Diego frontier. They may well be a distinct action, and the map's framing of them as 'related' is as far as the evidence goes. The map's date range 'Jun–Jul 1824' is confirmed: Argüello's order is 30 Jun, the raid the night of the 1st (July), the report 31 Jul 1824.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-104-surrender-of-the-spanish-squadron-at-monterey",
   "register_no": "104",
   "name": "Surrender of the Spanish squadron at Monterey",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1825-04-27",
    "display": "Apr–May 1825",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.605,
    -121.89
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "The Spanish ship-of-the-line Asia and brig Constante; Spain's last Pacific force after the loss of Peru; put into Monterey and capitulated to the Mexican Nation, their crews swearing 'el solemne juramento de sujetarse á las leyes de los Estados Unidos Mejicanos.' Argüello tapped the Asia's powder to arm the near-empty San Francisco and Monterey batteries; pilot Juan Malarín carried the acta de Capitulación to Mexico City.",
   "result": "Naval capitulation (no combat)",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'Asia' y 'Constante,' Tratado de Capitulación, Presidio de Monterey, 1 May 1825 · the full text in 8 articles (Savage copy of a certified copy). Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 27), tomo i–ii, pp. 432–434 / Savage 115 [stamp] / 114 [folio], scan n110–n112, Doc 118.",
     "ca_record": "ca27-d118",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_9_2/page/n110"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Argüello, Monterey, 1 May 1825, headed 'Capitulacion' · naming Lt. José Estrada and Lt. of Artillery José Ramírez as commissioners. Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), tomo i, p. 120 / Savage 175/174, scan n176–n177, Doc 220.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d220",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n176"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Argüello, circular to the four presidios and the prefecto, Monterey, 2 May 1825. Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), tomo i, pp. 83–84 / Savage 118/117, scan n117–n118, Doc 162.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d162",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n117"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Argüello to José Martínez, comandante of the Navío 'Asia', Monterey, 3 May 1825 · ratification of the capitulation. Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), tomo i, p. 38 / Savage 55/54, scan n54–n55, Doc 74.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d74",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n54"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Argüello to Martínez, Monterey, 20 May 1825, headed 'Armamento' · munitions and powder from the surrendered Asia for the Monterey and San Francisco batteries. Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), tomo i, p. 38 / Savage 56/55, scan n55, Doc 75. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Argüello to the Governor of the Plaza de Acapulco, Monterey, 21 May 1825 · reporting the surrender and Malarín's mission. Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), tomo i, pp. 40–41 / Savage 57/56, scan n56–n57, Doc 77.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d77",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n56"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Argüello to the Ministro de Guerra y Marina, Monterey, 21 May 1825 · commissioning pilot Juan Malarín to deliver the dispatches. Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), tomo i, pp. 166–167 / Savage 229/228, scan n232, Doc 303. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Argüello to the Ministro de Guerra y Marina, Monterey, 2 May 1825 · the parte of the squadron's surrender. Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), tomo i, pp. 162–165 / Savage 227/226–228/227, scan n230–n231, Doc 300.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d300",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n230"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. iii (1825–1840), 24–26 and n. 44–45 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ Naming note, worth carrying onto the map: in the Californian paperwork the Asia is repeatedly called the 'Navio San Gerónimo (á) el Asia' (ca46-d77, d465); the ship was renamed on surrender. ⚠ ca27-d118 is the capitulation text, but the catalog flags that the leaf carrying Savage's heading and the preamble (stamp 114 / folio 113) is PHYSICALLY ABSENT from the scan, so the surviving text opens mid-word; the reader should be warned. ⚠ Its date is read '1º de Mayo de 1825' with the cataloguer noting 14 as a conceivable alternative reading of the raised ordinal; ca46-d162 independently dates the capitulation to 1 May, which I take as corroboration."
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-105-the-anti-victoria-revolt-the-cahuenga-encounter",
   "register_no": "105",
   "name": "The anti-Victoria revolt · the Cahuenga encounter",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1831-12",
    "display": "Nov 1831–Feb 1832",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.128,
    -118.357
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "California's first successful gubernatorial overthrow. The Plan of San Diego (29 Nov 1831) pronounced against Gov. Manuel Victoria 'por recobrar la representación popular'; Victoria was wounded at the Cahuenga encounter ('estado moribundo') and deported on the Pocahontas. The interregnum then splintered; the Diputación installed Pío Pico, Los Angeles proclaimed Echeandía, Zamorano rose in the north; 'casi inevitable el derramamiento de sangre.'",
   "result": "Rebel victory; the governor deposed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "The Plan of San Diego, 29 Nov 1831 · 'Ciudds Mejicanos situados en el Alto Territo de las Cals', the pronunciamiento text. Leg. Rec. (C-A 59), tomo i, p. 336 [ink] / 338 [stamp], scan n340, Doc 72.",
     "ca_record": "ca59-d72",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_82_01/page/n340"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Plan / Pronunciamiento de San Diego against Gov. Manuel Victoria, 29 Nov 1831 (the containing record). Leg. Rec. (C-A 59), tomo i, pp. 320–338, scan n322–n341, Doc 66.",
     "ca_record": "ca59-d66",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_82_01/page/n340"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Diputación Provincial (Los Angeles), acta of the anti-Victoria revolt, 1831–1832. Leg. Rec. (C-A 59), tomo i, pp. 174–183, scan n177–n188, Doc 41.",
     "ca_record": "ca59-d41",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_82_01/page/n176"
    },
    {
     "citation": "José María de Echeandía (San Gabriel) to Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo, vocal of the Diputación Territorial, 9 Dec 1831. Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 28), tomo iii. 86–87 / Savage 21–22, scan n20–n21, Doc 32.",
     "ca_record": "ca28-d32",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_10/page/n20"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Lucas Alamán, Ministro de Relaciones, to José Figueroa, Gefe Político nombrado de la Alta California, México, 17 May 1832 · instrucción on the events of 1831. Sup. Govt St. Pap. (C-A 57), pp. 217–266 / Savage 66–83 [stamp], scan n65–n82, Doc 86.",
     "ca_record": "ca57-d86",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_19/page/n65"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Mariano G. Vallejo and Santiago Argüello to the President of the Asamblea, Los Angeles, 17 Feb 1832 · 'Expediente qe contiene la esposicion de los prevaricatos de Victoria y docs. qe los comprueban.' Leg. Rec. (C-A 59), tomo i, p. 298 [ink] / 300 [stamp], scan n301, Doc 63.",
     "ca_record": "ca59-d63",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_82_01/page/n301",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Diputación Provincial, acta of Feb 1832 · Zamorano opposes the 29 Nov plan and prepares forces. Leg. Rec. (C-A 59), tomo i, pp. 230–239, scan n231–n240, Doc 56. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca59-d56",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Diputación Provincial (vocales Pío Pico, M. G. Vallejo, Antonio Mª Osio, Juan B. Alvarado srio.), acta, Misión de San Luis Rey, 25 Mar 1832 · mediation between Echeandía and Zamorano. Leg. Rec. (C-A 59), tomo i, scan n223, Doc 54. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca59-d54",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Pin at Cahuenga Pass, the revolt's one armed encounter; the movement spanned San Diego to Monterey. Verbatim re-read flagged. ⚠ POCAHONTAS NOT FOUND. I could not locate a C-A record naming the ship Pocahontas as Victoria's transport. What the manuscripts say is different: ca57-d86 alleges Victoria was to be deported in 'la Goleta Sta Barbara, demasiado pequeña y espuesta quiza con la mira de que naufragase', while 'para alucionar al Pueblo se dijo al principio que fletaban la fragata Leonor.' The Pocahontas identification is presumably from Bancroft/secondary literature and should not be presented as manuscript-attested. ⚠ ca57-d84 and ca57-d86 overlap on the same leaves (n65 onward); d86 is the fuller, rating-4 transcript of the Alamán instrucción and is the one linked. ⚠ ca59-d63's own summary describes d53/d54 by contents that do not match those records' catalogued scan ranges; an internal catalogue inconsistency in C-A 59 worth an audit, though it does not affect the links given here.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-106-the-anti-micheltorena-revolt-cahuenga-providenci",
   "register_no": "106",
   "name": "The anti-Micheltorena revolt · Cahuenga/Providencia",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1845-02",
    "display": "1844–Feb 1845",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.156,
    -118.34
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "The last Californio overthrow of a Mexican-appointed governor. The Asamblea Departamental 'desconoce la autoridad… de M. Micheltorena,' charging his 'relaciones secretas con el extranjero Sutter' (Sutter marched for Micheltorena; M.G. Vallejo corresponded against him). Micheltorena and his cholo battalion were defeated and expelled after the Battle of Cahuenga/Providencia, installing the native-born Pío Pico as California's last Mexican governor.",
   "result": "Rebel victory; Micheltorena expelled",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Asamblea Departamental, 11 Feb 1845 · resolution disavowing Gov. Micheltorena. Leg. Rec. (C-A 61), tomo iii–iv, p. 132, scan n136, Doc 170.",
     "ca_record": "ca61-d170",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_82_03/page/n136"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Asamblea Departamental, manifiesto against Gov. Micheltorena, 1844–45 (the charge on the leaf paginated ~296). Leg. Rec. (C-A 61), tomo iii–iv, scan n246–n335 (charge quote pinned at n300), Doc 215.",
     "ca_record": "ca61-d215",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_82_03/page/n300"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Asamblea Departamental, Los Angeles, extraordinary session of 28 Jan 1845. Leg. Rec. (C-A 61), tomo iii–iv, pp. 104–105 / Savage 127/29, scan n131, Doc 165.",
     "ca_record": "ca61-d165",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_82_03/page/n131"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Pío Pico (Presidente de la Asamblea) and Agustín Olvera (srío) to the Juez 1º, Los Ángeles, 12 Feb 1845 · decree requiring Micheltorena to answer within one hour. Dep. St. Pap., Los Angeles (C-A 37), 696–698 / Savage 137–138, scan n138–n139, Doc 309.",
     "ca_record": "ca37-d309",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_19/page/n138"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Instrucciones á la comisión nombrada por la Asamblea Departamental, Los Angeles, 4 Feb 1845. Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 30), tomo v–vi. 13–16 / Savage 133–134, scan n135–n136, Doc 216.",
     "ca_record": "ca30-d216",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_12/page/n135"
    },
    {
     "citation": "John A. Sutter to Hügge, Salinas, 12 Jan 1845 (in German) · Sutter's march for Micheltorena. Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 30), tomo v–vi. 752–753 / Savage 122–123, scan n123–n124, Doc 207.",
     "ca_record": "ca30-d207",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_12/page/n123",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Pío Pico, proclama, Los Ángeles, 23 Feb 1845 · on the peace secured at the Campo de Cahuenga. Dep. St. Pap., Los Angeles, Decrees & Despatches (C-A 36), vol. ix. 232–235 / Savage 113, scan n112, Doc 88.",
     "ca_record": "ca36-d88",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_18/page/n112"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Contract between Pío Pico and John Paty, Los Angeles, 1 Mar 1845 · embarkation of Micheltorena, his officers and 200 troops for San Blas. Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 30), tomo v–vi. 60–65 / Savage 144–145, scan n146–n147, Doc 234.",
     "ca_record": "ca30-d234",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_12/page/n146"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The Sutter alliance prefigures the American takeover 16 months later. Verbatim re-read flagged (incl. the deposition-session date). ⚠ NO BATTLE PARTE FOUND. I searched C-A for a report of the action at Cahuenga/Providencia itself (20–21 Feb 1845) and found none; what the archive carries is the political record on either side of it: the Asamblea's acts, the ultimatum, the commission's mandate, and the capitulation aftermath. Recording that as a null result rather than forcing a link. ⚠ Two further aftermath records exist and are worth a look though not emitted as sources: ca30-d330 (Pico to Eulogio de Célis, 21 Feb 1845, borrador on the treaties with Micheltorena, scan n194) and ca30-d208 (Sutter's post-Cahuenga apologia, 26 Feb 1845, scan n124). ⚠ ca61-d170's date was previously mis-flagged 'Nov'; the catalogue records it as verified against scan n136 on 2026-07-07 as 11 Feb 1845.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-107-ambush-of-the-san-diego-pursuit-party-dominican",
   "register_no": "107",
   "name": "Ambush of the San Diego pursuit party (Dominican frontier)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1824-06-21",
    "display": "21 Jun 1824",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.2,
    -116.6
   ],
   "coord_precision": "conjectural",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "frontera",
   "summary": "A San Diego troop detachment pursuing Dominican-mission cimarrones (runaway neophytes) was ambushed on the Baja frontier; the action left 15 Indians dead, including a leader from Mission San Miguel; a frontier engagement in the same season as the Chumash Revolt further north.",
   "result": "Indigenous tactical victory over a presidial party",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Fran.co Mª Ruiz (San Diego) to Gov. Luis Antonio Argüello, 21 Jun 1824. Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 27), Departmental State Papers, tomo I–II, orig. pp.129–131 / Savage p.37 / scan n36, Doc 43.",
     "ca_record": "ca27-d43",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_9_2/page/n36"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Luis Antonio Argüello (Monterey) to Santiago Argüello, 30 Jun 1824 · acknowledgment of the Baja-frontier action and orders to Capt. Pablo de la Portilla. Dep. Rec. (C-A 46), Departmental Records, tomo I, orig. pp.181–182 / Savage p.243 (heading), tail p.244 / scan n246–n247, Doc 335.",
     "ca_record": "ca46-d335",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_8_regular/page/n246"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Ambush site not located in the abstract; pin placed on the Dominican-mission frontier, conjectural. Bancroft does not narrate this action: grepped vols 2 and 3 for 'Fidelis', 'San Isidoro', 'fifteen Indians'; zero hits. The Baja/Dominican frontier falls outside his Alta California annals, so no book source is offered here. The two C-A records agree on all details (15 killed, the San Miguel cabecilla, the rancho house burned); ca46-d335 supplies the leader's name (Fidelis), the rancho name (San Isidoro) and the two wounded invalidos (Ignacio and Jose Lopez) that the San Diego report leaves blank.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-108-gentile-attack-on-mission-neophytes-21-neophytes",
   "register_no": "108",
   "name": "Gentile attack on mission neophytes · '21 neophytes killed'",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1826",
    "display": "1826",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.0,
    -116.5
   ],
   "coord_precision": "conjectural",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "frontera",
   "summary": "A report of 21 neophytes killed by gentiles on the interior frontier of the San Diego district; evidence for the raiding-economy pressure on mission populations in the 1820s, and for inter-indigenous violence between mission and independent communities.",
   "result": "Gentile raid; 21 neophytes killed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "José Ignacio Bernal(?) (San José) to the Comandante, 3 Nov 1826 · reports 21 Christian Indians killed by gentiles. Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 27), Departmental State Papers, tomo I–II, orig. pp.498–500 / Savage p.~136 / scan n130, Doc 145.",
     "ca_record": "ca27-d145",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_9_2/page/n130"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III (1825–1840), San Francisco: The History Company, 1886, pp.109–110 and p.110 n.51.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Location not given in the abstract; conjectural pin in the SD interior. TWO CORRECTIONS TO THE FEATURE TEXT. (1) The feature places this 'on the interior frontier of the San Diego district'. The manuscript is written from SAN JOSÉ; the victims were Mission San José neophytes killed by gentiles in the Cosumnes/San Joaquin country. It is a northern, not a southern, episode, and it is the outrage that provoked alférez José Sánchez's Nov 1826 Cosumnes campaign (Bancroft III:110). (2) Casualty figure: the manuscript says 21; Bancroft's narrative text says 'twenty or thirty of whom were killed, or at least never returned' while his own footnote quotes the 21 from this document. Page-system note: Bancroft cites 'Dept. St. Pap., MS., i. 135', which matches the record's SAVAGE page (~136), not its original tomo page (p.498–500).",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-109-martinez-s-campana-en-los-rios",
   "register_no": "109",
   "name": "Martínez's 'campaña en los Ríos'",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1827",
    "display": "1827",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.95,
    -121.5
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Ignacio Martínez's 1827 campaign into the Delta rivers against the runaway and rebel Indians of Missions San José and Santa Clara; 2 soldiers killed. The precursor operation to the 1829 Estanislao campaigns, in the same theater.",
   "result": "Early Delta campaign; 2 soldiers killed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Ignacio Martínez (San Francisco) to Gov. José María Echeandía, 31 May 1827 · reports the campaign 'en los Ríos'. St. Pap., Missions & Colonization (C-A 53), tomo II, orig. pp.21–23 / Savage p.12 / scan n11, Doc 8.",
     "ca_record": "ca53-d8",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_15/page/n11"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "NULL RESULT, recorded deliberately. I could find no second manuscript for this campaign. (a) Bancroft: grepped vol3 for 'en los Rios', 'los Rios', 'Martinez' (60+ hits read in context) and for every 'St. Pap., Miss. and Colon., MS., ii.' citation; he cites that tomo at pp.6, 91, 96, 200–308 etc. but never pp.21–23, and his 'Los Rios' references are all 1829 Estanislao, not 1827. Bancroft appears simply not to narrate this campaign. (b) DB: searched C-A 47 (Dept. Records 1827) and C-A 18 (DSP Benicia Mil., 1827) for an Echeandía reply or a service-record entry; nothing on subject. So ca53-d8 is, on present evidence, the sole record of the engagement; which is itself worth stating on the map.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-111-vallejo-s-sanchez-s-punitive-horse-raid-expediti",
   "register_no": "111",
   "name": "Vallejo's & Sánchez's punitive horse-raid expeditions",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1829-04",
    "display": "Apr 1829",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.7,
    -121.1
   ],
   "coord_precision": "conjectural",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Stock-raid reprisal operations by Vallejo and Sánchez in the Monterey district interior, mounted while the Monterey troops were destitute (the pay-mutiny backdrop, six months before the Solís revolt).",
   "result": "Spanish-Mexican reprisal expeditions",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Gov. José María Echeandía (San Diego) to the Ministro de Guerra, 22 May 1829 · reports the 22 Apr expedition of alférez Mariano G. Vallejo and the second expedition under alférez José Sánchez. Dep. Rec. (C-A 48), Departmental Records, tomo VII–VIII (Books 33–37), orig. pp.86–89 / scan n18–n19, Doc 31.",
     "ca_record": "ca48-d31",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_10/page/n18"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Gov. Echeandía to the comandante of Monterey, 9 Jun 1829 · on alférez Sánchez's parte and Estudillo's unauthorised reparto of the Indian prisoners. Dep. Rec. (C-A 48), Departmental Records, tomo VII–VIII, orig. pp.625–627 / scan n178–n179, Doc 444.",
     "ca_record": "ca48-d444",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036065_81_10/page/n178",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III (1825–1840), San Francisco: The History Company, 1886, p.112 and n.53.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, Documentos para la Historia de California, BANC MSS C-B, tomo xx, p.280 · Vallejo's statement of two acciones de guerra as commander (Sierra Nevada from San Miguel; the Tulares).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Routes not located in the abstract; conjectural pin in the Monterey interior. KEEP SEPARATE from the Estanislao campaign. ca19-d47 (C-A 19 Doc 47, 31 Oct 1829, Martínez's atrocity inquiry into Indians killed 'on a punitive expedition' under alférez Vallejo) surfaced in search and is tempting, but its own catalog note says it most likely belongs to the May–June 1829 Estanislao campaign, so I have NOT attached it here. Likewise ca48-d423 (3 Jun 1829, to the comandante of SAN FRANCISCO, on Sánchez's casualties) belongs to the failed first anti-Estanislao expedition, not to these April raids. Figure discrepancy left unreconciled: manuscript = 22 soldiers + 3 vecinos, 40 taken; Bancroft III:112 = 35 men, 48 slain, no casualties; Vallejo Doc. xx.280 (per Bancroft) = 1 killed, 15 wounded.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-112-the-great-1840-horse-raid-campaign-agua-de-ramon",
   "register_no": "112",
   "name": "The great 1840 horse-raid campaign ('agua de Ramón')",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1840-05",
    "display": "May–Jun 1840",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.31,
    -117.47
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "A multi-week mounted campaign, not a single skirmish. Chaguanosos drove off three mare-herds from Mission San Gabriel (14 May); the LA vecino-militia mobilized (13→36 men, 4 muskets, 19 lances); Ignacio Palomares's ~23-man party was routed; relief columns held the Puerta del Cajón and recovered the herds at the 'agua de Ramón' surprise. Leandri's report: the rearguard was '20 hombres Ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos; pero tenían á más otra gente,' driving 1,000+ head, ~1,500 driven to death in flight.",
   "result": "Raiders routed one militia party; herds recovered at agua de Ramón",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Juan Crispín Pérez (San Gabriel) to the Alcalde de 1ª Instancia, 14 May 1840 · the Chaguanosos drive off 3 herds of mares from the mission. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), tomo Pref. y Juzg. I–IV, doc pp.408–409 / scan n522, Doc 1285.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1285",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n522"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Felipe Lugo, 16 May 1840 · orders the vecindario to reinforce the pursuit party, $20 fine for non-compliance. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.410–411 / scan n522, Doc 1286.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1286",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n522"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Felipe Lugo(?), 16 May 1840 · list of auxiliaries named to pursue the horse-thieves 'llamados Chaguanosos'. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc p.412 / scan n523, Doc 1287.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1287",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n523"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Unsigned (San Gabriel), 17 May 1840 · the mission's contribution to the auxiliary levy. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc p.413 / scan n523, Doc 1288.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1288",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n523"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Tiburcio Tapia, 18 May 1840 · aid to the two vecino pursuit parties under Ignacio Palomares; prisoners released to make up a third party. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.414–415 / scan n523–n524, Doc 1289.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1289",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n523"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Tiburcio Tapia, 18 May 1840 (2 docs) · Palomares's party routed; a relief force ordered out. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.416–419 / scan n524, Doc 1290.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1290",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n524"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Ignacio Alvarado (Rancho San José), 18 May 1840 (2 docs) · stragglers from the routed party; the raiders beaten at the matancera and the caballada recovered. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.420–424 / scan n525, Doc 1291.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1291",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n525"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Tiburcio Tapia, 23 May 1840 · the 10-man advance guard and the pursuit party's armament return. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.426–429 / scan n525–n526, Doc 1292.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1292",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n525"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Ignacio Palomares (San Bernardino) to the Juez de Paz, 19 May 1840 · his combat report after the rout. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.430–432 / scan n526, Doc 1293.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1293",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n526"
    },
    {
     "citation": "José Antonio Carrillo & Juan Gallardo (Cañada de la Brea) to the Prefecto del 2º Distrito, 22 May 1840, headed 'Ladrones americanos'. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.449–452 / scan n530–n531, Doc 1305.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1305",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n530"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Juan Bautista Leandri to the Prefecto, 20 May 1840 · joins Palomares, reunites 26 men, moves to hold the Puerta del Cajón. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.453–456 / scan n531–n532, Doc 1306.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1306",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n531"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Juan Bautista Leandri to the Prefecto interino del 2º Distrito, 19 May 1840 · express from Rancho San José relaying Palomares's counter-attack. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.458–460 / scan n532, Doc 1307.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1307",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n532"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Juan Bautista Leandri, May 1840 (3 docs, incl. the campaign report of 30 May) · the agua de Ramón surprise. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.461–469 / scan n533–n534, Doc 1308.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1308",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n533"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Felipe Lugo to the Prefecto, 9 Jun 1840 · transcribes José Antonio Carrillo's campaign parte (23–28 May). Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.492–498 / scan n539–n540, Doc 1321.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1321",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n539"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Juan Bautista Leandri, 30 Jun 1840 · bail bond for the prisoners taken on the campaign, closing the dossier. Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 34), doc pp.532–533 / scan n547, Doc 1336.",
     "ca_record": "ca34-d1336",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_16/page/n547"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV (1840–1845), San Francisco: The History Company, 1886, pp.76–77 and nn.72–74; cross-referenced at vol. III, p.682.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [
    "Chaguanoso (mixed raiding bands)"
   ],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Pin at Cajon Pass, the campaign's hinge; 'agua de Ramón' itself is unlocated (secondary lit puts the fight at Resting Springs; the partes' 'Ramón' is a datum to weigh vs Bancroft IV:77, not to harmonize). DISCREPANCIES, flagged not reconciled. (1) Dead stock: Leandri's parte (d1308) says 'como 1500 bestias muertas'; Carrillo's parte as transcribed by Lugo (d1321) says 'como 500 reses muertas de hambre y sed'. The feature's '~1,500 driven to death' follows Leandri only. (2) Force size: d1292 gives 13 men, d1305 gives '15 good men' with 225 horses, from the same equipment list. (3) Bancroft IV:76–77 is thin and partly contradicts the manuscripts: he pins the great 1840 theft to SAN LUIS OBISPO in April (1,200 horses) and says the pursuers 'thought it imprudent to risk a conflict'; the C-A 34 E29 dossier documents the San Gabriel theft of 14 May and a real engagement at the agua de Ramón. His fn.74 ('Dept. St. Pap., Ang., MS., iv. 88–92, 97–100') resolves into this same C-A 34 neighbourhood (docs 1304–1309).",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-113-plaza-firefight-alvarado-civil-war",
   "register_no": "113",
   "name": "Plaza firefight (Alvarado civil war)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1838",
    "display": "1838",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.42,
    -119.7
   ],
   "coord_precision": "conjectural",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Californio-vs-Californio action of the 1838 civil war (the Alvarado–Carrillo contest for the governorship): per José Castro's abstracted report, a 160-man force garrisoning 'la plaza' abandoned it by night after a 2-day continuous firefight with only 1 dead, pursued by cavalry; two bronze cannon at the Castillo were transferred to José Estrada.",
   "result": "Garrison abandoned 'la plaza' after a 2-day firefight",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "José Castro to Gov. Juan B. Alvarado, San Buenaventura · battle report of the two-day action ('la plaza' abandoned by night, one man killed, pursuit by mounted infantry and lancers). Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 29), Departmental State Papers, tomo IV, orig. pp.419–425 / Savage pp.188–189 / scan n185–n186, Doc 228. Savage's verbatim copy.",
     "ca_record": "ca29-d228",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_11_3/page/n186"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Savage's abstract cluster of the 1838 Alvarado civil war (Castro's 'la plaza' report; political prisoners freed at San Fernando; two bronze cannon at the Castillo transferred to José Estrada; deserters Simplicio Valdez and Domingo Hernández). Dep. St. Pap., Monterey (C-A 43), tomo XLI / scan n420, Doc 810.",
     "ca_record": "ca43-d810",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036067_81_5/page/n420"
    },
    {
     "citation": "José Castro to Alvarado, San Buenaventura, May 1838 · asks clemency for the prisoners taken in 'la gloriosa acción' (Ignacio Alvarado, Teodosio Yorba and others). Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 29), tomo IV, orig. pp.426–427 / Savage pp.191–192 / scan n188–n189, Doc 229.",
     "ca_record": "ca29-d229",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_11_3/page/n188",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "1838 Alvarado–Carrillo civil-war campaign dossier (Castro congratulated on the toma de San Buenaventura; powder and 4,000 cartridges; Alvarado to Carlos A. Carrillo naming Pablo de la Portilla and Castañeda). Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 29), tomo IV, orig. pp.435–449 / Savage pp.198–204 / scan n195–n201, Doc 230. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III (1825–1840), San Francisco: The History Company, 1886, pp.552–554 ('Battle of San Buenaventura') and nn.87–90.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "'La plaza' is not named on the leaf; probably Santa Bárbara or a southern plaza. Conjectural pin; transcribe the parte before locating or quoting. IDENTIFICATION: 'la plaza' is SAN BUENAVENTURA. Bancroft III:552–553 quotes Castro's report almost word for word; 'after two days of continuous firing, and with the loss of only one man killed on our side, the whole force of 110 men which defended this place has fled on foot under cover of night', pursuit by mounted infantry under Capt. Villa and lancers under Capt. Cota. So the feature can be titled the Battle of San Buenaventura, 27–28 Mar 1838. TWO DISCREPANCIES, not reconciled. (1) Garrison size: the C-A 43 abstract says 160 men; the C-A 29 verbatim copy and Bancroft both say ~110. (2) DATE: ca29-d228 is catalogued 1838-05-28, but Bancroft dates Castro's report 28 March 1838 and the battle 27–28 March. One of the two is a month out; this needs a leaf re-read of C-A 29 n185 before the map states a date.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-114-ibarra-s-punitive-battle-at-santa-isabel-veinte",
   "register_no": "114",
   "name": "Ibarra's punitive battle at Santa Isabel ('veinte pares de orejas')",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1826",
    "display": "1826",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.11,
    -116.67
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "frontera",
   "summary": "A punitive action against ~100 or more hostile Indians, routed 4 leguas to San Felipe with Kumeyaay/Cahuilla auxiliaries; 28 killed, '20 pares de orejas' cut from the dead as proof, plus a prisoner summarily executed.",
   "result": "Spanish-Mexican punitive victory; 28 killed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Juan Ma. Ibarra to the Comandante General, Santa Isabel, 5 Apr. 1826. Dep. St. Pap., Benicia, Pref. y Juzg. (BANC MSS C-A 42), tomo iii, orig. pp. 683-684 / Savage 81-83, scan n312-n314, Doc 914 (Expanded Entry 26).",
     "ca_record": "ca42-d914",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036068_81_4/page/n312"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III: 1825-1840 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 109 and n.68.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "San Diego, Libro de Mision, MS., 96 (mission register, Mission San Diego de Alcala), cited in Bancroft, History of California, III:109 n.68.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [
    "Kumeyaay",
    "Cahuilla"
   ],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Abstract; transcribe the parte before quoting the orejas line. Bancroft III:109 states Ibarra had TWO fights at/near Santa Isabel in April 1826, sending 18 pairs of ears in one and 20 in the other, and that three Mazatlan-squadron soldiers had been murdered just before (probable provocation). Only the 20-pair report (ca42-d914) is in the C-A database; I searched 'orejas', 'pares de orejas', 'Santa Isabel Ibarra' across all 63 volumes and found no second report; recorded as a null. Bancroft's footnote also cites 'Dept. St. Pap., MS., i. 136-7' and 'S. Diego, Lib. Mision, MS., 96'. The DSP i.136-7 interval resolves only to ca27-d43/d44 (1824-25 Chumash-revolt and Romero-expedition items); subject mismatch, so no link emitted. The San Diego libro de mision is a mission register, not C-A.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-115-jose-castro-s-120-man-northern-expedition-contra",
   "register_no": "115",
   "name": "José Castro's 120-man northern expedition 'contra los bárbaros'",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1839-05",
    "display": "May 1839",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.6,
    -121.4
   ],
   "coord_precision": "conjectural",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "A late-Mexican state campaign against interior raiders; 120 men under Castro 'contra los bárbaros que invaden los puntos del norte.'",
   "result": "State campaign (outcome not recorded in the abstract)",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Tiburcio Tapia, interim Prefect, Los Angeles, to the ayuntamiento/Secretaria, 25-31 May 1839. Dep. St. Pap., Benicia, Pref. y Juzg. (BANC MSS C-A 42), tomo v, orig. pp. 73-85 / Savage v.6, scan n422, Doc 1228.",
     "ca_record": "ca42-d1228",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036068_81_4/page/n422"
    },
    {
     "citation": "T. Tapia (Los Angeles) and Cosme Pena (Monterey) to the Governor, 24-31 July 1839. Dep. St. Pap., Benicia, Pref. y Juzg. (BANC MSS C-A 42), tomo v, orig. pp. 466-475 / Savage v.29, scan n445, Doc 1251. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. IV: 1840-1845 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 75 and n.67.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, 'Documentos para la Historia de California', MS., vi. 114-19, 491; vii. 74-6, 146-9, 234, 330 (BANC MSS C-B), cited in Bancroft, History of California, IV:75 n.67.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "'Los puntos del norte' unlocated; conjectural pin on the northern frontier. Bancroft IV:75 n.67 cites 'Id., Ben, Pref. y Juzg., iii. 3; v. 6' for this campaign. The 'v. 6' is exactly ca42-d1228 (tomo v, Savage page v.6); an independent confirmation of the existing link. The other half, 'iii. 3', resolves to ca42-d642 (Guerrero, 'Disembarking of passengers', SF); a clear subject mismatch, so no link emitted for it. Discrepancy to flag: the Savage abstract puts the 120-man force under Coronel Jose Castro in MAY 1839, while Bancroft dates the force's actual departure to JUNE 1839 and puts it in the field under captains Buelna and Estrada, not Castro personally. The two are compatible (Castro ordered it, subordinates led it) but the map's date should stand as the date of the order.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-116-the-gavilan-hawk-s-peak-standoff",
   "register_no": "116",
   "name": "The Gavilán (Hawk's Peak) standoff",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-03",
    "display": "Mar 1846",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.76,
    -121.505
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Frémont fortifies Gavilán Peak and raises the US flag; Castro musters the militia at San Juan; Frémont withdraws north by night without an engagement; the armed face-off that preceded the conquest by three months, with the prefecture's intelligence file (the Guerrero/neophyte-Antonio reports on the '200 armed foreigners').",
   "result": "Standoff; Frémont withdrew without an engagement",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Manuel Castro, Prefect, Monterey, to the Governor, 14 Mar. 1846, 'Sobre movimientos de Fremont'. Dep. St. Pap., Benicia, Pref. y Juzg. (BANC MSS C-A 42), tomo ii, orig. pp. 441-443 / Savage 139-141, scan n139-n140, Doc 363.",
     "ca_record": "ca42-d363",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036068_81_4/page/n138"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Manuel Castro, Prefect, Monterey, to the Governor, 11 May 1846. Dep. St. Pap., Benicia, Pref. y Juzg. (BANC MSS C-A 42), tomo ii, orig. pp. 438-440 / Savage 137-139, scan n136-n139, Doc 362 (Expanded Entry 22).",
     "ca_record": "ca42-d362",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036068_81_4/page/n136",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Francisco Guerrero, Sub-Prefect, Yerba Buena, to Prefect Manuel Castro, 6 May 1846. Dep. St. Pap., Benicia, Pref. y Juzg. (BANC MSS C-A 42), tomo ii, orig. pp. 435-437 / Savage 136, scan n135, Doc 361 (Expanded Entry 22).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036068_81_4/page/n135"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Jose Castro, comandante general, San Juan Bautista, proclamation on the Fremont invasion, 13 Mar. 1846. Dep. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 31), tomo vii, orig. p. 179 / Savage 43, scan n43, Doc 78.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d78",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n43"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Jose Castro, San Juan Bautista, proclama on the invasion of the Territory by Fremont's forces, 13 Mar. 1846. Dep. St. Pap., Los Angeles (Decrees & Despatches) (BANC MSS C-A 36), vol. IX / Savage 148, scan n147, Doc 111.",
     "ca_record": "ca36-d111",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_18/page/n147"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Jose Castro to Pio Pico, 15 Mar. 1846, 'Fremont en el Rio de San Joaquin'. Dep. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 31), tomo vii, Doc 82.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d82",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n49"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Acta of the junta militar, Monterey, 11 Apr. 1846. Dep. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 31), tomo vii, orig. pp. 194-197 / Savage 50-51, scan n50-n51, Doc 83.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d83",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n50"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Jose Castro, Monterey, to Pio Pico, 14 Apr. 1846. Dep. St. Pap. (BANC MSS C-A 31), tomo vii, orig. pp. 419-421 / Savage 115-116, scan n120-n121, Doc 192.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d192",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n120"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Comandante Jose Castro, bando on the Fremont invasion, San Juan Bautista, [13 Mar.?] 1846. Dep. St. Pap., San Jose (BANC MSS C-A 45), tomo IV+, orig. p. 175, scan n214, Doc 62.",
     "ca_record": "ca45-d62",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036066_81_7/page/n214",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 9-20 (ch. I, 'Operations of Fremont and Gillespie'), esp. 16-20 and nn.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The existing single link under-served the citation: it named three documents and delivered one, and the one it delivered was the May intelligence report rather than Castro's 14 March report of the standoff itself. Six further C-A records on this episode were found by content search and are added. Discrepancy to flag: ca45-d62's abstract dates Castro's San Juan Bautista bando on the Fremont invasion to 13 MAY 1846, but the identically-described proclamation survives twice elsewhere (ca31-d78, ca36-d111) dated 13 MARCH 1846, and Bancroft V:19 reproduces 'Castro's proclamation of March 13th'. The May date in the ca45-d62 abstract is very likely a mis-transcription of March; I have not resolved it against the leaf, so that entry is marked probable.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-117-the-rancho-san-francisco-killing-of-18-indios-la",
   "register_no": "117",
   "name": "The Rancho San Francisco killing of 18 'indios ladrones'",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-03",
    "display": "1846",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.44,
    -118.62
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Twenty-one armed Indians were disarmed 'mañosamente,' revolted with stones and knives, and were shot; 18 dead, 2 wounded, 1 escaped: the anti-raiding apparatus at its most lethal, weeks before the conquest.",
   "result": "18 Indians killed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Jose A. Sepulveda, Los Angeles, to Governor Pio Pico, 26 Mar. 1846, 'Muerte de indios ladrones'. Dep. St. Pap., Benicia, Pref. y Juzg. (BANC MSS C-A 42), tomo iv, orig. pp. 546-550 / Savage 62, scan n412, Doc 1219.",
     "ca_record": "ca42-d1219",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036068_81_4/page/n412"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Causa / parte militar on Jose Salazar's Indian expedition and skirmish, Los Angeles, 26 Mar. 1846. Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (BANC MSS C-A 39), tomo II (Miscellaneous), orig. pp. 945-965 / Savage 432-435, scan n433-n436, Doc 152.",
     "ca_record": "ca39-d152",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036071_80_20/page/n433"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 624 n. (Los Angeles local annals, 1846).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "District-court abstract; verify vs leaf before quoting. A SECOND, INDEPENDENT and fuller record of the same event was found and is added: ca39-d152, a verbatim causa/parte militar of the same date. Discrepancy between the two, not reconciled: ca42-d1219 (Sepulveda's summary to Pico) says 21 Indians, 18 dead, 2 wounded, 1 escaped unharmed; ca39-d152 (the military proceeding) says 18 indios killed, 1 taken prisoner, and reads the '2 heridos' as wounds on SALAZAR's side, with a 12-man force and 20 bows and 20 quivers confiscated. The map's date is given as '1846' with year confidence; both records date the report 26 March 1846, so the date can be tightened. Bancroft's footnote treats the affair in one sentence: '18 Ind. were killed at S. Francisco rancho, having revolted after being captured.'"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-118-san-pedro-martir-indian-revolt-dominican-frontie",
   "register_no": "118",
   "name": "San Pedro Mártir Indian revolt (Dominican frontier)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1796-09",
    "display": "Sep 1796–Aug 1797",
    "confidence": "range"
   },
   "coords": [
    30.85,
    -115.47
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "revolt",
   "layer": "frontera",
   "summary": "Mission Indians revolt ('el alboroto'); the officer blamed for causing it is imprisoned at San Vicente on Borica's approval; rebels are seized and prosecuted via sumaria (Bernal spends 24 days at the mission); the investigation runs into 1797 (declarations of the indio José Manuel, later freed); the mission's interpreter is killed by mid-1797.",
   "result": "Revolt suppressed judicially; the blamed officer imprisoned",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Borica to Arrillaga, Monterey, 3-25 Sept. 1796. Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo v-vii, orig. pp. 665-668 / Savage 266, scan n265, Doc 308.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d308",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n265"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Borica to Arrillaga and to Ildefonso Bernal, Monterey, 25-29 Sept. 1796. Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo v-vii, orig. pp. 668-673 / Savage 267, scan n266, Doc 309.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d309",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n266"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Borica to the Comandante de la Frontera, Monterey, 24 Apr. 1797. Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo v-vii, orig. pp. 695-697 / Savage 279, scan n278, Doc 321.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d321",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n278"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Borica, Monterey, 28 June - 10 Aug. 1797. Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo v-vii, orig. pp. 710-713 / Savage 286, scan n286, Doc 328.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d328",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n286"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Borica, Monterey, 6-7 June 1797. Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo v-vii, orig. pp. 702-705 / Savage 283, scan n283, Doc 325.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d325",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n283"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Borica to Ildefonso Bernal and to Arrillaga, Monterey, 31 Aug. 1796. Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo v-vii, orig. pp. 658-660 / Savage 263, scan n262, Doc 305.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d305",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n265"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 23), tomo iii-iv, 4 Sept. 1796, orig. pp. 678-679 / Savage 271, scan n272, Doc 722: 'Sobre fuga de Indios cimarrones de Mision de S.n Pedro Martir y lo q.e acontecio despues.'",
     "ca_record": "ca23-d722",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_5_2/page/n272"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 23), tomo iii-iv, 10 Sept. 1797, orig. pp. 680-682 / Savage 271, scan n272-n273, Doc 725: 'Declaraciones a Indios fugitivos de S.n Pedro Martir.'",
     "ca_record": "ca23-d725",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_5_2/page/n272"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "A revolt + judicial-military response arc, not a field battle. NEW FINDING: the revolt has a second, previously unlinked strand in Provincial Records tomo III-IV (C-A 23); ca23-d722 and ca23-d725; which supplies the motive the C-A 24 abstracts never state: fugitive neophytes Jose Manuel, Jacinto and Pablo sought the gentile capitanejo Huitelacague's help 'a asesinar a los Padres de aquella Mision y quemarla'; he refused. That names the same Jose Manuel of ca24-d321/d325. Separately, ca23-d723 (retirement of Tte. Francisco Roa) matches ca24-d308's 'Teniente vacancy from Roca's retirement'; he is plausibly the officer blamed, but NO record says so: my inference, not documented. Bancroft's History of California does not cover this episode (zero hits for San Pedro Martir in vol. 1; his Baja Dominican coverage sits in other series, not consulted).",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-119-rio-colorado-engagement-atacar-la-fuerza-con-la",
   "register_no": "119",
   "name": "Río Colorado engagement ('atacar la fuerza con la fuerza')",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1796-11-17",
    "display": "reported 17 Nov 1796",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.5,
    -114.8
   ],
   "coord_precision": "conjectural",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "frontera",
   "summary": "The commander, met with insults from 'una colonia numerosa' of Indians on all sides in bad terrain, 'se vió precisado á atacar la fuerza con la fuerza.' Losses: Spanish, a mule and 7–8 horses; Indian, 7 gandules killed. Reported to the Viceroy as proof the Sonora communication could not be secured without real garrisons; the Viceroy later reviewed a printed account of the engagement.",
   "result": "Spanish column fought through; 7 Indians killed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Borica to Arrillaga, Monterey, 17 Nov. 1796. Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo v-vii, orig. p. 697 / Savage 271, scan n270, Doc 313.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d313",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n270"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Borica to the Comandante of Loreto and to Arrillaga, Monterey, 1 Sept. - 13 Oct. 1797. Provincial Records (BANC MSS C-A 24), tomo v-vii, orig. pp. 717-720 / Savage 289, scan n289, Doc 331.",
     "ca_record": "ca24-d331",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n289"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Sobre facil comunicacion con Nuevo Mexico', 14 Feb. 1798. Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 10), tomo XVII, orig. pp. 18-19 / Savage 10 (stamp 9), scan n9, Doc 16.",
     "ca_record": "ca10-d16",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_12/page/n9",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Remision de un Diario', 28 Jan. 1797. Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 9), tomo XVI / Savage 478, scan n127-n128, Doc 209. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 8), tomo XIV-XV, 13 May 1797, orig. p. 767 / Savage 440, scan n440, Doc 406.",
     "ca_record": "ca8-d406",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_10/page/n440",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Recibo de una Cotejacion', 6 Oct. 1797. Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 9), tomo XVI / Savage 269-270, scan n96, Doc 151. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Sobre comunicacion con la Sonora', 26 Oct. 1797. Provincial State Papers (BANC MSS C-A 9), tomo XVI / Savage 510-513, scan n137-n141, Doc 231. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Site unlocated; conjectural pin near the lower Colorado. Abstract; transcribe before quoting. IDENTIFICATION GAINED: ca24-d313 never names the commander ('the commander... se vio precisado a atacar la fuerza con la fuerza'). ca10-d16 (14 Feb. 1798) names him: the Fiscal de Real Hacienda acts 'en vista de lo ocurrido a Arrillaga con los indios de las inmediaciones del Rio Colorado con motivo del reconocimiento qe hizo de sus margenes'. The engagement therefore belongs to Jose Joaquin de Arrillaga's 1796 Colorado reconnaissance for the Sonora/New Mexico overland route; documented, not inferred. The feature's clause about the Viceroy reviewing 'a printed account of the engagement' is attested at ca24-d331. Bancroft's History of California does not narrate this action (no relevant hits in vol. 1). The expedition's own diary is a separate C-A item, ca8-d148, but its abstract does not mention the fight, so it is not emitted as an attestation.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-120-punitive-battle-near-san-juan-bautista-death-of",
   "register_no": "120",
   "name": "Punitive battle near San Juan Bautista · death of captain 'Talholostl'[?]",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1798-11-21",
    "display": "21 Nov 1798",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.9,
    -121.5
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase2",
   "summary": "Gentiles 'de la otra banda' killed 5 Indians and 2 women of the mission rancherías; Borica sent Sgt. Macario Castro with 10 cuera soldiers, 8 Christian Indians, and 24 aggrieved gentiles; the column caught the malefactors, killed the enemy captain 'Talholostl'[?], recovered 2 women, and captured 2; a mixed Spanish–Native punitive force whose gentile allies were the majority.",
   "result": "Punitive column killed the enemy captain",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. I: 1542-1800 (San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Co., 1884), 558-559.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. Rec. (C-A 24), tomo VI, orig. pp. 443-444 / Savage stamp 430-431 = tomo pp. 106-107, scan leaves n431-n432 - Borica al Virrey, Monterrey, 21 Nov. 1798, 'Pelea con Indios'. NO ITEM-LEVEL CATALOG RECORD EXISTS FOR THIS DOCUMENT.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036074_80_6_2/page/n431"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The indigenous name is uncertain on the leaf; verbatim transcription needed. CATALOGUE GAP (span defect), reported honestly: leaves n431-n433 return 0 records from q.py leaf. They sit inside the over-declared span of ca24-d842 (scan n430-440, Savage 429-439), but d842 is Borica to Viceroy Azanza, 30 Oct 1798, 'Sobre medios para impedir el deterioro de la Indiada neofita' - a different letter; ca24-d843 resumes at n434 (Savage 433 = tomo p.109). The Pelea con Indios entry therefore has NO record and cannot be linked to a doc_id. Recommend cutting an item record at n431-n432. FACTUAL DISCREPANCIES against the map text, from my own reading of the leaves: (1) the manuscript reads 'los gentiles de la Sierra habian muerto a 6 Indios y 2 mugeres de las rancherias immediatas a la mision' - SIX Indians and two women, not five; Bancroft's 'eight rancheria Indians' is 6+2. (2) The chief's name is written 'Tatilloste' in Savage's hand (Bancroft prints 'Tatillosti'); the map's 'Talholostl' is not supported by the leaf. (3) The band is named on n432 as 'esta rancheria de malhechores llamados Osos'. (4) The two recovered women are said to be of the tribe 'Ausaimes'. (5) One soldier was wounded by an arrow whose flint lodged in him. (6) The two captured gentiles were to be kept at the mission 'pa. ensenarles el espanol y pa. emplearlos de guias y interpretes'. (7) The entry closes 'p.p. 443-4', i.e. original Prov. Rec. tomo VI pp. 443-444.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-121-the-jacum-battle-capitanejo-charagui-defeats-the",
   "register_no": "121",
   "name": "The Jacum battle · capitanejo Charagui defeats the San Diego column",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1837-05",
    "display": "May 1837",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.617,
    -116.19
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "frontera",
   "summary": "Twenty-five soldados and 50 gentiles auxiliares struck Jacum; 'el capitanejo Charagui… cargó con toda su gente y rodeando nuestras tropas nos las hicieron retirar, hiriéndonos á 9 soldados y 17 indios de los auxiliares… quedó el campo pr los enemigos.' The raiders had already run off the Misión San Diego caballada. Embedded in Zamorano's extermination-rhetoric letter; aftermath, Alvarado ordered all aid to Capt. Portilla for the pursuit (Aug 1837).",
   "result": "Indigenous victory; the field held by Charagui's force",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 37), Official Correspondence, orig. pp. 420-424 / Savage 86-89, scan n87-n90, Doc 188 - Zamorano to the Ayuntamiento, San Diego, 29 May 1837: the Jacum battle and the extermination letter.",
     "ca_record": "ca37-d188",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_19/page/n87"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Angeles (C-A 37), Official Correspondence, orig. pp. 433-434 / Savage 92, scan n93, Doc 193 - Alvarado to the Alcalde, Santa Barbara, 3 Aug. 1837: all aid to Capt. Pablo de la Portilla for the pursuit.",
     "ca_record": "ca37-d193",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036072_80_19/page/n93",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Charagui's people are named only as gentiles of the Jacum region in the abstract. Bancroft's History of California has no account of this engagement: grep for 'Jacum' and 'Charagui' across both OCR copies of vol. III returns nothing. The C-A record is therefore the only narrative source, which raises this feature's value as a finding aid. Related but NOT linked (different event, 42 years earlier, same ranasheria): ca24-d570, Borica al Virrey, 1795, 'Sobre Indios de Jacom, S.n Diego' - alferez Pablo Grijalva's party to the Ranchería de Jacom.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-diego-de-alcala",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Diego de Alcalá",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.7844,
    -117.1064
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1769. First mission.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-presidio-of-san-diego",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Presidio of San Diego",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.7573,
    -117.1966
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "presidio",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1769. Punta de Guijarros battery.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "fort"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-juan-capistrano",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Juan Capistrano",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.5017,
    -117.6628
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1776.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-santa-barbara",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission Santa Bárbara",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.4373,
    -119.7143
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1786. Presidio 1782.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-fernando",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Fernando",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.2733,
    -118.462
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1797.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-gabriel",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Gabriel",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.0967,
    -118.1067
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1771.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-luis-obispo",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Luis Obispo",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    35.2828,
    -120.6596
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1772.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-miguel",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Miguel",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    35.7553,
    -120.6962
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1797.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-la-purisima-concepcion",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission La Purísima Concepción",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.6724,
    -120.4239
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1787.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-santa-ines",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission Santa Inés",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.5964,
    -120.137
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1804.",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [
    "reference"
   ],
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   "name": "Mission San Juan Bautista",
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   "coords": [
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  {
   "id": "ref-mission-santa-cruz",
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   "coords": [
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   "summary": "1791.",
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   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-santa-clara",
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   "name": "Mission Santa Clara",
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   "coords": [
    37.3496,
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   "type": "mission",
   "layer": "missionLayer",
   "summary": "1777.",
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    "reference"
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   "symbol": "mission"
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  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-jose",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San José",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
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   "coords": [
    37.5293,
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   "coord_precision": "exact",
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   "summary": "1797.",
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   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "mission"
  },
  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-francisco-de-asis-dolores",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Francisco de Asís (Dolores)",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
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   "coords": [
    37.7644,
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  },
  {
   "id": "ref-presidio-of-san-francisco",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Presidio of San Francisco",
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   "coords": [
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  {
   "id": "ref-presidio-of-monterey",
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   "symbol": "fort"
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  {
   "id": "ref-presidio-of-santa-barbara",
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   "coords": [
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   "coord_precision": "exact",
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   "symbol": "fort"
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  {
   "id": "ref-mission-san-rafael",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Mission San Rafael",
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    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
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   "summary": "1817. Site selected by Moraga.",
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   "id": "ref-fort-ross-russian",
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   "coords": [
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   "summary": "1812. Russian-American Company.",
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   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "ross",
   "symbol_major": true
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   "id": "label-san-diego",
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   "name": "San Diego",
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  {
   "id": "label-los-angeles",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Los Angeles",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
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   "coords": [
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   "symbol": "pueblo"
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  {
   "id": "label-santa-barbara",
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   "id": "label-monterey",
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   "id": "label-san-jose",
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   "name": "San José",
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   "id": "label-san-francisco",
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   "id": "label-stockton",
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   "id": "label-sacramento",
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   "name": "Sacramento",
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   "id": "label-fresno",
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   "id": "label-bakersfield",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Bakersfield",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
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   "coords": [
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   "symbol": "pueblo"
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   "id": "label-visalia",
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   "name": "Visalia",
   "date": {
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    "display": "",
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   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "pueblo"
  },
  {
   "id": "label-modesto",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Modesto",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
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   "coords": [
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   "coord_precision": "exact",
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   "symbol": "pueblo"
  },
  {
   "id": "label-slo",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "SLO",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
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   "coords": [
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   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "pueblo"
  },
  {
   "id": "label-bodega-bay",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Bodega Bay",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
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    -123.0386
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   "coord_precision": "exact",
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   "layer": "modernLayer",
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   "symbol": "pueblo"
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  {
   "id": "label-fort-ross",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Fort Ross",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
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    -123.2442
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   "notes": ""
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  {
   "id": "label-carquinez-strait",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Carquinez Strait",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
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   "coords": [
    38.04,
    -122.153
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   "coord_precision": "exact",
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   "summary": "",
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   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "pueblo"
  },
  {
   "id": "label-porterville",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Porterville",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
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    -119.0166
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   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "settlement",
   "layer": "modernLayer",
   "summary": "",
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   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "pueblo"
  },
  {
   "id": "label-yuma-colorado-r",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Yuma/Colorado R.",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    32.726,
    -114.6293
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   "coord_precision": "exact",
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   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "pueblo"
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  {
   "id": "label-santa-catalina-baja",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Santa Catalina (Baja)",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    31.6606,
    -115.8211
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   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "settlement",
   "layer": "modernLayer",
   "summary": "",
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   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "pueblo"
  },
  {
   "id": "label-refugio",
   "register_no": null,
   "name": "Refugio",
   "date": {
    "iso": null,
    "display": "",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.47,
    -120.07
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "type": "settlement",
   "layer": "modernLayer",
   "summary": "",
   "result": "",
   "quote": null,
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    "reference"
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "symbol": "pueblo"
  },
  {
   "id": "pesquisa-domingo-fachicu-1788",
   "register_no": "122",
   "name": "The \"Pesquisa del neófito Domingo\" Firefight",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1788-01-31",
    "display": "January 31, 1788",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
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    -119.72
   ],
   "coord_precision": "conjectural",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "phase1",
   "summary": "Sgt. Pablo Antonio Cota and 12 men rode into the sierra behind Mission Santa Bárbara to extract the fugitive neophyte Domingo (a runaway of over a year who, per his ministers, \"hace robos y muertes en dicha Gentilidad\"). Though interpreters were sent ahead to keep them calm, the gentiles loosed arrows and wounded 3 of the party; the soldiers returned fire, leaving 3 gentiles dead and more than 8 wounded. Domingo escaped; a gentile who had accompanied him was taken prisoner. An early ex-neophyte-turned-raider case, decades before secularization.",
   "result": "3 gentiles killed, 8+ wounded, 3 soldiers wounded; Domingo escaped",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 4), tomo VII-VIII, orig. pp. 374-376 / Savage 308, scan n308, Doc 410 - Goycoechea to Fages, Santa Barbara, 31 Jan. 1788, 'Pesquisa del neofito Domingo'.",
     "ca_record": "ca4-d410",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_6_2/page/n308"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 4), tomo VII-VIII, orig. p. 392 / Savage 314 [stamp] / 129 [hand], scan n314-n315, Doc 424 - Goycoechea to Fages, Santa Barbara, 3 Apr. 1788, 'Libertad de un Indio': the gentile brought in by Sgt. Cota is freed and paid.",
     "ca_record": "ca4-d424",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_6_2/page/n314"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 4), tomo VII-VIII, orig. pp. 392-395 / Savage 315, scan n315, Doc 425 - Goycoechea to Fages, Santa Barbara, 3 and 16 Apr. 1788 (3 docs): (a) conclusion of the neofito-Domingo pesquisa. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [
    "gentiles of the Santa Bárbara sierra"
   ],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Location CONJECTURAL; the ranchería name Bancroft/Savage read as \"Fachicú\" and its exact site are uncertain on the leaf. The record's page range (orig. pp.374-376) and leaf (n308) in the existing citation were right; only the doc number was wrong, which is the classic symptom of a citation built from leaf arithmetic rather than the record id.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "san-rafael-gentile-attack-1832",
   "register_no": "123",
   "name": "Gentile Attack on Mission San Rafael & the Piña Expedition",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1832",
    "display": "1832",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.9735,
    -122.5312
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Mission San Rafael; its founding padre Amorós dead 14 July 1832, its population collapsing (~970 to ~300) and baptisms crashing (155 to 15); was attacked by gentiles; a punitive expedition was sent out under Lázaro Piña. Most likely the \"spring 1832 San Rafael revolt\" the Russians at Fort Ross heard of from fugitive-Indian informants.",
   "result": null,
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III: 1825-1840 (San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Co., 1885), 716 n.18 (San Rafael, Summary of events, 1832).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Vallejo, 'Documentos para la Historia de California', MS., i. 307 - Bancroft Library, BANC MSS C-B 1 et seq. (the Vallejo Documentos collection), NOT the Archives of California.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California record found for the 1832 gentile attack on Mission San Rafael or the Pina expedition.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [
    "Coast Miwok (gentiles)"
   ],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "1832 date and Piña command per Bancroft; the underlying Vallejo Documentos i.307 leaf is not yet read; treat the year as attested but not leaf-verified. Bancroft's entire authority for this feature is one line and one manuscript citation, and that manuscript is NOT in the Archives of California. I could find no C-A record of the attack or of the Pina expedition. Searches run: 'San Rafael gentiles ataque expedicion' (year 1832), 'San Rafael mision indios' (1832), 'Lazaro Pina' (all volumes). The only Lazaro Pina hit is ca20-d513 (Cabo Lazaro Pina, artillery detachment pay return, 2 Nov 1831, C-A 20) - it establishes that Lazaro Pina was the artillery corporal on the San Francisco side at the right date, but it says nothing about San Rafael and I am NOT linking it. DISCREPANCY to flag: the map summary's identification with 'the spring 1832 San Rafael revolt the Russians at Fort Ross heard of' is not in Bancroft, who gives no month; and Bancroft's own p.716 statistics note calls the 970-to-300 population collapse 'extremely unreliable... more likely there is an error in the figures', so the demographic framing in the map summary should not be presented as fact. Separately, the Pina of Bancroft III:111-113 (the 1829 Estanislao campaign) is Joaquin Pina, not Lazaro - do not conflate them.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "bodega-mobilization-toribio-1833",
   "register_no": "124",
   "name": "The Bodega Mobilization under Toribio",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1833-04",
    "display": "April 1833",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.34,
    -123.0
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "standoff",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "About 200 armed Indians; gentiles plus Christian fugitives from Mission San Rafael; massed at Bodega under Toribio (Pixpix-uccux), \"armed and ready to die\" rather than be seized, hosted by the Bodega chief Gualinela. Kostromitinov, the RAC manager at Fort Ross, asked Vallejo to help round up the retreating Ross Indians; Vallejo declined and pacified through Gualinela. It worked; Toribio came in peacefully seven months later.",
   "result": "Defused; Toribio submitted peacefully later in 1833",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "St. Pap., Missions and Colonization (C-A 53), tomo II, orig. pp. 215-234 / Savage 98-112, scan n97-n111, Doc 45 - Alferez Mariano G. Vallejo to the Comandante General (Figueroa), San Francisco, 5 May 1833, 'Informe reservado sobre el Establecimiento de Ross'.",
     "ca_record": "ca53-d45",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_15/page/n97",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "St. Pap., Missions and Colonization (C-A 53), tomo II, orig. pp. 302-306 (Sav. p.462+) / Savage 214-220, scan n212-n218, Doc 115 - Jose Figueroa (Monterey) to the Ministro de Guerra y Marina, 12 Apr. 1833: founding of the strong detachment at Mission San Rafael and the Bodega/Russian rationale.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_81_15/page/n212"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [
    "Coast Miwok (Bodega — Gualinela)",
    "San Rafael fugitives"
   ],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Location approximate; the Bodega gathering ground, not a fixed engagement site. Two discrepancies I am NOT reconciling silently. (1) NAME: the map calls the Bodega chief 'Gualinela'; the C-A 53 record reads the Bodega capitanejo as 'Guchactac' (43 people, guarding the Russian factories). These may be the same man under different readings, or two different men; the catalog itself flags this document's paleography as rough and its figures as scale-2 abstracts pending verbatim transcription. Do not print either name as settled. (2) NAME: Toribio (Pixpix-uccux) does not appear in the catalog summary of ca53-d45 at all; the Indians 'resueltos a morir' are there, the leader's name is not. Toribio is named in Bancroft III:323 but only in the November 1833 Mercado episode, not in an April 1833 Bodega context. So the map's identification of the Bodega leader as Toribio rests on the underlying Vallejo report text, which has not been transcribed verbatim - treat it as unverified until the leaves are read. Also note the RAC manager at Ross in 1833 was Peter Kostromitinov, as the map says; the C-A record names only 'el Comandante' / Wrangel, so the Kostromitinov identification is an inference from the date, not from the document.",
   "symbol": "standoff"
  },
  {
   "id": "mercado-massacre-san-rafael-1833",
   "register_no": "125",
   "name": "The Mercado Massacre at San Rafael",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1833-11-20",
    "display": "November 20, 1833",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.9735,
    -122.5312
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "After a 16 Nov parley; 15 gentiles under Toribio came to talk at Figueroa's encouragement, and Padre Vázquez del Mercado seized them following an overnight robbery; on the morning of 20 Nov 1833 Mercado sent majordomo Molina with 37 armed neophytes against the strangers: 21 killed, many wounded, 20 men, women, and children captured; the mission party lost 5 wounded, 1 mortally. Figueroa, furious that the assurances he had given the Indians were violated, suspended Mercado and ordered him to trial; Vallejo freed the captives.",
   "result": "21 gentiles killed; Mercado suspended; Vallejo freed the captives",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. III: 1825-1840 (San Francisco: A. L. Bancroft & Co., 1885), 322-324 and note 43.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia (C-A 39), tomo II (Miscellaneous), orig. pp. 111-112 / Savage 130-131, scan n130-n131, Doc 18 - Jose Figueroa to Asesor Rafael Gomez, Monterey, 5 Dec. 1833, 'Asesinato de Indios'.",
     "ca_record": "ca39-d18",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036071_80_20/page/n130"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 28), tomo III, orig. iii.532-533 / Savage 137, scan n138, Doc 179 - M. G. Vallejo, San Rafael, 22 Dec. 1833, to the Padre Ministro of San Rafael: expulsion of mayordomo Jose Molina.",
     "ca_record": "ca28-d179",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_10/page/n138",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 28), tomo III, orig. iii.534-545 / Savage 138, scan n139, Doc 180 - M. G. Vallejo, San Francisco, 1 Jan. 1834, to Figueroa: San Rafael and its neighbourhood pacified.",
     "ca_record": "ca28-d180",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_10/page/n139"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [
    "Coast Miwok gentiles (rancherías incl. \"Pulia\"[?])"
   ],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "The ranchería name Bancroft reads as \"Pulia\" is unverified against the leaf. Bancroft's footnote 43 (III:324) lists the manuscript basis: 'Mercado, Expediente de papeles tocantes a la matanza de Indios hecha por orden del P. Ministro de S. Rafael, 1833, MS., in Monterey, Arch., i. 34-7; Vallejo, Doc., MS., ii. 100; xxxi. 58; Arch. Arzob., MS., v. pt ii. 3; Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 197-8; Id., Ben., ii. 9-10'. Two of those are nominally C-A series (Dept. St. Pap. tomo iii = C-A 28; Dept. St. Pap. Benicia tomo ii = C-A 39) but NEITHER resolves to a Mercado document: q.py banc 'Dept. St. Pap., MS., iii. 197-8' returns ca28-d84, Figueroa's July-1832 index of correspondence (orig. iii.197-199), and q.py banc 'Dept. St. Pap., Ben., MS., ii. 9-10' returns ca39-d87/d88, 1839 Monterey customs circulars (orig. pp. 8-11). Both are page-arithmetic matches with the wrong subject, so I have NOT emitted them. The C-A links below were found by content, not by Bancroft's page numbers. Also noted but not linked: ca61-d8 / ca61-d11 (C-A 61, Legislative Records) carry Vazquez del Mercado material from 1835-36, and ca61-d11 orders his 'esposicion' joined 'to the causa it refers to' - the causa is not identified in the record, so I will not assert it is the massacre causa. DATE: the map's 20 Nov. 1833 and the casualty figures (21 killed, 20 captured, 5 wounded on the mission side, one mortally) agree exactly with Bancroft III:323-324.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-126-seizure-of-sonoma",
   "register_no": "126",
   "name": "Seizure of Sonoma (Bear Flag)",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-06-14",
    "display": "June 14, 1846",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.2919,
    -122.458
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Bear Flag insurgents seize Sonoma at dawn, taking M.G. Vallejo, Salvador Vallejo, Prudon, and Leese prisoner with all of Vallejo's caballada. Bloodless opening of the revolt.",
   "result": "Sonoma taken; prisoners to Sutter's Fort",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), ch. v, 'Bear Flag Revolt - Taking of Sonoma', pp. 110-121 (the capitulations, the dispute over the prisoners, and their removal to the Sacramento at pp. 114-116).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VII:96 / Savage 28, scan n28, Doc 42 - Francisco Guerrero, subprefect of the 2nd district, Yerba Buena, 17 June 1846, 'Invasion de Sonoma'.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d42",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n28"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VII:234 / Savage 59-60, scan n59-n60, Doc 99 - Comandante general Jose Castro, bando militar, Santa Clara, 16 June 1846.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d99",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n59"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VII:236-239 / Savage ~62, scan n62-n65, Doc 101 - Comandante general Jose Castro, proclamation to the citizens, Santa Clara, 18 June 1846.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d101",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n62"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VII:100-101 / Savage 29, scan n29, Doc 44 - Moreno to Stearns, Santa Barbara, 23 June 1846, relaying the Contra Costa juez de paz (San Leandro, 15 June; Monterey, 17 June).",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d44",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n29"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VII:29-31 / Savage 10, scan n10, Doc 16 - Manuel Castro to Gov. Pico, 'en marcha a Sonoma', 25 June 1846.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d16",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n10"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap., Benicia, Prefecturas y Juzgados (C-A 42), tomo I-VI, orig. ii.402-404 / Savage 129-130, scan n128-n129, Doc 345 - S. Arguello to the Governor, Los Angeles, 2 July 1846.",
     "ca_record": "ca42-d345",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036068_81_4/page/n128"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Bancroft's own manuscript authorities for the seizure are all NON-C-A Bancroft Library collections - Bear Flag Papers, MS., 19-20, 60-1 (given him by Vallejo); Vallejo, Doc., MS., xii. 226; Leese, Bear Flag Statement, MS., 6-12; Ide, Biog. Sketch - so no additional C-A link can be extracted from his footnotes. Everything below was found by content search of the Californio side of the record."
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-127-fight-at-olompali",
   "register_no": "127",
   "name": "Fight at Olómpali",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-06-24",
    "display": "June 24, 1846 (forenoon)",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    38.1526,
    -122.5714
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Ford's 'Bears' surprise Joaquín de la Torre's ~50 men (joined by Padilla's company) at breakfast at Camilo's rancho, midway San Rafael–Petaluma. First real fight of the revolt; one Californian killed.",
   "result": "Torre defeated, withdraws",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 164-168 ('Ford and Torre'; the fight at Olompali, 24 June 1846).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VII:250-254 / Savage 67-68, scan n70-n71, Doc 106 - Comandante general Jose Castro to Gov. Pio Pico, Santa Clara, 1 July 1846 (cited by Bancroft as Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 67-8).",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d106",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n70"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "BEST FIND OF THIS BATCH: Bancroft cites this very document. At History of California V:167 n.18 (the running note on the crossing) he writes 'June 30th, Gen. Castro to Pico. Back at Sta Clara; and reports Torre's retreat and that of the other divisions (as explained in my text). A council of war has decided to send Manuel Castro as a comisionado to the gov... Blotter in Castro, Doc., MS., ii. 131. Same document, dated July 1st. Dept. St. Pap., MS., vii. 67-8.' Dept. St. Pap. vii. 67-8 is ca31-d106, whose Savage pages are exactly 67-68 - Bancroft was citing the Savage transcript's own pagination. Every other authority Bancroft uses for Olompali is non-C-A: Ford, Bear Flag, MS., 18-22; Baldridge, Days of '46, MS., 58-71; Larkin's Doc., MS., iv. 192, 202; Larkin, Off. Corresp., MS., i. 125; Ramon Carrillo's deposition in Hayes' Scrap-books; Luis German, Sucesos, MS., 18-24; Osio; Vallejo, Hist. Cal., MS., v. 129-33; the Honolulu Friend and the Monterey Californian. DISCREPANCY: the map says 'one Californian killed' - Bancroft's text gives Alferez Manuel Cantua killed and Agaton Ruiz badly wounded, while Larkin's 4 July letter names three casualties (Cantua, Ruiz, Isidoro) and Ramon Carrillo's deposition says 'one man killed and two wounded'. One killed is defensible but the count is contested in the sources.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-128-killing-haro-berreyesa",
   "register_no": "128",
   "name": "Killing of the de Haro twins & Berreyesa",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-06-28",
    "display": "June 28, 1846",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.945,
    -122.489
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Francisco and Ramón de Haro (twins, ~20) and José de los Reyes Berreyesa, unarmed, shot at ~50 yards on Frémont's order ('I have no room for prisoners') after landing from San Pablo and walking toward Mission San Rafael.",
   "result": "Three noncombatants killed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 171-173 ('A Murder by Fremont').",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California record found for the killing of the de Haro twins and Jose de los Reyes Berreyesa, 28 June 1846.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Pin between the San Quentin landing point and the mission; exact spot unrecorded. NULL RESULT, recorded deliberately so this feature is not re-queued. Bancroft's authorities at V:171-173 n.5 are all non-C-A: Fremont's letter to Benton in Niles' Register lxxi. 191; Benton, Id. 174; Gillespie, Fremont's Cal. Claims, 28; Jasper O'Farrell in the Los Angeles Star, 27 Sept. 1866 (the eye-witness for 'I have no room for prisoners'); J. S. Berreyesa's letter in the same paper; Leidesdorff to Larkin, 30 June, in Larkin's Doc., MS., iv. 189; Rico, Mem., MS., 19-23; Ide, Biog. Sketch, 190; Bidwell; Hargrave; Fowler, Bear Party, MS., 5; Martin, Narr., MS., 29; Chas Brown, Early Events, MS., 25-6. None is an Archives of California document. Content searches of the database ('de Haro hermanos muertos San Rafael estranjeros' restricted to 1846; 'asesinato Berreyesa Haro Fremont'; 'San Rafael estranjeros mataron tres' restricted to 1846) returned nothing on subject - the top hits were the Berreyesa land expedientes ca61-d259 / ca61-d260 and unrelated 1846 correspondence, and I have linked none of them. The likeliest explanation is that the Californio civil archive north of the bay had already collapsed: as Bancroft notes at V:239, subprefect Guerrero and comandante Sanchez had absented themselves and receptor Pinto had gone to join Castro, carrying his office archives off with him."
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-129-capture-of-monterey",
   "register_no": "129",
   "name": "Capture of Monterey",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-07-07",
    "display": "July 7, 1846",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.6032,
    -121.8933
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Sloat's squadron lands and raises the U.S. flag at the Custom House without resistance. The archive's own record: the landing general order bound into C-A 31, and the closing line 'Los Americanos han tomado á Monterrey.'",
   "result": "Capital taken bloodlessly",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), ch. ix, 'Conquest by the U.S. - Sloat's Rule', 230-232 ('Taking of Monterey').",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VII:261-262 / Savage 70-71, scan n73-n75, Doc 109 - John D. Sloat, commander U.S. naval forces in the Pacific, aboard the Savannah, 7 July 1846: landing orders to the squadron (in English), bound into the Californio archive.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d109",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n73"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VII:133-134 / Savage 34, scan n34, Doc 58 - Moreno to Stearns, San Luis Obispo, 11 July 1846, 'Toma de Monterrey - defensa de los Angeles - archivos'.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d58",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n34"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VIII:476-477 / Savage 138, scan n273, Doc 394 - David Alexander, San Pedro, 17 July 1846: the American squadron took Monterey by landing.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d394",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n273"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VIII:495 / Savage 146, scan n282, Doc 403 - Ignacio Coronel to his son Antonio Coronel, 1846: 'Los Americanos han tomado a Monterrey' - the volume's closing line.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d403",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n282"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Archives of California, Miscellaneous / Unbound Documents (C-A 63), Savage 211, scan n211-n213, Doc 313 - Acta de fidelidad al Gobierno Mexicano, Aduana Maritima de Monterey, 13 July 1846 (Pablo de la Guerra presiding; W. E. P. Hartnell and the guardas).",
     "ca_record": "ca63-d313",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_82_05/page/n212"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Bancroft's ch. ix pages for the capture are 230-232. Sloat's summons of 7 July was delivered to the old artillery captain Mariano Silva, who replied that he had no authority to surrender and that there were no troops, arms or public property - which is why there is no Californio act of surrender in the archive to link to. The C-A holdings on this event are therefore of two kinds: the American landing order that Savage found bound into the Californio archive (ca31-d109), and the Californio reaction (ca31-d58, ca31-d112, ca31-d394, ca31-d403, ca63-d313). Note ca31-d109's record carries a published-record correction: its original page is VII:261-262, not the 281-2 given in an earlier publication."
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-130-capture-yerba-buena",
   "register_no": "130",
   "name": "Capture of Yerba Buena",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-07-09",
    "display": "July 9, 1846",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.7952,
    -122.4046
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Montgomery lands from the Portsmouth and raises the flag on the plaza (now Portsmouth Square) without resistance.",
   "result": "Port taken bloodlessly",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 238-239 ('The Stars and Stripes at San Francisco'), citing Montgomery's report to Sloat of the occupation of San Francisco, 9 July 1846, U.S. Govt Doc., 29th Cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc. no. 4, pp. 649-50.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dep. St. Pap. (C-A 31), tomo VII-VIII, orig. VII:266-269 / Savage 73-74, scan n77-n79, Doc 112 - Comandante general Jose Castro to Gov. Pio Pico, Los Ojitos, 11 July 1846, 'Incita a oposicion'.",
     "ca_record": "ca31-d112",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_13_2/page/n77",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California record found for Montgomery's landing and the raising of the flag at Yerba Buena, 9 July 1846.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "There is a documentary reason for the gap, and it is worth putting on the map. Bancroft, V:239: 'Not only was there no opposition, but there was not in town a single Mexican official from whom to demand a surrender. Sub-prefect Guerrero and Comandante Sanchez had absented themselves; Port-captain Ridley was a prisoner at Sutter's Fort; and Receptor Pinto had more than a week before gone to join Castro, first disposing of the custom-house flag... and the archives of his office' - which Pinto later gave to Bancroft as the two-volume 'Documentos para la Historia de California. Coleccion del Sr Don Rafael Pinto' (a separate Bancroft Library collection, not C-A). So the Yerba Buena office archive that would have recorded the event was physically removed before it happened. Bancroft's own source is printed and American: Montgomery's report to Sloat of the occupation of San Francisco, 9 July 1846, in U.S. Govt Doc., 29th Cong. 2d sess., H. Ex. Doc. 4, pp. 649-50. Content searches run against the database: 'Yerba Buena bandera americana Montgomery' and 'San Francisco ocupado fuerzas americanas julio 1846' - no record of the landing or flag-raising."
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-131-gillespie-capitulation",
   "register_no": "131",
   "name": "Gillespie's capitulation at Los Angeles",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-09-29/30",
    "display": "Sept 29–30, 1846",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.0573,
    -118.2387
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Flores's rising forces Gillespie's small garrison to capitulate and evacuate to San Pedro, reversing the first occupation of the south.",
   "result": "Americans expelled from Los Angeles",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), 314-315 ('Los Angeles Retaken by the Californians') and notes 26-27.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California record found for Gillespie's capitulation at Los Angeles, 29-30 Sept. 1846.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "NULL RESULT, recorded deliberately, and the null is itself the historical point: Bancroft, V:315, 'The terms of the capitulation, however, if they were put in writing at all, are not extant', and on the date, 'Gillespie says he marched to S. Pedro on Sept. 29th; Wilson thinks it was on the 28th; and several Californians make it the 30th. I find no document to settle it.' The map's 'Sept 29-30' is therefore correctly hedged. Bancroft's whole apparatus for the Flores revolt (V:311-315) is Californio and American dictation and correspondence, none of it C-A: Coronel, Cosas de Cal., MS., 80-107; Lugo, Vida de un Ranchero, MS.; Rico, Mem., MS., 25-35; Botello, Anales, MS.; Wilson's Observations, MS., 66-91; Forster's Pioneer Data, MS., 35-43; Vejar, Recuerdos, MS.; Michael White, Cal., MS.; Ord, Ocurrencias, MS., 184-5; Osio, Hist. Cal., MS., 480-5; Larkin, Off. Corresp., MS., ii. 89; Fitch, Doc., MS., 402; Manuel Castro to Pio Pico in Doc. Hist. Cal., MS., iii. 292. Content searches run: 'Gillespie capitulacion Angeles'; 'Flores pronunciamiento Angeles americanos septiembre' restricted to 1846; 'recuperacion de Los Angeles tropas americanas evacuar San Pedro'; 'Varela pronunciamiento 1846 Angeles guarnicion americana'; 'guerra Estados Unidos Angeles octubre' restricted to C-A 63 and 1846. Nothing on subject. The nearest C-A document from the resulting Flores government is ca63-d486, the Assembly's mission-mortgage war-loan decree of 30 Oct. 1846 - a month later and about finance, so I have NOT linked it."
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-132-fight-at-chino",
   "register_no": "132",
   "name": "Fight at Chino Rancho",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-09-26/27",
    "display": "Sept 26–27, 1846",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.977,
    -117.689
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Californians under Varela/Carrillo besiege and burn Isaac Williams's rancho house, capturing ~24 Anglo-American riflemen (the 'Chino prisoners'). One Californian killed.",
   "result": "Americans captured",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), pp. 311-314 ('was fought at the Chino rancho of Isaac Williams, about twenty-five miles east of Los Angeles, on September 26th-27th'; Carlos Ballesteros killed by a rifle-ball; Varela's promise of protection accepted).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Benjamin D. Wilson, 'Observations on Early Days in California', MS. (Bancroft Library dictation), 66-91 · Bancroft's principal source: 'Wilson's Observations, MS., is the most detailed and complete narration of the whole affair.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "José del Carmen Lugo, 'Vida de un Ranchero', MS. (Bancroft Library dictation), 32-67 (esp. 34 ff.) · Lugo claims to have arrived at Chino first and to have been joined by Varela late in the night; Bancroft: 'which was probably true.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Stephen C. Foster, 'Los Angeles in 1847-49', MS. (Bancroft Library dictation), 25 ff.; Michael White, 'California All the Way Back to 1828', MS., 27-35; Francisco Palomares, 'Memorias', MS., 68-76 · the three supplementary participant/near-participant accounts of the assault and the sparing of the prisoners.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California manuscript attests the fight at Chino.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "PAGE CORRECTION: Bancroft's account of the Chino fight runs pp. 311-314, not 311-313. The sentence begins on p.311 ('The first \"battle\" of this rebellion - or the second if we count Varela's demonstration against Gillespie -') and the surrender and march to Los Angeles occupy p.314. CROSS-FEATURE FINDING (applies to reg-132 through reg-140): I read Bancroft V continuously across the whole conquest narrative (the Flores revolt through Cahuenga, ch. xii-xiv, roughly pp. 305-408) and grepped that whole span for citations to any Archives of California series (Dept./Prov. St. Pap., Leg. Rec., Prov. Rec., Unb. Doc., 'Arch., MS.'). There is not one. Bancroft worked the conquest entirely from Bancroft-Library dictations, private document collections, and printed government reports. Independently, the C-A catalogue itself holds only TEN records dated between Aug 1846 and Jan 1847 across all 63 volumes, and none of them is military. That is the structural reason these nine features cannot be linked to C-A, and it is a real finding rather than a search failure.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-133-dominguez-rancho",
   "register_no": "133",
   "name": "Battle of Dominguez Rancho",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-10-08",
    "display": "October 8, 1846",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.8592,
    -118.2253
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Mervine's ~350 sailors and marines, marching on Los Angeles without artillery, occupy the Dominguez rancho buildings overnight (7th), then are repulsed on the morning of the 8th by Carrillo's horsemen with the 'old woman's gun' pedrero fired by Ignacio Aguilar and dragged off by reatas to reload; ~4-6 Americans killed.",
   "result": "Mervine repulsed to San Pedro",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), pp. 318-320 ('Mervine's Defeat'; the gun 'fired by Ignacio Aguilar, and was immediately dragged away by reatas attached to the horsemen's saddles, to be reloaded at a safe distance').",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "José Antonio Carrillo, 'Accion de San Pedro contra los Americanos, 8 de Octubre 1846', MS. · the original official Californian report of the battle, dated at San Pedro 8 Oct. 1846; also printed in El Sonorense, 8 Jan. 1847.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Agustín Janssens, 'Documentos para la Historia de California', MS., 18-20 · Flores's congratulatory proclamation announcing the victory at San Pedro (and, at 45-6, the Flores order-book generally: 'among his papers are found many of Flores' orders not elsewhere extant').",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California manuscript attests the battle of Dominguez Rancho.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Bancroft's page span is 318-320 (running heads: 'MERVINE'S DEFEAT. 319' and '320 REVOLT OF FLORES IN THE SOUTH'), with the narrative beginning at the foot of p.318; the existing citation's 319-321 is off by roughly a page. Also note that Bancroft's casualty figure is unsettled: Stockton said four killed, Cutts and most repetitions six killed and six wounded, Carrillo's own official report seven slain, Flores's report twelve, Gillespie thirteen. The map's '~4-6 Americans killed' sits at the low end of that range and is defensible but should not be stated as settled. The critical structural fact for this feature is Bancroft V:320: 'Archives of the Flores regime have for the most part disappeared; but enough remain in my collection from private sources to show the purport of the general's measures.' The surviving Flores paper is in Janssens's private papers, not in the C-A series.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-134-natividad",
   "register_no": "134",
   "name": "Battle of Natividad",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-11-16",
    "display": "Nov 16, 1846",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    36.7288,
    -121.5919
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Castro's/Manuel Castro's Californians fight Burroughs's and Thompson's volunteers near Natividad rancho, Salinas plain; Burroughs and Foster killed, ~5–7 dead total. The only pitched fight of the war in the north.",
   "result": "Drawn; Californians withdraw south",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), pp. 367-372, ch. xiii ('Foster Killed - Battle of Natividad - Death of Burroughs').",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "José Antonio Alviso, 'Campaña de la Natividad', MS. (Bancroft Library dictation) · the son of the owner of the Natividad rancho, who claims to have first told Castro the Americans were at San Juan.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "José Castro's contemporary report of the action, in [José] Fernández, 'Documentos', MS., 53 · 'In a report of the time, Castro claimed to have killed 21 of the enemy.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California manuscript attests the battle of Natividad.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "Bancroft's page span is 367-372 ('the Americans lost at Natividad four or five men killed' is on p.371; the chapter running head 'NATIVIDAD AND SANTA CLARA' covers 367-383). The map's casualty figure '~5-7 dead total' is within Bancroft's reported range but the testimony is irreconcilable and should be flagged rather than harmonised: American losses are given as 4 or 5 killed (Bancroft), Californian losses as 3 killed and 5 wounded (Castro's own report), 3 killed and 4 wounded (Vallejo), 4 killed and 4 wounded (Rico), 2 killed (Mrs Ord). Manuel Castro meanwhile claimed in a contemporary report to have killed 21 of the enemy, and Flores in December reported 11 Americans killed. Do not silently average these.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-135-san-pascual",
   "register_no": "135",
   "name": "Battle of San Pascual",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-12-06",
    "display": "Dec 6, 1846",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.0903,
    -116.9887
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Andrés Pico's lancers maul Kearny's dragoons in the San Pasqual valley at dawn; ~21 Americans killed including three officers; the bloodiest action of the war in California.",
   "result": "Californio tactical victory",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), pp. 342-347, ch. xiii ('The battle of San Pascual, the most famous and deadly in Californian history'; casualty roll and the lance wounds at n.27).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Capt. Andrés Pico's report of 6 Dec. 1846, received by Flores at 4 a.m. on 7 Dec. and communicated by him to subordinates, in Agustín Janssens, 'Documentos', MS., 45-6 · the victory won 'without other casualty on our side than 11 wounded, none seriously, since the action was decided por arma blanca.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dr John S. Griffin, 'Documents' / 'Papers', MS., 4-5 (original blotter of his quarterly report of 31 Dec. 1846) and 22 (letter of 14 Feb. 1847) · the assistant surgeon's own casualty returns, which Bancroft calls 'the best authority.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California manuscript attests the battle of San Pascual.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "CASUALTY DISCREPANCY, flagged not reconciled: the map says '~21 Americans killed'. Bancroft V:346 states eighteen killed in the fight, nineteen wounded of whom three fatally, and one missing. Counting the three who died of wounds (Hammond 6 Dec., Sgt Cox 10 Dec. at San Bernardo, Kennedy 21 Dec. at San Diego) plus the missing McLaffray gives 22; counting the fatally wounded but not the missing gives 21. The figure 21 is therefore defensible but is a derived total, not Bancroft's own number, and Bancroft records competing counts (Kearny 18 killed/15 wounded; Emory 18/13; House Ex. Doc. 17 killed/16 wounded; Griffin's original blotter 17/18). Andrés Pico's own report claims eleven wounded and no dead on the Californian side. The map's date (6 Dec. 1846) is not in dispute.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-136-pauma-massacre",
   "register_no": "136",
   "name": "Pauma massacre",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1846-12",
    "display": "December 1846",
    "confidence": "month"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.3064,
    -116.993
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Garra's band of Cahuillas and fugitive ex-neophytes of San Luis Rey kill eleven Californios who had retired to Pauma rancho to avoid service for or against Flores; instigated by William Marshall, later hanged for it.",
   "result": "11 Californios killed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), pp. 567-568 (the massacre of eleven men at Pauma rancho, Garra's Cahuillas and San Luis Rey fugitives, Marshall's instigation) and p. 617 (San Diego local annals: the roll of victims and the four competing explanations).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "José Antonio Estudillo, 'Datos Históricos sobre California', MS., 45-6 · says the San Pascual Indians tried to save the victims but arrived too late.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Juan Machado [Alipás de Wrightington], 'Tiempos Pasados de la Alta California', MS., 37-42; Julio César, 'Cosas de Indios de California', MS., 11-14 (a Luiseño account); José del Carmen Lugo, 'Vida de un Ranchero', MS., 51-63 (the January 1847 Ahuanga counter-campaign) · the three Californio and Indian narratives of the massacre and its reprisal.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California manuscript attests the Pauma massacre.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [
    "Cahuilla",
    "Luiseño"
   ],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "COUNT DISCREPANCY, flagged not reconciled: Bancroft gives the number twice and inconsistently. At V:567 he writes 'the massacre of eleven men at Pauma rancho in December' (the map follows this); in his San Diego local annals at V:617 he names the victims and lists ELEVEN names plus 'a New Mexican not named'; i.e. twelve; and in the body of that annals passage he writes 'the massacre of a dozen Californians.' The named victims are Sgt Francisco Basualdo, José M. Alvarado, Manuel Serrano, Ramón Aguilar, Domínguez (known as Dominguito), an old man [unnamed], Santiago Osuna, José López, Santos Alipás, Eustaquio Ruiz, Juan de la Cruz, and an unnamed New Mexican. Bancroft also records four competing explanations of the killing and says 'there is much mystery about this affair'; including a theory, which he rejects, that there was no massacre at all and the men died at San Pascual. The map's attribution of instigation to William Marshall follows Bancroft, but Bancroft's own word is 'doubtless', an inference, and Marshall was hanged in 1852 after the Garra revolt, not immediately for Pauma.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-137-santa-clara",
   "register_no": "137",
   "name": "Battle of Santa Clara ('the Mustard Stalks')",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1847-01-02",
    "display": "Jan 2, 1847",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    37.36,
    -121.96
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Marston's marines and volunteers meet Francisco Sánchez's insurgents in the mustard fields near Mission Santa Clara; light casualties, followed by armistice ending the war in the north.",
   "result": "Sánchez treats; war ends in the north",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), pp. 380-383, ch. xiii (the 'battle of Santa Clara'; the mustard growth at the creek crossing; the flag of truce that evening and the surrender of Sánchez on 8 January).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Henry Marshall, 'Statement', MS., 3-4 · the participant account Bancroft judges to narrate the affair 'briefly but with tolerable accuracy'; cf. Miguel Flores, 'Recuerdos', MS., 16-21, and Secundino Robles, 'Relación', MS., 19-25 (which Bancroft rejects as fiction).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "William A. Richardson to Henry D. Fitch, 9 Jan. 1847, in Fitch, 'Documents for the History of California', MS., 411 · reports Bartlett's capture and the departure of Marston's force.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California manuscript attests the battle of Santa Clara.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "SUBSTANTIVE CAUTION for the map text: the feature summary calls this a battle with 'light casualties'. Bancroft's finding is considerably more deflationary and should not be smoothed over; he concludes that Sánchez's men 'came for a few minutes within gunshot, and slightly wounded two of the Americans' and that 'no Californian was hurt', that Sánchez 'had no intention of risking a fight', and that the received accounts of a several-hour engagement with four or five Californians killed are inflations traceable to the Monterey Californian of 6 Feb. 1847 and to Charles Weber's self-serving 1880 reminiscence. Bancroft flatly calls Secundino Robles's detailed narrative 'pure fiction from beginning to end.' The map's 'light casualties' is compatible with Bancroft but 'two Americans slightly wounded, no Californian hurt' is what he actually establishes. Also: the armistice was agreed the evening of 2 Jan.; the surrender was concluded on 8 Jan. 1847, not on the 2nd.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-138-rio-san-gabriel",
   "register_no": "138",
   "name": "Passage of the Río San Gabriel",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1847-01-08",
    "display": "Jan 8, 1847",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    33.99218,
    -118.11139
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Stockton and Kearny force the river crossing against Flores's artillery and lancers ('Yankees at the crossing'); Californians withdraw toward the Mesa.",
   "result": "American advance continues",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), pp. 392-394, ch. xiv (the passage of the Río San Gabriel, 8 January 1847; Emory's account of the charge on the left flank and the formation of squares).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Benjamin D. Wilson, 'Observations on Early Days in California', MS., 92 ff., and Juan Bautista Moreno, 'Vida', MS., 31-3 (Moreno commanded one of the charging companies and was seriously wounded) · the two closest Californian eyewitness manuscripts to the crossing.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "California Historical Landmark No. 385, Battle of Río San Gabriel.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California manuscript attests the passage of the Río San Gabriel.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "CHL No. 385 marker (NE cor. Washington Blvd & Bluff Rd, Montebello); battle at the river ford across present Whittier/Pico Rivera/Montebello. ⚠ NAME TRAP, documented so it is not repeated. The pre-computed candidate list offers ca31-d125 ('arranged transport of the mission's artillery pieces') and ca31-d203 ('reports the San Gabriel cannons are inservibles'), both 22 June 1846. These concern the ordnance of MISSION San Gabriel during Pico's June 1846 defensive scramble, six and a half months before, and have nothing to do with the January 1847 forcing of the Río San Gabriel crossing. They match on the place-name only and must not be linked. ca35-d1179 (Sept. 1847, custody of the San Gabriel mission buildings) is the same trap. I did not verify the CHL marker number (No. 385) independently; it is carried through from the existing citation.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-139-la-mesa",
   "register_no": "139",
   "name": "Battle of La Mesa",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1847-01-09",
    "display": "Jan 9, 1847",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.00495,
    -118.23075
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "battle",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Final action: Flores's last attack on the American square on the plain south of Los Angeles fails; the pueblo reoccupied next day.",
   "result": "Last Californio field action fails",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), pp. 395-397, ch. xiv ('About 4 o'clock the Californians retired, and the \"battle of the Mesa\" was at an end'; the flag of truce brought next morning by Célis, Ávila and Workman; the reoccupation of the pueblo at noon on 10 January).",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "A scrap in the handwriting of José Castro, in 'Documentos para la Historia de California', MS., i. 523: 'Mr Flores on this occasion hid himself in a little thicket of alders, and this was the only occasion when he saw the enemy.'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dr Eversfield's casualty report in Griffin's 'Papers', MS., 18-19; Antonio F. Coronel, 'Cosas de California', MS., 80-107; Narciso Botello, 'Anales del Sur de la California', MS., 141 ff.; and Salvador Vallejo / Ávila, 'Notas Históricas', MS., 34 ff. · the surgeon's return and the three fullest Californian narratives.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "California Historical Landmark No. 167, Battle of La Mesa.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "No Archives of California manuscript attests the battle of La Mesa.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "CHL No. 167 marker (4490 Exchange Ave at Downey Rd, Vernon). CASUALTY NOTE, flagged: for the two days together (San Gabriel 8 Jan. and La Mesa 9 Jan.) Bancroft settles on three Americans killed and twelve wounded, against Stockton's own claim of three killed and fourteen wounded; the Californians lost three killed across both fights - Ignacio Sepúlveda, Francisco Rubio, and a Yaqui known as 'El Guaymeño' - with Capt. Juan B. Moreno and Alférez Ramírez the only named wounded. Stockton reported Californian losses 'between 70 and 80'; the printed Life of Stockton says over 70 killed and 150 wounded. Bancroft treats the American reports of enemy loss as worthless. The map's 'last Californio field action fails' is sound. I did not verify CHL No. 167 independently.",
   "symbol": "swords"
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-140-cahuenga-capitulation",
   "register_no": "140",
   "name": "Capitulation of Cahuenga",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1847-01-13",
    "display": "Jan 13, 1847",
    "confidence": "exact"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.1394,
    -118.3614
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "conquest",
   "summary": "Andrés Pico surrenders to Frémont at the Campo de Cahuenga; generous terms end organized resistance in California.",
   "result": "War in California ends",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Hubert Howe Bancroft, History of California, vol. V: 1846-1848 (San Francisco: The History Company, 1886), pp. 404-405, ch. xiv ('next morning, January 13th, it received the signatures of the respective commandants, Frémont and Pico'), with the seven articles and the additional article transcribed in full at n.20.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Articles of capitulation made and entered into at the ranch of Couenga this 13th day of Jan., A.D. 1847', original seven articles with autograph signatures, in [José Antonio] Carrillo (D.), 'Documentos para la Historia de California', MS., 113-16 · in J. A. Carrillo's own hand, with the signatures to the additional article copied by him; a second copy from the original, including all articles, in Agustín Olvera, 'Documentos para la Historia de California', MS., 76.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Russell's receipt from Andrés Pico of 2 pieces of artillery with 6 charges of grape and 6 muskets, 16 Jan. 1847, in Olvera, 'Documentos', MS., 76-7; and the 18 Jan. Angeles blotter of six further articles proposed by Carrillo and Olvera under art. 7 of the treaty, in Olvera, 'Documentos', MS., 79-81.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. State Papers, Miscellaneous / Unbound Documents (C-A 63), Savage p. 133 / scan n133–n134, Doc 236 · J. C. Frémont, Governor of California, to Juan Bautista Alvarado, Los Angeles, 26 February 1847: full pardon 'in the intention of contributing to the tranquillity of the territory by the return of its citizens to their families and homes… for any acts committed during the present hostilities against the Govt of the U.S.', with free passage and entire security of property and person.",
     "ca_record": "ca63-d236",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/bancarchca_82_05/page/n133"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠⚠ THE LOUDEST TRAP IN THIS BATCH. Five of the six pre-computed content candidates (ca36-d88, ca49-d1189, ca30-d230, ca30-d502, ca37-d310) are records of a CAHUENGA CAPITULATION; but of February 1845, the convention between Micheltorena and Castro that ended the Micheltorena war and expelled him from California. That is a different treaty, a different war, and a different pair of signatories, two years before Andrés Pico met Frémont. ca37-d310 is even headed 'CONVENCIÓN CELEBRADA ENTRE MICHELTORENA Y CASTRO'. Any of these linked to the January 1847 capitulation would be a serious, plausible-looking error. All five rejected. Note also that the Cahuenga articles are dated 13 Jan. 1847 but the additional article cancelling paroles and releasing all prisoners is dated at Los Angeles 16 Jan. 1847; the map's single date of 13 January is right for the treaty proper."
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-141-corsairs-at-loreto",
   "register_no": "141",
   "name": "Corsair squadron at Loreto",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1799",
    "display": "1799",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    26.0115,
    -111.3486
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Three English frigates (22–24 guns, 60–116 crew) anchor in the surgidero of Loreto; the capital itself; seizing a balandra, later ransomed for sugar, chocolate, and a church bell (~$8,000 losses). 'No dejan buque sin d[etener].'",
   "result": "Capital raided; shipping seized",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi. 68–9 / scan n17, Doc 17 · Arrillaga to the Viceroy, 16 June 1799: three frigates anchored in the surgidero of Loreto, the capital itself; they left behind the captured balandra; intelligence that the ships carry 22–24 cannon and 60–116 crew and that 'no dejan buque sin darle caza'; the Revolución under 'Juan Pivoré' expected.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d17",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n17",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi. 69–70 / scan n18–n19, Doc 18 · report of Bernardo Juárez Infantzón, 27 June 1799: ransom of the balandra seized on 21 May, paid in sugar, chocolate and one church bell; losses about $8,000; the English held her from the 10th to the 16th.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d18",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n18",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi. 70–2 / scan n19–n20, Doc 19 · Arrillaga to the Viceroy, 30 June 1799: 'la situación de la Península es muy triste, rodeada de buques ingleses, cuyos número no bajan de 4, y sin ningunos elementos de defensa'; the entire southern garrison is 8 soldiers, 1 cabo and 1 sargento; proposes a 50-man militia at 4 reales a day.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d19",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n19",
     "link_note": "link probable, not confirmed by the record itself"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "BOTH EXISTING LINKS ARE WRONG AND ARE CORRECTED HERE. They are off by exactly nine document numbers in each case (d8→d17, d9→d18), which suggests a systematic slip rather than two independent errors; worth checking whether neighbouring 1799 Baja features on this map carry the same offset. Substantively: every phrase in the map's feature summary; 'three English frigates (22–24 guns, 60–116 crew)', 'anchor in the surgidero of Loreto; the capital itself', 'seizing a balandra, later ransomed for sugar, chocolate, and a church bell (~$8,000 losses)', and the quoted 'No dejan buque sin d[etener]'; is drawn from ca14-d17 and ca14-d18, not from the linked records. Two small points on the map text: the manuscript's phrase is 'no dejan buque sin darle caza' ('they leave no vessel unchased'), so the map's bracketed expansion '[detener]' should read 'darle caza'; and the balandra was seized on 21 May 1799, six weeks before the June anchoring at Loreto, so 'seizing a balandra' at Loreto slightly compresses the sequence; Doc 17 says the frigates 'left behind' the already-captured balandra."
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-142-cabo-san-lucas",
   "register_no": "142",
   "name": "Executions at Cabo San Lucas",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1799",
    "display": "1799",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    22.881,
    -109.912
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "event",
   "layer": "maritime",
   "summary": "Four English corsairmen apprehended at Cabo San Lucas; the commander ordered three hanged. A Spanish brig on the Acapulco–San Blas run captured in the same campaign.",
   "result": "3 English hanged",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi. 73–6 / scan n21–n22, Doc 21 · Arrillaga to the Viceroy, Aug./Sept. 1799: the English fleet of four frigates departs; four Englishmen apprehended at Cabo San Lucas, the commander ordering three of them hanged; a Spanish brig on the Acapulco–San Blas run captured in the same campaign. [leaf-checked 2026-09-01: this document does not attest the engagement; link removed]",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d21",
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Prov. St. Pap. (C-A 14), tomo xxi. 76–83 / scan n22–n25, Doc 22 · the Viceroy to Arrillaga, Sept./Oct. 1799: orders that no refuge be given to English ships and that disembarkation be prevented; Hidalgo supplies 20 muskets plus 15 from the Sutil; the 50-man militia approved and armed with 26 muskets; by 18 October, 67 men including 4 cabos and 3 sargentos under Sgt. Javier Aguilar.",
     "ca_record": "ca14-d22",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036075_79_16_2/page/n22"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "THE EXISTING LINK IS WRONG AND IS CORRECTED HERE; again a nine-document offset (d12→d21), matching the pattern in reg-141, which strongly suggests a single systematic mis-keying across the 1799 Baja corsair features rather than isolated slips. Substantively the record confirms the map on both points: four Englishmen apprehended at Cabo San Lucas, three of them hanged by the commander's order, and a Spanish brig on the Acapulco–San Blas run taken in the same campaign. One precision: the map heads the feature '1799' and Doc 21 is dated August/September 1799 at month confidence, so a firmer date than 'Aug.–Sept. 1799' is not available from this record. The record does not name the commander who gave the hanging order, nor the four Englishmen; do not supply names from elsewhere without a source."
  },
  {
   "id": "reg-143-wilson-pursuit",
   "register_no": "143",
   "name": "Wilson's pursuit near San Bernardino",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1845",
    "display": "1845",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "coords": [
    34.0455,
    -117.226
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "type": "raid",
   "layer": "mexican",
   "summary": "Benjamin (Benito) Wilson with 200 mounted men pursues horse-raiding parties near San Bernardino; expedition diary filed, further campaign and remounts requested.",
   "result": "Pursuit; raiders not destroyed",
   "quote": null,
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Dept. State Papers (C-A 30), tomo vi. 153–5 / Savage pp. 168–9 / scan n170–n171, Doc 277 · 'Diario de la expedición contra los indios', June 1845 [San Bernardino]: Comandante Benjamin (Benito) Wilson with 200 mounted men pursues the horse-raiding Indians near San Bernardino; skirmish at Los Naranjos in which Capitán Bahajes is wounded; the capitanejos submit.",
     "ca_record": "ca30-d277",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_12/page/n170"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Dept. State Papers (C-A 30), tomo vi. 147+ / Savage pp. 167–8 / scan n169–n170, Doc 276 · Miguel Pedrorena (Jamul) to the Government, 1 July 1845: 'Sobre expedición contra indios ladrones' · forwards the expedition diary, requires a further expedition and a caballada; captains Juan María González and José Bahajes.",
     "ca_record": "ca30-d276",
     "ia_leaf_url": "https://archive.org/details/168036073_80_12/page/n169"
    }
   ],
   "native_groups": [],
   "tags": [],
   "notes": "⚠ DO NOT CONFUSE WITH THE 1846 EXPEDITION. The catalogue holds a second, later Wilson punitive expedition; ca31-d118, B. D. Wilson writing from Jurupa on 23 August 1846, 'Matanza de Indios', reporting his 22 August attack on a ranchería of the Amajaques. That is a different action, a year later, under a different government, and it must not be merged into this feature. DATE NOTE: ca30-d277 is dated to the month only (June 1845), so the feature's bare '1845' is correct and cannot honestly be sharpened from this record; the follow-up (d276) is 1 July 1845, which brackets the expedition as late June 1845. NUMBERS NOTE: '200 mounted men' comes straight from the manuscript abstract ('con 200 montados') and is Savage's summary of the diary's own claim, not an independent count. The map's 'raiders not destroyed' is a fair reading; the diary records a skirmish at Los Naranjos and the submission of the capitanejos, and d276 then asks for a further expedition, which implies the first did not settle the matter; but note the abstract also says Wilson 'somete á los capitanejos', so 'inconclusive' is a safer characterisation than 'failed'.",
   "symbol": "flame"
  }
 ],
 "symbol_min_zoom": 6,
 "symbol_key_title": "What the symbols mean",
 "symbol_key": [
  {
   "symbol": "swords",
   "label": "Battle or revolt",
   "color": "#7c1d1d"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "flame",
   "label": "Raid",
   "color": "#b8860b"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "standoff",
   "label": "Armed standoff · no battle",
   "color": "#555"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "earthwork",
   "label": "Defensive work / garrison measure",
   "color": "#555"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "mission",
   "label": "Mission (reference)",
   "color": "#6b6257"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "fort",
   "label": "Presidio (reference)",
   "color": "#6b6257"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "ross",
   "label": "Colony Ross (reference)",
   "color": "#6d3fa0"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "pueblo",
   "label": "Settlement (reference)",
   "color": "#6b6257"
  }
 ]
}