{
 "id": "lumber-ports",
 "title": "Lumber Ports of the California Coast",
 "subtitle": "Doghole chutes to deepwater harbors, c.1850–1940; with the railroads that fed them",
 "abstract": "Every documented lumber shipping point on the California coast, from chute-only dogholes where two-masted schooners moored under a cliff to the deepwater mills of Humboldt Bay; with the loading technology (trough chute, wire chute, pier), the operating companies, the cargo streams (sawn redwood, railroad ties, tanoak bark, split stuff, cordwood, Douglas fir, farm produce), the logging railroads that reached tidewater, and the lighthouses this deadly trade built. Pin size shows the four-tier port classification; filters cut by class, cargo, and company; era buttons snap the timeline to four editorial periods of the trade. The Sonoma-Mendocino core follows the NRHP Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape inventory (57 ports, draft 2021) with dates keyed to the U.S. Coast Pilot editions (1869, 1889, 1909); dates are circa and lag reality by their source's edition. Coordinates carry per-pin provenance (GNIS records, Coast Pilot verbal geometry, NRHP archaeology) and were validated against the inventory's own north-to-south ordering and Davidson's stated inter-port distances. COVERAGE IS ASYMMETRIC: no inventory of comparable rigor exists for Humboldt, Del Norte, or the coast south of the Golden Gate; those zones are assembled from county histories, NPS studies, and the Coast Pilots, and are necessarily less complete. Six documented ports have no confirmed location and are deliberately not pinned: Monroe, Devilbliss, the Unnamed Landing near Uncle Abe's, Uncle Abe's, Buster's, and Scott's (the last two may be one site). The sailing lumber fleet these ports loaded survives in exactly one vessel: the schooner C.A. Thayer (Bendixsen yard, Fairhaven, 1895; search 'thayer' to follow her thread), preserved at San Francisco's Hyde Street Pier. Full apparatus: see the Sources & Method page linked above the map.",
 "date_range": [
  1834,
  1945
 ],
 "center": [
  39.3,
  -123.0
 ],
 "zoom": 7,
 "cite_key": "lumberports",
 "last_updated": "2026-09-13",
 "hover_labels": true,
 "layers": [
  {
   "id": "class-chute",
   "label": "Chute-only dogholes",
   "color": "#a67c52"
  },
  {
   "id": "class-pier",
   "label": "Dogholes with a pier",
   "color": "#8c4a2f"
  },
  {
   "id": "class-river-bar",
   "label": "River bar harbors",
   "color": "#2f7f6f"
  },
  {
   "id": "class-deepwater",
   "label": "Deepwater & major wharf ports",
   "color": "#1f4e79"
  },
  {
   "id": "rails",
   "label": "Lumber railroads to tidewater",
   "color": "#7f2020"
  },
  {
   "id": "lighthouses",
   "label": "Lighthouses of the trade",
   "color": "#c9a227",
   "default_off": true
  },
  {
   "id": "industry",
   "label": "Shipyards, mills & feeder sites",
   "color": "#6b4f82",
   "default_off": true
  },
  {
   "id": "receiving",
   "label": "The receiving end (SF Bay)",
   "color": "#556b2f"
  }
 ],
 "legend_note": "Pin size = port class (doghole → deepwater). Dashed/hollow pins are approximate. Six documented ports with unknown locations are listed in the About panel, not pinned. Dashed rail lines are reconstructed corridors between documented points, not surveyed alignments.",
 "era_presets": [
  {
   "label": "Pioneer era",
   "from": 1834,
   "to": 1869
  },
  {
   "label": "Chute boom",
   "from": 1870,
   "to": 1889
  },
  {
   "label": "Steam-schooner era",
   "from": 1890,
   "to": 1913
  },
  {
   "label": "Decline",
   "from": 1914,
   "to": 1945
  }
 ],
 "attribute_filters": [
  {
   "key": "port_class",
   "label": "Port class",
   "values": [
    "chute-only doghole",
    "doghole with pier",
    "river bar harbor",
    "deepwater / major wharf"
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "cargo",
   "label": "Cargo",
   "values": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties",
    "tanbark",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "Douglas fir",
    "farm produce"
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "company",
   "label": "Company"
  }
 ],
 "features": [
  {
   "id": "needle-rock-landing",
   "name": "Needle Rock Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 1,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1873",
    "display": "c.1873–1930",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1873,
    "last": 1930
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    39.94454,
    -123.96866
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "The northernmost Mendocino doghole port, about 2 miles up the coast from Bear Harbor (Davidson 1889 places it 6¾ miles from Point Delgada, Bear Harbor 8⅔). A wire-chute pier reputedly the highest and longest on the Mendocino coast shipped railroad ties, tanbark, and Whitethorn Valley shingles from the 1890s; a 3-mile railway (1890, Stetson) linked mill and landing. Chute operated until about 1930, making it one of the longest-lived Lost Coast landings.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Call family (Fort Ross)"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "Small pier with WIRE chute 'said to be the highest and longest of any port in Mendocino' (San Francisco Chronicle, 16 Jan 1898, cited in MPDF)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "small pier carrying the wire chute (MPDF); no conventional wharf"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "3.0 miles of rail line built 1890 by Stetson connecting timber/mill to the landing (gauge not stated in sources seen)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Capt. Morgan & son (first settlement 1868, with D.W. McCallum built a doghole port); J.B. Stetson Jr. (1890: acquired land, built 3.0 miles of rail line, landing, and mill - Carpenter & Millberry 1914:119-120); W.P. Thomas, Wiley English, Ed Warren (1896); Needle Rock Company (from 1898 to c.1930); Olsen shingle mill, Whitethorn Valley ('the product of which has heretofore been shipped at Needle Rock' - Mendocino Beacon 12 Dec 1896, quoted in Bear Harbor NR); Calvin Cooper Stewart family ranch (1920s shipping point for ranch produce)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Northern California Doghole Ports MPDF (draft), inventory entry 'Needle Rock Landing (active circa 1873-1930)' - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot (1889), p. 300 (Needle Rock geography) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Bear Harbor NR nomination (Mendocino Beacon 12 Dec 1896 on Olsen shingle mill shipments at Needle Rock)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Mendocino%20County_Doghole%20Ports%20MPS_Bear%20Harbor%20Landing_REDACTED.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "MPDF entry is the anchor; its 1873 start date is 'circa.' Davidson 1889 describes Needle Rock itself but records no chute at that date on the page read - the chute likely postdates 1889 or Davidson omitted it; flagged. Coordinate source: GNIS 229443 (Needle Rock, Bear Harbor quad, Mendocino Co.)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "https://cdm16166.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/api/singleitem/image/palmquist/2250/default.jpg",
    "credit": "O. J. Hughes, 'Town of Needlerock, prior to 1900' (2003.01.2094), Palmquist Collection, Cal Poly Humboldt Special Collections · before 1900",
    "alt": "Needle Rock Landing"
   },
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "bear-harbor-landing",
   "name": "Bear Harbor Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 2,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1884",
    "display": "c.1884–1909",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1884,
    "last": 1909
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    39.91154,
    -123.93975
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "The definitive Lost Coast doghole port: split-products (above all tanbark) exported by schooner from 1874 and by steam schooner from 1890 over two successive pier-and-chute systems, fed after 1893 by the Bear Harbor & Eel River Railroad with its 2,000-ft gravity incline over the coastal ridge. The Southern Humboldt Lumber Co.'s half-million-dollar Andersonia sawmill was finished in 1905 but destroyed by the 18 April 1906 earthquake before ever cutting lumber; the port shipped its last products in 1907. 46+ vessels carried cargoes to 14 California ports over 33 years.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark",
    "railroad ties",
    "redwood lumber",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Bear Harbor Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "Two successive hybrid pier+chute systems: (1) 1885 pier crossing Morgan Rock, its seaward tip fitted with an apron-arm trough chute (Peterson 1885 survey; Davidson 1889 describes wharf 'with an apron over fifteen feet of water'); (2) June 1890, new 300-ft pier at Cluster Cone Rocks with WIRE chute at its end ('similar to the one at Noyo Landing'), extended 100 ft in 1892 and again ~1895/1898; SF Chronicle 16 Jan 1898: wharf 250 ft through rocks, wire runs 420 ft to the vessel ~40 ft above water. Donkey engine powered the wire (its spark set the pier alight 8 Apr 1903, burning 400 ft). 1901 rebuild put on 1,500 ties/hour, 'fastest work ever done over a wire chute in Mendocino County' (Ukiah Dispatch 15 Nov 1901)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - pier (not a true wharf per NR nomination terminology); 550-600 ft after all extensions; destroyed by 14-ft 'tidal wave' 21 Nov 1899 (2 killed, incl. near-miss of company president Calvin Stewart), rebuilt 1901; burned in part 1903; destroyed again by storms Christmas 1905; partially rebuilt 1906-07"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Bear Harbor Lumber Co. railway, completed June 1893: 2.0-mile cable+adhesion line from pier, with 2,000-ft incline rising 600 ft (NR nomination; North Coast Journal gives 1,900 ft at 31% grade) - gravity-balanced, rails splitting at midpoint for passing (NR says three rails; NCJ says four tracks at midpoint); extended to Moody on Indian Creek (10 mi from port), +1.5 mi 1895, +3 mi to Eel River 1898, ~18 mi of track by fall 1905 with dozens of trestles (many >300 ft) and a 200-ft tunnel; Bear Harbor & Eel River RR Co. from Sept 1896. GAUGE CONFLICT: NR narrative says standard gauge; the recorded archaeological feature (MEN-2149H) is narrow-gauge track, and a 1977 CA State Parks inventory found BOTH narrow and standard gauge rails - flag unresolved. Motive power: Shay 0-4-0 'Gypsy' No. 1 (Marschutz & Cantrell, SF); Baldwin 2-4-2T No. 2 (1898); horses along the coast leg. FATE: 1899 wave, 1903 fire, 1904 forest fire (1 mi of track + 2,900 ft of bridges), Anderson killed by falling timber Oct 28/died Nov 4 1905, Christmas 1905 storm destroyed pier, 18 Apr 1906 earthquake wrecked the Andersonia mill, log-pond dam, and track - the $500,000 mill NEVER ran; 5,000,000 ft of sawed logs abandoned in the pond; 1907 last shipment ends activity"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Ray brothers (ranching, late 1860s; no documented shipping); Capt. John Morgan & son (1870-74, surf lightering); Kiser (Kaiser) brothers (1874-84, chute permits never executed); Dr. William A. McCornack of Mendocino (built landing 1884-85; operated to Nov 1889; 59 schooner loadings 1885-89); Weller & Stewart (1889-92); Bear Harbor Lumber Co. (inc. July 1893, $200,000; Stewart, Cooper, Hunter, Pollard, Dodge); Bear Harbor & Eel River Railroad Co. (inc. Sept 1896, $200,000, same directors); Southern Humboldt Lumber Co. (Nov 1902, $500,000, pres. Henry Neff Anderson; bought out BHLC 1903); SF receivers: Higgins & Collins (Pier 10 Steuart St), Iversen & Jensen, L.E. White, Pollard & Dodge, San Pedro Lumber Co."
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Bear Harbor Landing Historical and Archaeological District, National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (Doghole Ports MPS), California OHP, listed c.2022-23 - Sections 7-8 read in full",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Mendocino%20County_Doghole%20Ports%20MPS_Bear%20Harbor%20Landing_REDACTED.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] George Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot, 4th ed. (Washington: GPO, 1889), pp. 299-300 (Bear Harbor Landing, wharf of 1885, apron, moorings, hydrography) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape MPDF (draft), NPS/OHP, inventory entry 'Bear Harbor Landing (active circa 1884-1909)'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'The Bear Harbor Railroad, 1892-1905,' North Coast Journal, Nov. 2018",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/the-bear-harbor-railroad-1892-1905/Content?oid=12185246"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Thomas H. Peterson, Bear Harbor survey map, Sept. 1885 (Huntington Library) - cited via NR nomination; not directly viewed",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Exceptionally well documented (2022-23 NR nomination with newspaper-level citations). Discrepancies flagged: incline length 1,900 vs 2,000 ft; 3 vs 4 rails at incline midpoint; railway gauge (standard vs narrow) unresolved; MPDF gives McCornack sale as 1893 but the fuller NR nomination documents Nov 1889 sale to Weller & Stewart. Davidson 1889 says wharf built 1885, NR gives open-for-business 4 July 1885. Coordinate source: GNIS 221267 (Cluster Cone Rocks); NRHP nomination on disk (bear-harbor-landing-nrhp-nomination.pdf); Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot p.299-300",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/bear-harbor-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Palmquist Collection, Cal Poly Humboldt University Library ('[Two Ships near Dock]') — location identification tentative per catalog · undated, ca. 1890s-1900s",
    "alt": "Bear Harbor Landing"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "northport-landing",
   "name": "Northport Landing (Anderson's Landing)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 3,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1872",
    "display": "c.1872–1883",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1872,
    "last": 1883
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Anderson's Landing"
   ],
   "summary": "Robert Anderson built a wire chute here in 1872, on Mistake Point where Little Jackass Creek reaches the shore; a very early example of the type; abandoned 1883. Most business was tanbark, loaded by a cage lowered from the cliff landing stage.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Davidson 1889:289; California State Parks 2019, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.86043,
    -123.90391
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "notes": "Coordinate source: GNIS 228860 Mistake Point (prim 39.860428,-123.9039126); GNIS 227283 Little Jackass Creek mouth (39.860428,-123.9016903)",
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "rockport-landing",
   "name": "Rockport Landing (Cottoneva Cove, Miller's Chute)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 6,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1877",
    "display": "c.1877–1940",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1877,
    "last": 1940
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Cottoneva Cove",
    "Miller's Chute",
    "Summer Anchorage"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.73599,
    -123.82919
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "William R. Miller landed mill machinery from the schooner David and Edward in October 1876 and built the first sawmill; the wharf-and-chute complex of 1876 cost $14,000 and was called the finest on the Mendocino coast (Palmer: 275-ft suspension span with seven cables a side). The 1889 Coast Pilot describes the mature system: a 175-yard wire suspension bridge from the north point to a 50-ft rock, a tramway across the rock, and a 45-yard chute over 15 ft of water; four principal mooring buoys; mill (25,000 ft/day) 1/3 mi up Cottoneva Creek, lumber brought by tramway, logs by steam railway; ~24 cargoes/yr; landing unused about four months after 1 December. Ownership: Miller to Cottoneva Lumber Co. 1886 (mill burned 1900); New York & Pennsylvania (Redwood) Co. c.1907 built a new mill (also burned); Cottoneva Lumber Co. reincorporated 1910 (nothing built); Finkbine-Guild Lumber Co. 1924-27 (financial disaster); Southern Redwood Co. 1928-29; Rockport Redwood Co. (from 1938, per the MPDF) chartered under Dusenbury interests in the 1930s (trucking era).",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties",
    "tanbark"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Finkbine-Guild Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "suspension bridge + island tramway + trough chute (15 ft water); largest 'anchorage... large in comparison with Westport, Kibesillah, Newport' (1889 CP)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "the bridge-island-chute complex functioned as its wharf; also described as chute-and-wharf (Palmer)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "tramway along the gulch at +52 ft to the bridge; steam log railway up Cottoneva Valley (1880s); Finkbine-Guild standard logging RR (1920s, gauge unverified)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "W.R. Miller (1876-86); Cottoneva Lumber Co. (1886-1900); New York & Pennsylvania Co. (c.1907); Finkbine-Guild Lumber Co. (1925-27); Southern Redwood Co. (1928-29); Rockport Redwood Co. (1930s-50s)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Cotineva/Rockport (1876 wharf & chute, $14,000, 275-ft span)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Cottaneva Cove or Rockport",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Guide to the Rockport Redwood Company Records (OAC)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf3489n6gr/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "CoastView, 'Cottoneva Creek, Rockport Bay' (ownership sequence)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://coastview.org/2025/10/28/cottoneva-creek-rockport/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Sequence 1900-1933 from CoastView/Hough-derived summaries; company names New York & Pennsylvania Lumber vs. Redwood Co. vary across sources. Coordinate source: GNIS 254782 Cottaneva Creek (prim/mouth 39.7359882,-123.829187); GNIS 231753 Rockport Bay (39.7340439,-123.8286314) Audit 2026-09-13: the David-and-Edward machinery-landing anecdote and the 'Southern Redwood 1928-29' span are re-sourcing tasks; Rockport Redwood Co. from 1938 (MPDF; the Dusenbury attribution is unsourced).",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/rockport-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "mendorailhistory.org (defunct site), 'The shipping point for the Rockport Mill', via Internet Archive Wayback Machine · undated, pre-1930",
    "alt": "Rockport Landing (Cottoneva Cove, Miller's Chute)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "hardy-creek-landing",
   "name": "Hardy Creek Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 7,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1895",
    "display": "c.1895–1920",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1895,
    "last": 1920
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    39.71071,
    -123.80752
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Mill settlement just around the point from Rockport; the mill belonged to Rockport's Cottoneva Lumber Co. and was run by part-owner E.T. Dusenbury. A wharf and a rail line served the mill, and the town supported a large hotel; fire took the mill, which was never replaced. The 1889 Coast Pilot already names Hardy's Rock on this shore; the mill era therefore falls in the Cottoneva Lumber Co. period (c.1886-1900s) but exact years are unverified.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties",
    "tanbark",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Hardy Creek Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "590-ft wharf (R.A. Hardy, 1892, per MCMRHS) with a wire chute at its end"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (reported)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "mill railroad (reported; details unknown)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Cottoneva Lumber Co. (E.T. Dusenbury)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Hardy Creek page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/hardy_creek.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot (Hardy's Rock)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Single-source (MCMRHS) entry; corroborate via Hough's Rockport articles in the Mendocino Beacon (CDNC). Coordinate source: GNIS 224927 Hardy Creek (prim/mouth 39.7107116,-123.8075196); derived-from-verbal for the landing itself",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/hardy-creek-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "mendorailhistory.org (defunct), 'Ship loading lumber by wire chute at Hardy Creek in Northern Mendocino County', via Wayback Machine · undated, ca. 1900s-1910s",
    "alt": "Hardy Creek Landing"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "union-landing",
   "name": "Union Landing (McFaul's Landing)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 8,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1899",
    "display": "c.1899–1920",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1899,
    "last": 1920
   },
   "aliases": [
    "McFaul's Landing"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.70293,
    -123.80363
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Busy shipping point without a mill of its own, serving many small mills nearby (incl. the Juan Creek timber). W.P. McFaul built the first wharf, sending six-foot ties down to the Los Angeles Railway by way of San Pedro. After W.P. Frick acquired the Big Juan Creek timber in 1920, he had a new wharf built in 1926; no wharf was built on the Mendocino coast after it, and the Depression left it nearly idle. A large hotel/boarding house served the wharf hands.",
   "cargo": [
    "railroad ties",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wharf (two generations)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (McFaul wharf; Frick wharf 1926)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "C.A. (Charles Arthur) McFaul (first wharf); W.P. Frick (1920s)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Union Landing page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/union_landing.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Juan Creek page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/juan_creek.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Juan Creek (Alviso Creek) mills nearby; several small mills, the last burned 1944; their shipping route (Union Landing vs. Westport/Hardy Creek) is not documented; flagged as gap. Coordinate source: GNIS 226363 Juan Creek (prim/mouth 39.7029342,-123.8036305); derived-from-verbal (landing just S of mouth)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/union-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "mendorailhistory.org (defunct), 'First Union Landing Wharf' (C.A. McFaul's landing), via Wayback Machine · undated, ca. 1900s",
    "alt": "Union Landing (McFaul's Landing)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "westport-landing",
   "name": "Westport Landing (Switzer's Chute, Beall's)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 9,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1865",
    "display": "c.1865–1930",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1865,
    "last": 1930
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Switzer's Chute",
    "Beall's",
    "Helmke's"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.63571,
    -123.78307
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "First settled by Samuel Beal(l) (hence Beal's Landing); Fred Helmke's unfranchised 1875 chute soon washed away; James T. Rodgers built the wharf and chute in 1877 and renamed the town (Palmer 1880 says for Eastport, Maine; Wikipedia says Westport, Connecticut; unresolved). Palmer: a 375-ft wharf, 20 ft wide, with a ~200-ft suspension span, its outer end on a large rock, carrying two chutes. A new 610-ft chute with 75-ft apron (1882) let the loaded car haul the empty back. Two chutes (N and S) served three mills on Wages Creek plus DeHaven, Howard Creek and other feeders; ~65 vessels/yr, up to 85,000 ft loaded in a day; shipping suspended four months each winter, moorings lifted and overhauled. The south wharf was abandoned by 1900 and the port faded after WWI with the tie market.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties",
    "tanbark",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wharf-with-suspension-span carrying two chutes; second 610-ft chute 1882; extensive outer moorings"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (375 ft + suspension span)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "small landing railroad on the wharf/bluff (locomotive visible in photos); Howard Creek later ran a small rail to the Westport wharf"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "James T. Rodgers (1877-); three Wages Creek sawmills (suppliers); Gordon S. Gill Co. at DeHaven (later feeder)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Westport and Ten-Mile ports (wharf specs; 1875/1877 chutes)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Westport Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Westport page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/westport.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Rodgers hometown discrepancy flagged above. 'Decline after WWI' from Kelley House/secondary summaries. Coordinate source: GNIS 1660154 Westport (populated place 39.6357148,-123.7830734)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/westport-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "mendorailhistory.org (defunct), 'The first chute at Westport'; postcard inscribed 'The Old Wharf, Westport, Mendocino Co., Cal.', via Wayback Machine (MPDF: the first chute was Lloyd Beall's, 1860s; Rodgers arrived 1878) · undated, ca. 1890s-1910s",
    "alt": "Westport Landing (Switzer's Chute, Beall's)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "kibesilah-landing",
   "name": "Kibesilah Landing (Ackermann's Landing)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 10,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1880",
    "display": "c.1880–1890",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1880,
    "last": 1890
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Ackermann's Landing"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.59155,
    -123.78252
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Settled in the 1860s (first business, a blacksmith shop, 1867), Kibesillah grew to 'a dozen or twenty buildings... two hotels, one store, one livery stable, and two saloons' (Palmer 1880), shipping posts, cordwood and tanbark (not lumber, per Palmer) over its chute. The 1889 Coast Pilot describes a very substantial 90-yard wharf continued by an apron over 20 ft of water; but by 1885 no moorings were laid and the landing was 'practically abandoned,' vessels having no demand for ties there. When Stewart, Hunter and Johnson moved the mill to Fort Bragg in 1885 the town followed; hence 'the Mother of Fort Bragg.'",
   "cargo": [
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "tanbark",
    "railroad ties"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "chute; later substantial wharf + apron (20 ft water)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (90 yards, by mid-1880s)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Ackerman (landing name); supplied from Stewart & Hunter's Mill Creek mill"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Kibesillah or Ackermann's Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Ten-Mile Township",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Kibesillah page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/kibesilah.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "School continuity to 1928 shows residual hamlet after the port died. Coordinate source: GNIS 234108 Kibesillah Creek (prim/mouth 39.59155,-123.7825171); GNIS 252713 Kibesillah PP 39.5901611,-123.7777947; Wikipedia Kibesillah, California 39.59028,-123.77778 (agrees)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/kibesilah-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Kelley House Museum, Mendocino — 'Village of Kibesillah in 1879' ('The Fate of Kibesillah' blog post) · 1879 (Kelley House caption)",
    "alt": "Kibesilah Landing (Ackermann's Landing)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "newport-landing",
   "name": "Newport Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 11,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1880",
    "display": "c.1880–1900",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1880,
    "last": 1900
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    39.57361,
    -123.77611
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "'One of the most contracted anchorages on the coast'; a cove 150 by 60 yards. The Field Brothers' mill (2 mi east on Mill Creek, Ten Mile drainage) burned 1877; brothers-in-law Calvin Stewart and James Hunter rebuilt it in 1878 (25,000 ft/day) and hauled lumber by six-horse jerk-line teams to a 260-ft gravity chute reaching 18 ft of water; a 200-ton vessel could load amid an elaborate web of six-plus moorings; Davidson called it 'one of the most contracted anchorages' on the coast. ~50 vessels/yr. C.R. Johnson bought in 1882, concluded the port could never grow, and moved the mill to Fort Bragg in 1885; by 1887 only posts and ties were loaded, and the landing died.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "tanbark",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Union Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "single gravity/apron chute, 260 ft, to 18 ft water; extensive moorings; no wharf"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Field Brothers (to 1877); Stewart & Hunter (1878-85); C.R. Johnson partner (1882-85)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Newport Landing (1887 status)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Ten-Mile Township ports (Stewart & Hunter chute)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Newport page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/newport.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "The 'Mother of Fort Bragg' narrative (mill moved 1885) is consistent across Palmer-era and MCMRHS accounts. Coordinate source: Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot 1889 (local OCR): 'The station inside the cliff at Newport (Brushy Point) is in latitude 39-34-25, longitude 123-46-34' - period government position; cross-check GNIS 1659222 Newport PP (39.5773839,-123.7747388) 450 m NE",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/newport-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "mendorailhistory.org (defunct), 'The chute at Newport', via Wayback Machine; image captioned 'NEWPORT CHUTE in THE 70s' · 1870s",
    "alt": "Newport Landing"
   },
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "laguna-landing",
   "name": "Laguna Landing (Cleone Landing)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 12,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1883",
    "display": "c.1883–1920",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1883,
    "last": 1920
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Cleone Landing"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.48961,
    -123.80363
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "The Dwelly brothers took timber on Laguna Creek early in 1883, built a water-powered mill and Cleone Point's first chute and wharf, getting a first cargo of lumber away by July 1883; the Little Valley Lumber Co. (Barto, Jarvis, Nichols, Salsig, inc. 23 May 1885) combined this with the Mill Creek mill near Inglenook. The 1889 Coast Pilot describes a ~160-yard wharf with attached apron chute (vessel under it in 12 ft; 100-ton vessels; five moorings; mill 3 mi east at 18,000 ft/day), reported washed away in 1886 with business transferring to Fort Bragg; but an 1888 grant authorized rebuilding of wharf and chute, the wharf grew from 332 to ~500 ft (35 ft above the breakers; 300 ft collapsed to teredo worms Nov 1885, rebuilt), with loading wires extending to steam schooners ~200 ft offshore. A 2.5-mile wooden-strap-rail tramway ran gravity-down/horses-up through town; Union Lumber acquired all in 1901 and relaid light steel; the Laguna mill closed November 1904; the landing itself saw residual use to c.1920 (MPDF; Borden gives 1923).",
   "cargo": [
    "railroad ties",
    "redwood lumber",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Union Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wharf + apron chute; later loading wires to offshore steam schooners"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (332→~500 ft)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Cleone tramway: 2.5 mi wood rails with iron straps, gravity/horse (never a locomotive); steel-strapped by ULC 1901"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Dwelly Brothers (1883-85); Little Valley Lumber Co. (1885-1901); Union Lumber Co. (1901-04)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Laguna Point/Laguna Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Louis Hough via MCMRHS Cleone page (tramway, wharf, 1904 closure)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/cleone.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "1885/1886 washout vs. 1888 rebuild chronology mixes the Beacon (Hough) and CP accounts; both retained with dates as given. Coordinate source: GNIS 226779 Laguna Point (39.4896098,-123.803627)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/laguna-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "mendorailhistory.org (defunct), 'Loading chute at Cleone Point', via Wayback Machine (MPDF: Dwelly brothers' pier 1883; wire chute after 1886; landing ran to c.1920) · undated, ca. 1883-1923",
    "alt": "Laguna Landing (Cleone Landing)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "fort-bragg-landing",
   "name": "Fort Bragg Landing (Soldiers Harbor)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 13,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1885",
    "display": "c.1885–1930",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1885,
    "last": 1930
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Soldiers Harbor"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.43933,
    -123.81946
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "The military post (est. 1857 to watch the reservation; abandoned by the mid-1860s; 'many years ago' per 1889 CP) gave its name to the cove C.R. Johnson chose after judging Newport hopeless: with Calvin Stewart and James Hunter he formed the Fort Bragg Redwood Co. (1885), moved the Kibesillah mill down, incorporated the Fort Bragg Railroad 30 April 1885 (rails up Pudding Creek; Glen Blair 1887), and built the wharf in Soldiers Harbor; incomplete July 1885, a working shipping landing in 1886, where 'steam schooners only load' (1889 CP). Union Lumber Co. formed 1891 (merging Noyo River Lumber Co.); National Steamship Co. 1901; California Western RR & Navigation Co. 1905, over the hill to Willits 1911; after which Fort Bragg was the only Mendocino coast mill with a rail connection over the coast range (the CWR to Willits). The pier grew to ~700 ft with three tracks and cranes; the Mendocino coast's final seaborne lumber cargo departed this pier in 1938. Mill (later Boise Cascade/Georgia-Pacific) ran until 21 June 2002.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Union Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "pier/wharf with cranes (steam schooners; sail on the north side); no chute"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (~700 ft, 3 rail tracks, 2 cranes)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Fort Bragg RR (1885) → California Western RR & Nav. Co. (1905), STANDARD gauge, 40 mi to Willits 1911 ('the Skunk'); Ten Mile branch 1916-1949; Glen Blair branch"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Fort Bragg Redwood Co. (1885-91); Union Lumber Co. (1891-1969; Boise Cascade 1969-73; Georgia-Pacific 1973-2002); National Steamship Co. (1901-)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Fort Bragg or Soldiers Harbor (wharf 1885-86; steam schooners only)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Wikipedia, 'Union Lumber Company'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Lumber_Company"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Fort Bragg / CWR / Ten Mile / piers / shipping pages (last sea cargo 1938; mill closed 2002)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/fort_bragg/fort_bragg.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "MCMRHS gives the fort's active years as 1857-59; standard accounts run to 1864; flag the discrepancy. ULC merger details (Stewart/Hunter buyout vs. merger) vary between sources. Coordinate source: GNIS 234869 Soldier Point (39.4393344,-123.8194605)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/fort-bragg-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Emanuel Fritz, 1920; UC Berkeley Bioscience Library Metcalf collection, via Wikimedia Commons · 1920",
    "alt": "Fort Bragg Landing (Soldiers Harbor)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "noyo-landing",
   "name": "Noyo Landing (Noyo Anchorage)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "canon_no": 14,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1860",
    "display": "c.1860–1930",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1860,
    "last": 1930
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Noyo Anchorage"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.42739,
    -123.8139
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Capt. William Richardson had a mill built 3 mi up the Noyo in 1852-53 (washed out January 1854); A.W. Macpherson (& Weatherby) opened the lasting Noyo mill in 1858 (40,000 ft/day by 1880, ~120 million ft cut). No chute served the schooner era (a wire chute was added on the north point c.1900, active to the 1920s - MPDF): lumber was lightered from a wharf inside the river mouth to vessels at two mooring buoys in the cove, small schooners filling holds in the river; ships drawing 23 ft loaded direct for foreign ports (one cargo to Valparaiso), a tug shared with Albion towing vessels out; five vessels a month in ordinary seasons and the coasting steamer every trip (1889 Coast Pilot). One of the coast's earliest railroads was the mill's log line from Pudding Creek, on the alignment of today's Harrison Street; the company merged into Union Lumber in 1891.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Union Lumber Co.",
    "Capt. William A. Richardson"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wharf-inside-river + lighters to moorings; no chute (Palmer explicit)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (inside river mouth)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "early log railroad Pudding Creek→Noyo (pre-1880)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Richardson mill (1852-54); A.W. Macpherson / Macpherson & Weatherby, Noyo mill (1858-1891); Noyo River Lumber Co. → Union Lumber Co. (1891)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880 ('There are no chutes or wharfs at Noyo...on lighters'; mills history)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Noyo Anchorage/River",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Noyo page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/fort_bragg/noyo.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "1889 CP notes the sawmill closed in 1887(?) 'on account of litigation' (OCR year uncertain). Coordinate source: GNIS 229807 Noyo Bay (39.4273906,-123.8139048); GNIS 229808 Noyo River mouth (39.4276684,-123.8091824)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/noyo-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "John P. Soule stereoview, New York Public Library Digital Collections, via Wikimedia Commons · ca. 1865-1880",
    "alt": "Noyo Landing (Noyo Anchorage)"
   },
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "pallas-bay-landing",
   "name": "Pallas Bay Landing (Palace Bay Harbor)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 15,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1880",
    "display": "c.1880–1887",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1880,
    "last": 1887
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Palace Bay Harbor"
   ],
   "summary": "One trough chute from the north shore at the mouth of Hare Creek, built c.1880 for Blumberg & Hardy's railroad-tie operation. Mooring buoys removed by 1885; the 1884 railroad from Hare Creek to Caspar's mill probably diverted the traffic (MPDF); last shipment 1887.",
   "cargo": [
    "railroad ties",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Davidson 1889:287; Mendocino Beacon July 20, 2006; Carranco & Labbe 1975, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.41711,
    -123.81252
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "notes": "Coordinate source: GNIS 224932 Hare Creek (prim/mouth 39.4171134,-123.8125158)",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "bromley-gulch-landing",
   "name": "Bromley Gulch Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 16,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1884",
    "display": "never used",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1884,
    "last": 1884
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "tags": [
    "never-active"
   ],
   "summary": "NEVER ACTIVE: a trough chute was built in 1884 on the south side of the tiny cove at the mouth of Bromley's Gulch (Jug Handle State Natural Reserve), but no shelter and no mooring anchors were ever placed, so no vessel ever used it. The coast's built-but-unused exemplar.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Davidson 1889:286; Jackson 1977, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.3877,
    -123.8206
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "notes": "Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal: Davidson 1889:286 'Bromley Gulch is at the mouth of a small creek one and one-quarter miles north of Caspar Point... chute built (1884) from the south side of the very small cove at the mouth of the creek'; latitude = GNIS 220679 Caspar Point (39.3696157,-123.8255714) + 1.25 mi N; longitude interpolated along the coast between GNIS Caspar Point and GNIS Hare Creek mouth",
   "photo": {
    "url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Jug_Handle_Beach.jpg",
    "credit": "Jug Handle cove today — the chute built here in 1884 was never used; no period image exists. Photo David Eppstein, CC BY-SA, via Wikimedia Commons · 2013 (modern view)",
    "alt": "Bromley Gulch Landing"
   },
   "symbol": "ruin"
  },
  {
   "id": "caspar-landing",
   "name": "Caspar Landing (Caspar Anchorage)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 17,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1864",
    "display": "c.1864–1930",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1864,
    "last": 1930
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Caspar Anchorage"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.36156,
    -123.82002
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "William H. Kelley & Randall built the sawmill at Caspar Creek mouth in 1861; Jacob Green Jackson bought it in 1864, incorporated the Caspar Lumber Co. in 1880, and his son-in-law Henry Krebs ran it from 1901 until closure 18 November 1955; the longest-lived family firm on the coast. The 1889 Coast Pilot: two lumber chutes on the north bluff (11 and 18 ft of water), excellent moorings overhauled each winter, four vessels loading at once, flag signals, ~50 vessels/yr, 150 million ft shipped to date. Its railroad began 1874 as a 1.5-mi wooden-railed horse/mule tram to Jughandle Creek, got a locomotive in 1875, crossed Jughandle trestle 1884 (Caspar & Hare Creek RR), and was incorporated 1903 as the standard-gauge Caspar, South Fork & Eastern (tunnel 1904; 30 mi by 1924; Mallets from 1910; rail to 1945). Company steamships (e.g. the 1888-built Caspar) carried the cut until trucking began 1939.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Caspar Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "two trough chutes (11/18 ft water), interconnected moorings 'after the manner of Mendocino City'; later loading gear for company steamers"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "no (chute port)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Caspar RR 1874 (wooden rails, horse/mule) → Caspar & Hare Creek RR (1884) → Caspar, South Fork & Eastern (1903), STANDARD gauge, ~30-35 mi max, to 1945"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Kelley & Randall (1861-64); Jacob Green Jackson (1864-1901); Caspar Lumber Co. (1880-1955)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Caspar (mill 1861, Jackson 1864)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Caspar Anchorage",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Wikipedia, 'Caspar, South Fork and Eastern Railroad' (standard gauge; 1874-1945)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar,_South_Fork_and_Eastern_Railroad"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Caspar Lumber Co. page (schooners Cora, Elvenia, Abbie, Maxim; steamship ops end 1939)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/caspar/caspar_lumber.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Jackson Demonstration State Forest is the ex-company land. 'First locomotive 1875' was second-hand from the SF Embarcadero seawall works. Coordinate source: GNIS 220676 Caspar Anchorage (39.3615606,-123.8200157) Audit: the Krebs succession and the 'longest-lived family firm' superlative are not in the located sources; treat as local tradition pending a Kelley House citation.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/caspar-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Library of Congress, LCCN 2007660654, via Wikimedia Commons · 1911",
    "alt": "Caspar Landing (Caspar Anchorage)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "russian-gulch-landing-mendocino",
   "name": "Russian Gulch Landing (Mendocino)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 18,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1875",
    "display": "c.1875–1920",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1875,
    "last": 1920
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    39.3289,
    -123.80482
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Small two-pocket cove 1.5 mi south of Point Cabrillo; the 1889 Coast Pilot notes a chute built, in its words, 'from the top of the cliff on the south side of the north-east pocket' of the cove. Shingle mills came and went: L.E. Ballister & Co. 1867; Prince Grey 1878-88; Eugene Brown from 1888; Gray & Johnson Lumber & Shingle Mill 1918-1920s. High-line/wire rings remain in the headland rocks (now Russian Gulch State Park). A wire chute here in the 1890s is credited by the Kelley House with pressuring Mendocino to modernize.",
   "cargo": [
    "posts & split stuff",
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "trough chute (1889); wire chute by the 1890s (Kelley House)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "L.E. Ballister & Co. (1867); Prince Grey (1878-88); Eugene Brown (1888-); Gray & Johnson (1918-1920s)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Russian Gulch (Mendocino)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Russian Gulch page (mill sequence)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/russian_gulch.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Kelley House Museum, 'Wire Chute at the Shipping Point' (wire chutes at Little River and Russian Gulch before 1902)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.kelleyhousemuseum.org/wire-chute-at-the-shipping-point/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Do not confuse with Russian Gulch, Sonoma County. Coordinate source: GNIS 232050 Russian Gulch, Mendocino Co. (prim/mouth 39.3289031,-123.8048157)",
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "mendocino-landing",
   "name": "Mendocino Landing (Big River Landing)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "canon_no": 19,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1852",
    "display": "c.1852–1940",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1852,
    "last": 1940
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Big River Landing"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.30212,
    -123.79474
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Founded on the Frolic: the Baltimore-built opium brig wrecked at Point Cabrillo 25 July 1850; Henry Meiggs's salvage agent Jerome Ford found no cargo but reported the redwood, and Meiggs's brig Ontario landed mill machinery in July 1852 (California Lumber Co.; first mill on the point 1852, second on the river flats 1853-54; reorganized after Meiggs's 1854 failure, eventually the Mendocino Lumber Co.; mill burned 17 Oct 1863, rebuilt 1864, 55,000 ft/day both sides); the origin story verified against Thomas Layton's Frolic research. Loading: initially lighters; then three trough chutes on the north headland (17-ft-draft vessels at the outer; 600-800-ton vessels in summer, 200-ton in winter; deeper ships loaded by lighter); a big wharf toward the river mouth washed entirely away; the famous wire chute at the Point was first used 28 March 1902. A railroad with a 64-ft stationary-engine incline linked mill to chutes. Production halted 1937; the last ship, steamer Noyo, took a deckload 24 November 1938.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Mendocino Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "lighters (1852-50s); 3 trough chutes (2 by 1889: 18/14/13 ft); wire chute from 28 Mar 1902; harbor flag signals governed entry"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "formerly (washed away before 1889)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Mendocino Lumber Co. RR, mill to chutes (~1 mi) with cable incline; river log drives with 27 dams upriver"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "California Lumber Co. (Meiggs, 1852-54); Godeffroy, Sillem & Co. interests (1854-); Mendocino Lumber Co. (1863-1938)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Big River Township (Ontario 1852; mill history; 3 chutes)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Mendocino Bay",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Thomas N. Layton, The Voyage of the Frolic (Stanford UP, 1997)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/voyageoffrolicne0000layt"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Kelley House Museum, 'Wire Chute at the Shipping Point' (2022) and 'Last Days of Mendocino's Mill'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.kelleyhousemuseum.org/wire-chute-at-the-shipping-point/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Palmer misremembers the Frolic as 'winter 1851-2 at the Noyo'; Layton (1997) and Point Cabrillo sources fix 25 July 1850 at Point Cabrillo. Mill-closure dates vary (idle from c.1931; final logs 1938). Coordinate source: GNIS 219234 Big River (prim/mouth 39.3021191,-123.7947367); GNIS 228497 Mendocino Bay (39.2960083,-123.8019591)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/mendocino-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "John P. Soule stereoview, New York Public Library Digital Collections, via Wikimedia Commons · ca. 1875",
    "alt": "Mendocino Landing (Big River Landing)"
   },
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "little-river-landing",
   "name": "Little River Landing (Bell's Landing, Kents Cove)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 20,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1860",
    "display": "c.1860–1917",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1860,
    "last": 1917
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Bell's Landing",
    "Kents Cove"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.27407,
    -123.7914
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Mill town built 1864 by Silas Coombs, Ruel Stickney and Tapping Reeves on land bought from W.H. Kent (1862); first whistle 15 October 1864, 38 schooners loaded the first year; mill burned 20 March 1874 and was rebuilt across the river by 4 July 1874 (30,000 ft/day); closed 1893. The 1889 Coast Pilot describes a 110-yard wharf (10 ft at its end) and two chutes (NW chute over 16 ft of water; SE chute 12 ft), four vessels able to ride out storms at the moorings; a noted harbor of refuge. Its shipyard made it famous: Capt. Thomas H. Peterson launched roughly three dozen wooden ships here and nearby (Palmer lists Phil Sheridan, Little River, Napa City, Alice Kimball, Silas Coombs, Emma and Louisa, Johanna Brock, Electra, Galatea, Hannah Madison, Barbara, Mary D. Pomeroy, etc.).",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wharf + two trough chutes; six mooring lines at NW chute"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (110 yards)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Coombs, Stickney & Reeves (1864; later Coombs & Perkins); Thomas H. Peterson shipyard (north beach); Coombs & Perkins Stillwell Gulch mill (1878)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Little River mill and shipbuilding lists",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Little River Harbor",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Little River page; Kelley House Museum (Hough)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/little_river.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "'~Three dozen vessels' is Hough's figure from Petersen's memoirs; Palmer (1880) already lists ~15. Coordinate source: GNIS 227343 Little River stream (prim/mouth 39.2740651,-123.791403)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/little-river-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Carleton Watkins, 1863, via OAC/Bancroft Library and Wikimedia Commons · 1863",
    "alt": "Little River Landing (Bell's Landing, Kents Cove)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "big-gulch-landing",
   "name": "Big Gulch Landing (Pullen's Landing)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 21,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1874",
    "display": "c.1874–1885",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1874,
    "last": 1885
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Pullen's Landing"
   ],
   "summary": "Single trough chute at the mouth of Dark Gulch, under a mile north of Albion. Two schooners loaded in 1882, none in 1883; marked out of repair 1883 and dead by 1885. Newspaper cargoes were railroad ties only.",
   "cargo": [
    "railroad ties"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Davidson 1889:281, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.23979,
    -123.77403
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "notes": "Coordinate source: GNIS 222022 Dark Gulch, Albion quad (prim/mouth 39.2397877,-123.7740297)",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "albion-landing",
   "name": "Albion Landing (Albion Harbor)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "canon_no": 22,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1860",
    "display": "c.1860–1930",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1860,
    "last": 1930
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Albion Harbor"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.2274,
    -123.77418
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "One of the oldest mill sites on the coast: a water mill upriver c.1851 for Capt. William Richardson (claimant of the unconfirmed Albion grant), then the Albion steam mill of 1853 (Dallas, Davidson & Macpherson), burned and rebuilt 1867, run by Macpherson & Weatherby in 1880 (35,000 ft/day, 27,000 acres). The 1889 Coast Pilot: schooners entered past Mooring Rock to 6-7 buoys; large schooners loaded by lighters, 90-ton schooners towed to the mill wharf; vessels drawing 18 ft 'loaded at the moorings direct for foreign ports' (Davidson 1889); ~70 vessels/yr; Henley's chute on the south side shipped ties and posts. Albion Lumber Co. reorganized 1891; the Albion & Southeastern RR (1902) became the Fort Bragg & Southeastern (1903, standard gauge, ultimately 25.65 mi to Christine); Southern Pacific bought the company in 1907 and the NWP-owned 'big mill' cut mostly redwood ties (much for SP of Mexico) until the last log 19 May 1928; the railroad closed 16 January 1930 and was scrapped 1937.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Albion Lumber Co.",
    "Capt. William A. Richardson"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "river-mouth moorings + lighters; mill wharf in river; Henley's chute (18 ft water) for ties/posts; later long pier"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (mill wharf; later substantial pier into the bay)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Albion River RR → Albion & Southeastern (1902) → Fort Bragg & Southeastern (1903); standard gauge; NWP absorbed 1907"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Wm. Richardson (1851); Dallas, Davidson & Macpherson (1853); Macpherson & Weatherby (1860s-80s); Albion Lumber Co. (1891-1928; SP-owned from 1907)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Albion mill history",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Albion River",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Wikipedia, 'Fort Bragg and Southeastern Railroad' (dates, standard gauge, 1928/1930/1937)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_River_Railroad"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Albion page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/albion/albion.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "1851 water mill per MCMRHS; Palmer starts with the 1853 steam mill; treat 1851 as reported, not confirmed. Coordinate source: GNIS 218073 Albion Cove (39.2274004,-123.7741808)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/albion-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "S.U. Bunnell panorama, Library of Congress LCCN 2007660589, via Wikimedia Commons · 1911",
    "alt": "Albion Landing (Albion Harbor)"
   },
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "henleys-landing",
   "name": "Henley's Landing (Handley's Chute)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 23,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1868",
    "display": "c.1868–1900",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1868,
    "last": 1900
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Handley's Chute"
   ],
   "summary": "Chute on the south side of Albion Cove built by settler William Handley (arrived 1865); on the 1872 and 1886 maps and in the 1889 Coast Pilot. One mooring anchor and four shore fasteners; loaded railroad ties and posts from surrounding mills.",
   "cargo": [
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Munro-Fraser 1880a; Davidson 1889:280; Peterson 1886, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.22556,
    -123.77361
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "notes": "Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal: Davidson 1889:280 trig station 'on the southwest point of the cove' = 39-13-32 N, 123-46-25 W (period government position); chute 'on the south side of the cove one hundred and eighty yards from the Mooring Rock'",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "whitesboro-landing",
   "name": "Whitesboro Landing (Salmon Creek)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 24,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1870",
    "display": "c.1870–1902",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1870,
    "last": 1902
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Salmon Creek"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.2174,
    -123.77279
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Renamed for L.E. White. The Salmon Creek Mill Co. built its mill in August 1876 (20,000 ft/day); the Salmon Creek Railroad Co. (L.E. White, James Townsend et al.) laid 8 miles of narrow-gauge from the wharf up the creek by January 1878; Gray & White added a 90,000/day shingle mill in 1878 and Britt & White a 30,000-ft mill in 1880. The 1889 Coast Pilot: a 160-yard wharf across the beach, widening to 20 yards, 30 ft above high water, with three derricks each suspending a chute, 12 ft of water alongside; heavy moorings across the cove; 130 vessels loaded in one year, and it was rated one of the best winter anchorages on this coast. White shifted his main operation to Greenwood c.1890; Whitesboro's later years are unverified.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "railroad ties"
   ],
   "company": [
    "L.E. White Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "pile wharf with three derrick-hung chutes; 4-5 mooring buoys"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (160 yards; handled three schooners at once)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Salmon Creek Railroad, 8 mi, narrow gauge (Palmer)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Salmon Creek Mill Co. (1876); L.E. White interests / Salmon Creek RR Co. (1877); Gray & White shingle mill (1878); Britt & White (1880); James Pullen & Assoc. (mill ownership by 1896, per MCMRHS)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880 (Salmon Creek mills; Salmon Creek RR 1877 narrow gauge)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Whitesboro",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Whitesboro page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/whitesboro.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "The user's separate 'Salmon Creek' = this port. Coordinate source: GNIS 255234 Whitesboro Cove (39.2174008,-123.7727921)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/whitesboro-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "mendorailhistory.org (defunct), the Whitesboro wharf — the page notes it 'was large enough to handle three schooners at the same time', via Wayback Machine · ca. 1880s-1890s",
    "alt": "Whitesboro Landing (Salmon Creek)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "navarro-landing",
   "name": "Navarro Landing (Navarro Harbor)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "canon_no": 25,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1860",
    "display": "c.1860–1917",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1860,
    "last": 1917
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Navarro Harbor"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.19212,
    -123.76113
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Wharf/river-improvement franchise at the Navarro mouth granted to A.W. Macpherson by Act of 18 April 1859; the Navarro mill was built 1861 by Tichenor & Hendy. Charles Fletcher, first settler, ran a shipyard at the river mouth (schooners Nevarra 50 tons, Sina 140 tons, Ocean Pearl 300 tons, per Palmer) and with the Kennedys built an inn in the 1860s for schooner crews waiting the three days it took to load. The first mill burned July 1890; a larger mill a mile upriver went bankrupt in 1893 and burned 1902; at its height the flats settlement held 500-600 people. The Navarro Lumber Co. was acquired by Albion Lumber Co. in May 1920 (the inland 'Navarro'/Wendling mill ran to Sept 1927).",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Albion Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "pier with a derrick at its end supporting two chutes, lumber brought by tramway (MPDF; Davidson 1889); bar-bound entry (franchise included opening the channel)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (franchised 1859/1862/1866; mill wharf)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "mill railroad up the Navarro (franchises 1862/1866 for RR bridge + wharf; 'Tichenor' engine); later Albion branch rails reached Wendling"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Tichenor & Hendy (1861); Navarro Mill Co. (Byxbee; bankrupt 1893); Charles Fletcher shipyard; Navarro Lumber Co. (to Albion Lumber, 1920)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880 (1859 Macpherson Act in full; Fletcher shipyard list; Navarro mill 1861)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Navarro River and Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Navarro/Wendling page (1890 fire, 1893 bankruptcy, 1902 fire)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/navarro_wendling.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Wikipedia, 'Fort Bragg and Southeastern Railroad' (Navarro Lumber Co. to Albion Lumber May 1920; Navarro sawmill ceased Sept 1927)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albion_River_Railroad"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Distinguish Navarro-by-the-Sea (this port) from inland Wendling, renamed Navarro 1914. Coordinate source: GNIS 229433 Navarro River (prim/mouth 39.1921239,-123.7611258)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/navarro-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Martin Mason Hazeltine, via OAC/Bancroft Library and Wikimedia Commons · ca. 1860s",
    "alt": "Navarro Landing (Navarro Harbor)"
   },
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "cuffeys-cove-landing",
   "name": "Cuffey's Cove Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 26,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1868",
    "display": "c.1868–1909",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1868,
    "last": 1909
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    39.14101,
    -123.73113
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Settled by Frank Farnier ('Portuguese Frank') and Nathaniel Smith; James Kenney's chute/landing franchise dates to 28 March 1868. By 1880 the village had ~50 buildings, six saloons and four chutes shipping 'immense quantities' of bark, wood, posts, pickets, ties and lumber; J.S. Kimball alone shipping 250-300,000 railroad ties a year with up to 300 men. The 1889 Coast Pilot maps three chutes in the inner cove (10, 13 and 24 ft of water) plus a 'half-wharf' steamer chute reaching 24-ft water; over 100 coasting vessels loaded annually, fed by the steam railway from the Greenwood Creek mill. L.E. White's superior new landing at Greenwood made Cuffey's obsolete in the 1890s; population had peaked ~300 in 1883.",
   "cargo": [
    "railroad ties",
    "tanbark",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "redwood lumber",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "3 trough chutes + 'half-wharf' steamer chute (24 ft water)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "partial ('half-wharf' chute intended for steamers)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Mendocino RR Co. narrow gauge (1875) along the cliffs to Greenwood Creek"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "James Kenney (franchise 1868); J.S. Kimball (ties); Phillips Bros. & Welle shingle mill (1874-77); Mendocino Railroad Co. (1875)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Cuffey's Cove",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Cuffeys Cove",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Cuffeys Cove page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/cuffeys_cove.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Name origin stories (bear vs. 'cuffey' for a Black settler) both period-reported; unresolved. Coordinate source: GNIS 254801 Cuffeys Cove (39.1410141,-123.7311267)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/cuffeys-cove-landing.png",
    "credit": "1890 photograph of Cuffey's Cove, reproduced in Lorraine Hee-Chorley, Chinese in Mendocino County (Arcadia, 2009), via Wikimedia Commons · 1890",
    "alt": "Cuffey's Cove Landing"
   },
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "chisholm-landing",
   "name": "Chisholm Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 27,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1870",
    "display": "c.1870 (chute already gone by 1889)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1870,
    "last": 1889
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "summary": "Single trough chute ('Chisholm chute' on the 1870 USC&GS survey) running from the cliff across the water to a rocky island, between Greenwood Landing and Cuffey's Cove. Already inactive when Davidson described it in 1889.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "1870 USC&GS T-sheet; Davidson 1889:277, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.13671,
    -123.72682
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "notes": "Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal: Davidson 1889:277 'Formerly there was a chute located at the islet which is halfway between this cove [Cuffeys Cove] and Greenwood Creek Landing'; midpoint of GNIS 254801 Cuffeys Cove and GNIS 224596 Greenwood Cove",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "greenwood-creek-landing",
   "name": "Greenwood Creek Landing (Greenwood, Elk)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 28,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1886",
    "display": "c.1886–1917",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1886,
    "last": 1917
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Greenwood",
    "Elk"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.1324,
    -123.72252
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Two-stage port. By 1889 (built 1886-89 per the MPDF) a long wharf/chute complex ran from the 140-ft point over the rocky islets north of Greenwood Creek, reaching 10 ft of water, fed by the narrow-gauge Mendocino Railroad Co. (org. 1875, 3.5 mi up Greenwood Creek, T-rail, two rod locomotives) which served both this landing and Cuffey's Cove; mills included A.W. Hall's (1870-73), Dixon's (1875-77) and Helmke's first-class 50,000-ft mill (1875/76, lost to creditors, becoming the Redwood Lumber Co.). Stage two: L.E. White built a large steam sawmill and 3-ft-gauge railroad about 1890 (80,000 ft/day), with a cliff-hung rail incline to a wharf where lumber was slung by wire to moored steam schooners; sold to Goodyear Redwood Co. 1916; Goodyear bankrupt 1932 and the uninsured mill burned 1936, ending the industry. Elk once had ten hotels; the L.E. White office survives as the town museum.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "tanbark"
   ],
   "company": [
    "L.E. White Lumber Co.",
    "Goodyear Redwood Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wharf-over-islets with chute (1877-1880s); later gravity incline to wharf + wire-sling loading to offshore moorings (White era)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (both eras); concrete wharf footings visible at low tide"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Mendocino RR Co. 1875, narrow gauge; L.E. White 3 ft gauge RR with cliff ledge line and gravity incline (horse 'Maude' hauled empties)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "A.W. Hall (1870-73); James Dixon (1875-77); Fred Helmke / Redwood Lumber Co. (1876-); L.E. White Lumber Co. (c.1890-1916); Goodyear Redwood Co. (1916-32); Elk River Co. (1932-36)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Greenwood Creek Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880 (Hall, Dixon, Helmke mills; Mendocino RR Co. 1875)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Wikipedia, 'Elk, Mendocino County, California' (White, Goodyear 1916, 1932 bankruptcy, 1936 fire)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elk,_California"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Elk/Greenwood page (incline, wire slings, wharf footings)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/elk.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "White's mill start '1883' appears in some accounts; Wikipedia (citing local sources) supports c.1890 production of 80k ft/day. End of sea shipping c.1930 is inferred from Goodyear collapse; mark inferred. Coordinate source: GNIS 224596 Greenwood Cove (39.1324031,-123.7225157)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/greenwood-creek-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Library of Congress panoramic photo, LCCN 2007660635, via Wikimedia Commons · 1911",
    "alt": "Greenwood Creek Landing (Greenwood, Elk)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "bridgeport-landing",
   "name": "Bridgeport Landing (Hoag's Landing, Field's Landing (Mendocino))",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 31,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1871",
    "display": "c.1871–1892",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1871,
    "last": 1892
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Hoag's Landing",
    "Field's Landing (Mendocino)",
    "Kimball's Chute"
   ],
   "coords": [
    39.0521,
    -123.7392
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "summary": "Open landing facing the NW swell, 6⅔ mi N of Point Arena light. C. Hoag built the chute in 1870; washed away in the storms of 1877 and rebuilt 1878; owned in 1880 by Mrs. Eliza Fields, with a store and blacksmith shop at the hamlet (post office 'Miller'). Large annual shipments of tanbark, cordwood, fence posts and railroad ties (Palmer). The 1889 Coast Pilot describes the chute running from high land 100 yards inside the cliff, by trestlework to two small rocks ~100 yards offshore, its apron turned sharply south. James Dixon's mill (machinery moved from Fort Ross, 1873) and successors sawed nearby.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "railroad ties",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "trestled trough chute to offshore rocks, apron turned south"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "C. Hoag (1870); Mrs. Eliza Fields (1880); James Dixon mill (1873-), later Lamoine, Newfield"
    ],
    [
     "Recorded wrecks",
     "3 historic vessel losses near the landing (MPDF inventory)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Bridgeport",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Bridgeport Landing; Uncle Abe's Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Uncle Abe's Landing, a chute 1.5 mi SE of Greenwood, was torn down and abandoned before 1889 (Coast Pilot); folded here as the next minor landing north. Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal: Davidson 1889:275 'Six and two thirds miles north one degree east (N. 1 E.) from Point Arena Light'; base = GNIS 253765 Point Arena cape (38.9557424,-123.7414086, lighthouse site)",
   "wreck_count": 3,
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "new-haven-landing",
   "name": "New Haven Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 32,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1886",
    "display": "c.1886–1892",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1886,
    "last": 1892
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    39.0346,
    -123.7289
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Tiny, rock-filled cove whose south point is the north point of Mal Paso gulch (a 280-ft-deep 'bad crossing' for teams), 5.5 mi N of Point Arena light. The 1889 Coast Pilot: a chute projected 75 yards SSE from the high north bank just beyond the breakers; a vessel lay to six mooring lines broadside, head out, in a passage only ~70 yards wide; 'a dangerous-looking place'; safe for one 80-ton vessel at a time, with a large mooring buoy outside. No independent chute at Mal Paso itself is documented in sources located.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "C.A. McFaul (1892)"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "trough chute, 75 yards, from north bank"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "operator unidentified"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Mal Paso and New Haven Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "The user's 'Mal Paso' and 'New Haven' resolve to this one cove complex. Coordinates approximate (Mallo Pass Creek vicinity). Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal: Davidson 1889:274 - the landing's south point 'lies five and a half miles north seven degrees east (N. 7 E.) from the Light-house at Point Arena' and is 'the north point of the little cove into which empty the waters of Mal Passo Gulch'; base = GNIS 253765 Point Arena cape",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "arena-cove-landing",
   "name": "Arena Cove Landing (Point Arena)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 33,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1866",
    "display": "c.1866–1930",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1866,
    "last": 1930
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Point Arena"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.9138,
    -123.71335
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "The best semi-sheltered cove between Bodega and Mendocino; used from 1859 to land supplies, with S.B. Campbell lightering from 1862 until Mart T. Smith's February 1866 state wharf franchise (owners then Woodward & Chalfant 1870, A. McClure & Co. 1875, C.R. Arthur 1880). The 1889 Coast Pilot shows a ~100-yard wharf into 15 ft of water on the north side plus a 'very long' trough chute descending the valley slope to 10 ft of water, later joined by a clifftop wire chute (Kelley House photo shows wharf, trough chute and wire chute together); ~50 schooners a year plus a regular coasting steamer. 1879 shipments included 70,000 posts, 13.5 million shingles, 223 cords of tanbark, leather, produce and 2,300 tons of merchandise; the town itself never had a big sawmill.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "tanbark",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wharf + long trough chute + wire chute (all three at once in Kelley House photo); two heavy outer moorings"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes — ~100 yards, 15 ft at end (1889); successively rebuilt (incl. after the 1983 storm)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Mart T. Smith (1866-70); Woodward & Chalfant (1870-75); A. McClure & Co. (1875-80); C.R. Arthur (1880-)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Arena Cove",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Arena Township (wharf franchise 1866; 1879 shipment table)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, Point Arena page; chutes gallery",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/towns/point_arena.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Palmer's 1880 shipment statistics are from wharf-owner Arthur; period but interested source. 1913 wharf/1920s rebuilds not verified here. Coordinate source: GNIS 218356 Arena Cove (38.9137983,-123.7133513); GNIS 230845 Point Arena Creek mouth (38.9137982,-123.7105734)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/arena-cove-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Sonoma County Library heritage collection (item p15763coll11/4512), via Wikimedia Commons · ca. 1900s",
    "alt": "Arena Cove Landing (Point Arena)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "saunders-landing",
   "name": "Saunders' Landing (Hearn's Landing)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 36,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1877",
    "display": "c.1877–1895",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1877,
    "last": 1895
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Hearn's Landing"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.853,
    -123.65
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Chuted bluff landing half a mile NW of Iversen Point, behind Saunders Reef. The 1889 Coast Pilot: a long chute carried from the 90-ft cliff over a chasm to a 49-ft rocky islet and projected to five fathoms, where schooners loaded lumber hauled from Schooner Gulch, plus wood, ties and posts; three mooring buoys; about 17 schooners loaded yearly, and 'no possible chance of saving anything that goes ashore here.'",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "A. Saunders (mill 1875); Nealon & Young"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "long trough chute via islet to 5 fathoms"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Saunders (name); Schooner Gulch mill (supplier)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Saunders Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Landings and Chutes",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Scott's Landing (franchise to Lew. Gerlock, 22 Feb 1870, per Palmer) lay in this Gualala-Point Arena stretch; possibly an earlier name hereabouts; unresolved. Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal, two convergent Davidson 1889:268 constructions: (a) 'the chute at this place is less than half a mile northwestwardly from Iverson Point' off GNIS 254831 Iversen Point; (b) 'Saunders Reef lies from 750 to 1230 yards west three-quarters south from the chute' off GNIS 232600 Saunders Reef (38.8526878,-123.660293) - both give ~38.853,-123.650 (within 150 m)",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "iversons-landing",
   "name": "Iverson's Landing (Fergusons Cove, Rough and Ready)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 37,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1880",
    "display": "c.1880–1911",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1880,
    "last": 1911
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Fergusons Cove",
    "Rough and Ready"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.84685,
    -123.64696
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Rock-choked cove under Iversen Point, 8¼ mi SE of Point Arena, protected somewhat by Saunders Reef. The 1889 Coast Pilot: a small platform chute on the north bank with a wire ('trapeze') carried across the cove; vessels at the trapeze lay stern-to in 17 ft of water moored to the rocks, while the Rough and Ready point chute took vessels of 100 tons on six mooring-lines (Davidson 1889); ~30 vessels/yr loaded wood, tanbark, posts and ties, fleeing to Havens Anchorage when SW swell came in. The Rough and Ready chute on Iversen Point itself washed away three times and was being re-erected in 1885. Namesake Niels Iversen (b. Denmark 1830) rebuilt the schooners Annie Iverson (1869) and Sina Johnson (1875) in the area.",
   "cargo": [
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "tanbark",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "railroad ties"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "platform chute + trapeze wire across cove; exposed point chute (Rough and Ready) repeatedly destroyed"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Ferguson (cove proprietor, 1885); Iversen family"
    ],
    [
     "Recorded wrecks",
     "10 historic vessel losses near the landing (MPDF inventory)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Iverson Landing/Rough and Ready Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880 (Iversen biography; schooner rebuilds)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS doghole overview",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "NOAA lists 'Iverson's Landing' and separately 'Rough and Ready' among regional dogholes; they are adjacent works at one cove complex. Coordinate source: GNIS 254831 Iversen Point (38.8468544,-123.646959)",
   "wreck_count": 10,
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "steens-landing",
   "name": "Steen's Landing (Hardscratch, Signal Port)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 38,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1882",
    "display": "c.1882–1890",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1882,
    "last": 1890
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Hardscratch",
    "Signal Port"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.82908,
    -123.61557
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Open landing 1⅓ mi NW of Havens Neck, ten miles SE of Point Arena; formerly called Hardscratch. The 1889 Coast Pilot: a chute about 200 yards long built from the 80-ft cliff over rocks into deep water, loading lumber, firewood, posts and tanbark; two mooring buoys plus a third added 1884. Its supplying sawmill, 3.5 mi inland, was erected in 1883 (25,000 ft/day) and about eight vessels loaded per month.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "tanbark"
   ],
   "company": [
    "L.B. Doe & Co. (mill 1883)"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "long trough chute into deep water"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Steen (landing name); mill operator unidentified"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Signal Port or Steens Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Richard H. Tooker, 'Loading by High-Line on the California Coast,' Sea Letter 6:1 (SF Maritime Museum, May 1968)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://maritime.org/loading-by-high-line/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinates estimated from Coast Pilot bearings only. Coordinate source: GNIS 1666816 Signal Port (historical) (38.8290768,-123.6155687); Wikipedia Signal Port, California 38.82917,-123.61556 (agrees); GNIS 233113 Signal Port Creek mouth 38.8285212,-123.6161243",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "nip-and-tuck-landing",
   "name": "Nip and Tuck Landing (Phelp's, Bryne's)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 39,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1879",
    "display": "c.1879–1903",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1879,
    "last": 1903
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Phelp's",
    "Bryne's",
    "Peter's",
    "Beadle's"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.82574,
    -123.60974
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Open-coast chute landing one mile NW of Havens Neck, at Reesman Gulch (crossed by a 60-ft-high bridge). The 1889 Coast Pilot reports a chute from the 75-ft cliff and states the landing was 'practically abandoned'; only six vessels loaded in 1883. The schooner Caroline Medau wrecked here in October 1881.",
   "cargo": [
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "tanbark",
    "cordwood & firewood"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "trough chute from 75-ft cliff"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "operator unidentified"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Nip and Tuck Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS doghole overview (port list)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Known essentially only from the 1889 Coast Pilot; NOAA's overview also lists it. Coordinate source: GNIS 231899 Roseman Creek (prim/mouth 38.8257434,-123.6097352); identified via Davidson 1889:266: chute 'on the south side of a deep, narrow gulch... called Reesman Gulch', 'one mile north thirty-eight degrees west from Havens Neck' (GNIS 225025)",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "fish-rock-landing",
   "name": "Fish Rock Landing (Haven's Anchorage, Anchor Bay)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 40,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1870",
    "display": "c.1870–1914",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1870,
    "last": 1914
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Haven's Anchorage",
    "Anchor Bay"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.80074,
    -123.58585
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Cove sheltered by the twin Fish Rocks, named Havens Anchorage by the Coast Survey in 1853. State franchises: wharf to Mart T. Smith 13 May 1861; chute to E.J. Stevens 26 March 1866; landing and chute to William S. Ferguson 27 February 1870 (Palmer). Russel Stevens ran a mill at Fish Rock Gulch from 1864 (~15-18,000 ft/day) until the timber was cut out. The 1889 Coast Pilot: chute from the NE bluff point over 15 ft of water, vessel broadside with 5-6 mooring lines; wood, posts and ties shipped year-round; five or six vessels could shelter under the rocks in NW blows; 200-ton vessels could anchor close in.",
   "cargo": [
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "railroad ties",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "trough chute over 15 ft water; mooring buoy + shore lines"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "franchised 1861; wharf existence unverified"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Mart T. Smith (1861 franchise); E.J. Stevens (1866); W.S. Ferguson (1870); Russel Stevens mill (1864-)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Havens Anchorage or Fish Rock Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Arena Township landings (franchise dates; Stevens mill 1864)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Propeller Arispe lost here May 1854; Mary Zephyr stranded 1881. Palmer conflates Ferguson's Cove here; the 1889 CP applies 'Fergusons Cove' to Iverson Landing; names migrated, flag when mapping. Coordinate source: GNIS 225024 Havens Anchorage (38.800744,-123.5858452)",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "collins-landing",
   "name": "Collin's Landing (St. Ores)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 41,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1869",
    "display": "c.1869–1900",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1869,
    "last": 1900
   },
   "aliases": [
    "St. Ores"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.79241,
    -123.56418
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Exposed landing two-thirds of a mile NW of Bourns Landing. The 1889 Coast Pilot: a chute from the 80-ft cliff to an offshore rock, continued by a 300-yard wire cable ('trapeze chute') to an outer rock; the vessel beneath lay in 20 ft of water on five mooring lines. Used only in summer, ~25 cargoes a year; the lumber mill had been abandoned by 1889 but wood, posts and tanbark were still shipped.",
   "cargo": [
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "tanbark",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "chute + trapeze wire cable to outer rock; 4 mooring buoys"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "operator unidentified in sources located"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Collins Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Sparse: known almost solely from the 1889 Coast Pilot. Coordinate source: GNIS 232234 Saint Orres Creek (prim/mouth 38.7924107,-123.5641777)",
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "bourns-landing",
   "name": "Bourn's Landing (Bowens Landing, Bourne's)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 42,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1862",
    "display": "c.1862–1920",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1862,
    "last": 1920
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Bowens Landing",
    "Bourne's",
    "Bone's"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.785,
    -123.562
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Chief shipping point for the Gualala mill, 1.5 mi NW of the river. Franchise for wharf and chutes granted to Morton Bourn 22 February 1870; the Gualala Mill Co. added its own chute in 1872 (washed away 1878 by a southeaster, rebuilt 1879). The 1889 Coast Pilot describes a 200-ft northern chute reaching 24-ft water (lumber only), a southern chute (wood, bark, ties, posts, stave-bolts), a small cove inside with two small landing-wharves and a wharf served by a railroad branch, plus a new 'trapeze' wire-rope chute; ~140 cargoes shipped yearly, six 250-ton vessels at moorings in summer. Still listed as a working landing in the 1911 Coast & Geodetic Survey.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "tanbark",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Gualala Mill Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "trough chutes (N lumber chute to 24 ft water; S chute) plus trapeze wire chute by late 1880s"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes — small wharves in the inner cove; rail-served wharf"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Gualala Mill Co. RR branch (5 ft 8 in gauge) from mill to the landing"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Morton Bourn (franchise 1870); Gualala Mill Company"
    ],
    [
     "Recorded wrecks",
     "16 historic vessel losses near the landing (MPDF inventory)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Bowen's Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Landings and Chutes between Gualala and Point Arena",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS, 'Bourns Landing' (quotes C&GS 1911)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mcmrhs.org/mill-towns/bourns-landing/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "1889 Coast Pilot calls it Bowen's Landing; local usage Bourn(s). Coordinates approximate from Coast Pilot bearings. Coordinate source: Wikipedia 'Bowens Landing, California' coordinate 38.785,-123.562 (this is Wikipedia's coordinate); corroborated by GNIS 254655 Bourns Gulch (38.7838036,-123.5560707), GNIS 254656 Bourns Rock (38.7788001,-123.5572329), and Davidson 1889:264-265 station 'on the southwestern extremity of the point' 38-46-52 N",
   "wreck_count": 16,
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/bourns-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Bancroft Library photo (per the defunct mendorailhistory.org page), postcard inscribed 'Bourns Landing', via Wayback Machine · undated, ca. 1900s-1910s",
    "alt": "Bourn's Landing (Bowens Landing, Bourne's)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "gualala-landing",
   "name": "Gualala Landing (Walalla, Robinson's)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 43,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1865",
    "display": "c.1865–1884",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1865,
    "last": 1884
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Walalla",
    "Robinson's",
    "Rutherford's"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.76852,
    -123.5339
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "The Cole brothers built the first (apron) chute in 1865; C.D. Robinson bought it in 1866 and rebuilt it in 1875 as a cable chute with a donkey engine to haul the car back (Palmer 1880). The Gualala Mill Co. (Rutherford & Webber, spring 1862; later Harmon, Dingley & the Heywoods) sawed at the river mouth until the mill burned in 1906; from the 1870s its lumber went by rail two miles north to Bourns Landing rather than over the exposed Gualala bluff chutes, which the 1889 Coast Pilot describes as two wire cable-chutes under the north bluff 'abandoned in 1884' (though the 1917 Coast Pilot again notes a wire chute). The mill company owned three schooners and ~12,000 acres of timber.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Gualala Mill Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "apron chute 1865-75; then wire/cable chutes (two, under north bluff); donkey-engine haulback from 1875"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "no (wharf/landing functions at Bourns Landing)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Gualala Mill Co. railroad (franchise 15 May 1862; locomotive from 1875; ~8 mi; 5 ft 8 in 'Roman chariot' gauge, geared locomotive) mill-to-woods and mill-to-Bourns Landing; later Gualala River Railroad (idle 1907-1911 after the fire)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Cole Brothers (1865); C.D. Robinson (1866-); Gualala Mill Co. — Rutherford & Webber 1862; S.H. Harmon, C.L. Dingley, W.B. & F. Heywood by 1880"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Lyman L. Palmer, History of Mendocino County (Alley, Bowen & Co., 1880), Gualala/Arena Twp. mills & chutes",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Walalla River",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Wikipedia, 'Gualala River Railroad' (fire 14 Sep 1906; RR idle 1907-11)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualala_River_Railroad"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Palmer's 5'8\" gauge figure is explicit and repeated by MCMRHS. Wrecks: Skylark (1876), Three Sisters (1880). Milano Hotel NRHP #78000720 (burned 2001). Coordinate source: GNIS 253221 Gualala River (prim/mouth 38.7685224,-123.5338987); derived-from-verbal (landing on the bluff just N of the mouth)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/gualala-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "G.M. Miller photo, 'Gualala Mill, Mendocino Co. California', via defunct mendorailhistory.org / Wayback Machine · ca. 1900",
    "alt": "Gualala Landing (Walalla, Robinson's)"
   },
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "joe-tongues-landing",
   "name": "Joe Tongue's Landing (Joe Tonga's)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 44,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1880",
    "display": "c.1880–1900",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1880,
    "last": 1900
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Joe Tonga's"
   ],
   "summary": "What the MPDF describes as 'a modified wire chute with a steam powered swinging boom', built in the 1880s by farmer Joe Tongue of Gualala on leased Rutherford ranch land (Sea Ranch area); shipped grain and fruit. Candidate site: the end of Fish Rock Road behind Rutherford's barn. The farm-cargo edge case of the chute system.",
   "cargo": [
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Clark 2016; Clark 2009:17, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.75241,
    -123.52668
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "notes": "Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal AREA anchor: GNIS 224702 Gualala Point (38.7524119,-123.5266762), which lies ~1 mile S of the Gualala River mouth - matching the MPDF/Clark-Lindstrom statement 'one mile south of Gualala River'",
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "del-mar-landing",
   "name": "Del Mar Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 45,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1898",
    "display": "c.1898–1926",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1898,
    "last": 1926
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    38.74102,
    -123.5114
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Charles Meyer and William Benitz opened a landing for produce and grain at a little cove here in 1849 (lost with the rancho, 1855). The lumber-era port dates from 1898, when the Bender brothers, William and George, put up a mill just south and rigged a wire chute, adding saloon, store and lumber warehouse by 1903; the mill burned in 1910, and the wire chute probably went out of service within a few years (the 1917 Coast Pilot still notes a wire cable; the 1929 T-sheet shows none). Tanbark and split stakes were among products shipped; the topography gave loading vessels no protection.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark",
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wire chute only"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "William & George Bender (1898-c.1910)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS 'Doghole Port: Del Mar Landing'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_delmarlanding.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] US Coast Pilot 1917 and USC&GS 1929 T-sheet, as cited by NOAA",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Susan M. Clark, The Del Mar Ranch (SSU thesis 1990)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Research design gives mill burning 'between 1903 and 1910'; NOAA public page says 1910. Steam schooner Klamath lost nearby 1921. On Sea Ranch land, coastal trail posts 58-59. Coordinate source: GNIS 222223 Del Mar Point (38.7410231,-123.5113979)",
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "bihler-landing",
   "name": "Bihler Landing (Black Point)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 46,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1875",
    "display": "c.1875–1926",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1875,
    "last": 1926
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Black Point"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.67908,
    -123.43195
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "On the former German Rancho (Ernest Rufus grant, 1846), William Bihler ranched from the 1850s and turned to lumbering in the 1860s-70s; Bihler and D.L.B. Ross had a landing and slide chute working by 1875, with a second chute following in 1876 (only the outer, reaching 23-ft water, was used; six mooring lines, three buoys). Ranch produce went out with railroad ties, staves, posts, firewood and tanbark; a summer-only landing averaging five small schooners a month (1889 Coast Pilot). A wire chute replaced the slide chutes around 1900; the Benders bought in 1904 and the port operated until 1917. The adjacent Black Point community counted more than twelve buildings, among them a hotel, a store, the post office, blacksmith and wagon shops, and a livery.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "railroad ties",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "2 slide/trough chutes 1875-76; wire chute c.1900-1917"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "no (warehouse beside the wire chute)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "William Bihler & D.L.B. Ross (1875-); Knipp & Stengel (ranch mgmt); William & George Bender (1904-)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Bihler Point Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS 'Doghole Port: Bihler Landing'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_bihlerlanding.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Susan M. Clark, 'The Del Mar Ranch...' (SSU thesis, 1990) and TSRA history · cited in NOAA bibliography",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "1879 T-sheet shows the two slide chutes. Wreck: schooner Ruth (1903). On Sea Ranch land today, accessible via CA Coastal Trail (marker 1-25). Coordinate source: GNIS 219397 Black Point, Sonoma Co. (38.6790792,-123.4319533)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/bihler-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Fort Ross Conservancy, per NOAA GFNMS caption · undated, ca. 1870s-1900s",
    "alt": "Bihler Landing (Black Point)"
   },
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "stewarts-point-landing",
   "name": "Stewarts Point Landing (Fisherman's Bay)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 47,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1875",
    "display": "c.1875–1925",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1875,
    "last": 1925
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Fisherman's Bay"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.65463,
    -123.40806
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "The Fisk brothers, John and Andrew, opened the first landing here in 1867; by 1877 three trough chutes served nearby mills, though by 1885 only the middle chute was operable (to 11 ft of water, seven mooring lines; vessels to 125 tons; ~25 schooners/yr with wood, posts, tanbark, shingles). H.A. Richardson acquired the point in 1881 and added a chute of his own, and the family shipped for ~40 years; a wire chute by the 1917 Coast Pilot, rail lines, steam- and horse-powered, running out to the bluff edge, and a family fleet of sailing schooners and steam schooners; until trucking took over the freight in 1925. The settlement reached ~30 buildings and survives with its doghole-era fabric largely intact (Sonoma County Historic District).",
   "cargo": [
    "posts & split stuff",
    "railroad ties",
    "tanbark",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Richardson family (Stewarts Point)"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "3 trough chutes (1877); 1 by 1885; wire chute by 1917"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "steam- and horse-powered rail lines carried products from the mills out to the bluff edge (Richardson era); stacked ties from the horse railroad recorded 2016"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Fisk brothers (1867-); H.A. Richardson & family (1881-1925)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Stewarts Point Landing/Fishermans Bay",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS 'Doghole Port: Stewarts Point'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_stewartspoint.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] US Coast Pilot 1917 (wire chute), as cited in Marx & Lawrence 2016 Research Design",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://cdn.fortross.org/uploads/2021/09/Sonoma_Research_Design_6_20_16.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "2016 team interviewed Harold Richardson (1919-2016). Many wrecks recorded at Fisherman's Bay (research design table, 1861-1913). Coordinate source: GNIS 235471 Stewarts Point cape (38.6546349,-123.4080645)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/stewarts-point-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "San Francisco Maritime National Park E06.531n (SAFR 21374), per NOAA GFNMS caption · undated, ca. 1890s-1900s",
    "alt": "Stewarts Point Landing (Fisherman's Bay)"
   },
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "fisk-mill-landing",
   "name": "Fisk Mill Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 48,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1860",
    "display": "c.1860–1910",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1860,
    "last": 1910
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    38.59686,
    -123.35334
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "John C. Fisk began lumbering and milling here in 1860; Frederick M. Helmke acquired the operation in 1865 and shut the mill down in 1876, but the Kruse family kept the chute in service, handling cargo sent down from other operations such as Platt's mill 1.75 miles up the coast (at Horseshoe/Timber Gulch). The 1889 Coast Pilot: chute on the south point of the west side, vessel broadside in 14 ft with six mooring lines, four buoys; vessels to 100 tons; about 40 schooners loaded yearly with lumber, wood, bark and posts; 'quite a village' half a mile inside the point. A rare wood-and-iron capstan survives on the bluff.",
   "cargo": [
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "tanbark",
    "redwood lumber",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "trough chute (projecting ~100 ft over water, legs set in offshore rocks)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "John C. Fisk (1860-65); F.M. Helmke (1865-76); Kruse family (chute, post-1876); Platt's mill (supplier)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Fisk Mill Cove",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS 'Doghole Port: Fisk Mill Cove'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_fiskmill.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Lawrence 2016 Research Design, Fisk Mill data sheet (incl. Porter 1985)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://cdn.fortross.org/uploads/2021/09/Sonoma_Research_Design_6_20_16.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Wrecks: Archie and Fontie (1902), Carolita (1876), Grace B. Richardson (1888). Fisk cemetery (SPSP-85-3) nearby; Porter 1985 survey recorded chute remains. Coordinate source: GNIS 223554 Fisk Mill Cove (38.5968574,-123.3533421)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/fisk-mill-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Fort Ross Conservancy, via NOAA GFNMS — NOAA's own pages caption this image both as Fisk Mill Cove (port page) and as Salt Point-Gerstle Cove (media page); identification uncertain · undated, ca. 1870s-1890s",
    "alt": "Fisk Mill Landing"
   },
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "salt-point-landing",
   "name": "Salt Point Landing (Gerstle Cove)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 49,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1870",
    "display": "c.1870–1917",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1870,
    "last": 1917
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Gerstle Cove"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.5638,
    -123.32723
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Joshua Hendy and Samuel Duncan brought the township's first steam sawmill here in 1853 (Hendy sold to Alex Duncan 1855; Duncan Bros. to 1860, ~30 million ft cut); the Duncans also quarried marine-terrace sandstone shipped to San Francisco and Mare Island. Before the 1870s cargo was lowered to ships on cables anchored to the cliffs; William R. Miller built a chute in 1872 and Funcke & Wasserman a second (public landing, 1876); by 1889 only the rebuilt inner chute remained (out to 13 ft of water, six mooring lines, two 80-ton vessels able to lie in the cove), abandoned by 1917. A horse-drawn wooden-rail tramway connected Miller's sawmill to the chute; Pritchard's 1969 survey found its remnant and a sandstone-lined cliff cut. On the 'earliest railroad' claim: sources located document the horse tramway but none support calling it one of California's first railroads; treat that claim as unverified.",
   "cargo": [
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "tanbark",
    "farm produce",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Duncan brothers",
    "Funcke & Gerstle (tanbark)"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "cliff cables pre-1870s; two trough chutes 1872/1876; outer abandoned by 1889, inner (rebuilt, 13-16 ft water) to 1917"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "no (the 1876 'public landing' was a chute landing)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "horse-drawn wooden-rail tramway, Miller's mill to chute (1870s); quarry handling gear"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Hendy & Duncan (1853-55); Duncan Brothers (1855-60); Frederick Funcke, Lewis Gerstle, W.R. Miller (1860s-70s)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Gerstles Cove or Salt Point Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS 'Doghole Port: Gerstle Cove'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_gerstlecove.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Lawrence 2016 Research Design, Gerstle Cove data sheet (incl. Pritchard 1969)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://cdn.fortross.org/uploads/2021/09/Sonoma_Research_Design_6_20_16.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Salt Point State Park history (saltpoint.org): Duncan mill 1853-60, quarry stone to SF/Mare Island",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.saltpoint.org/history"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Norlina wreck (1926) off Horseshoe Point/Gerstle. Salt Point SP Archaeological District NRHP #71000207. Trinomials 4-SonS51/52 (mill+quarters up Miller Creek). Coordinate source: GNIS 224133 Gerstle Cove (38.563802,-123.3272309); GNIS 232328 Salt Point cape (38.5663021,-123.3327865) The 1853 Hendy-Duncan mill predates the doghole landing; the MPDF's canonical span is 1870-1917 (Funcke & Gerstle era).",
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "walsh-landing",
   "name": "Walsh Landing (Ocean Cove)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 50,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1889",
    "display": "c.1889–1912",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1889,
    "last": 1912
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Ocean Cove"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.55519,
    -123.30445
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Small bluff landing at Ocean Cove between Stillwater Cove and Salt Point; named for W.J. Walsh, who purchased the property 14 October 1889. The Ocean Cove local history states: 'Timber was harvested in the surrounding area, then loaded from the bluffs onto \"Dog Hole\" schooners, and sent to San Francisco'. A 1910 shipping-agents' table of ports of call pairs 'Salt Point Landing/Walsh's Landing.' Not among the doghole ports surveyed in the 2016 NOAA/CSP Sonoma project.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [
    "Fred Linderman (lessee 1900)"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "single wire chute on the north side of Ocean Cove, installed 1900 by lessee Fred Linderman (MPDF)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "W.J. Walsh (landowner from 1889)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'History of Ocean Cove,' Ocean Cove Campground & Store (Walsh purchase 10/14/1889; bluff loading)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.oceancove.org/?page_id=219"
    },
    {
     "citation": "MCMRHS 'Shipping' page, 1910 ports-of-call table ('Salt Point Landing/Walsh's Landing')",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_shipping/shipping.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Thinnest-sourced Sonoma entry: rests on a local business-history page and the 1910 port list reproduced by the Mendocino Coast Model RR & Historical Society. Needs county-history/CDNC verification. Coordinate source: GNIS 229921 Ocean Cove (38.5551908,-123.3044528)",
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "stockhoff-cove-landing",
   "name": "Stockhoff Cove Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 51,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1870",
    "display": "c.1870–1906",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1870,
    "last": 1906
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "summary": "Landing or anchorage (possibly a wire chute) at Stockhoff Cove, now Stillwater Cove Regional Park. The Stockhoff homestead (late 1860s) lived by lumbering, ranching, and farming; potatoes and produce loaded here or at neighboring chutes.",
   "cargo": [
    "farm produce",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Rudy 2009:55; Rudy 2015:40, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.54686,
    -123.29751
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "notes": "Coordinate source: GNIS 235498 Stockhoff Creek (prim 38.5468574,-123.2975084)",
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "stillwater-cove-landing",
   "name": "Stillwater Cove Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 52,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1868",
    "display": "c.1868–1889",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1868,
    "last": 1889
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    38.54583,
    -123.29861
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Very small but sheltered cove usable year-round. Christian Friedrich Ruoff settled by fall 1851; after his 1854 death his widow Francesca took over the property and had a lumber chute working before the end of the 1860s ('owned by Mrs. Ruoff in 1880'). The single chute on the NW side ran from the cliff past the outer rocks into 11 ft of water; vessels lay broadside with six mooring lines (1889 Coast Pilot); 249 wood loads shipped 1868-74. No town ever formed; no photos or drawings of the chute have been found, but rebates, ring bolts, pins and wire rope survive.",
   "cargo": [
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "railroad ties",
    "tanbark"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "single trough chute; 2 mooring buoys"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Ruoff family"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Stillwater Cove",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS 'Doghole Port: Stillwater Cove'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_stillwatercove.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "An 1880 township history is NOAA's source for the Ruoff story (likely Munro-Fraser's History of Sonoma County, 1880; not directly consulted). Coordinate source: GNIS 1654970 Stillwater Cove (38.5458333,-123.2986111)",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "timber-cove-landing",
   "name": "Timber Cove Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 53,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1860",
    "display": "c.1860–1925",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1860,
    "last": 1925
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    38.52964,
    -123.27112
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Settlement from c.1856 with hotel, store and post office supporting a trough chute 'built sometime that decade,' 'the first such apparatus in the area' (NOAA). In 1861 George Weber and D.L.B. Ross started a sawmill on a ridge 1.5 mi inland; it ran only three years; William R. Miller's sawmill ran from 1867 and had largely stripped the nearby hills by the 1870s. 481 schooner cargoes were transhipped 1868-74; the 1889 Coast Pilot shows the single trough chute (out to 16 ft of water, 5 mooring lines, 2 buoys) loading cordwood, posts, ties, tanbark and produce. Ernest Saltzig installed a wire chute in 1921 (transplanted from Fort Ross); lumber shipping ended by 1925.",
   "cargo": [
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "railroad ties",
    "tanbark",
    "farm produce",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "trough chute (1850s-c.1920); wire chute 1921-1925"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Weber & D.L.B. Ross mill (1861-64); William R. Miller mill (1867-1870s); Ernest Saltzig (1921-25)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Timber Cove",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS 'Doghole Port: Timber Cove'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_timbercove.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Lawrence 2016 Research Design, Timber Cove data sheet",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://cdn.fortross.org/uploads/2021/09/Sonoma_Research_Design_6_20_16.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Windermere (iron bark, 1883) lost at Windermere Point just south; Acme (1889) at Kolmer Gulch. Cargo counts 1868-74 from NOAA ('historians documented'). Coordinate source: GNIS 236354 Timber Cove (38.5296352,-123.2711192) Active-from c.1856 per NOAA settlement history; the MPDF's canonical span opens 1860 (chute built by Benitz in the 1860s).",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/timber-cove-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Fort Ross Conservancy, per NOAA GFNMS caption · undated, ca. 1870s-1900s",
    "alt": "Timber Cove Landing"
   },
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "fort-ross-landing",
   "name": "Fort Ross Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 54,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1867",
    "display": "c.1867–1920",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1867,
    "last": 1920
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    38.51214,
    -123.24723
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Russian-era prehistory in one line: the Russians maintained a small wharf and shipyard here, where shipwright Vasily Grudinin built vessels here at what California State Parks calls the first shipbuilding yard in California; brigs Rumiantsev (1818), Buldakov (1820), Volga (1822), Kiakhta (1824). American era: James W. Dixon built a 180-ft trough chute with 100-ft swing apron on the north bank in 1867 (used to c.1900); William Benitz had built a stone wharf pre-1870s, expanded by George W. Call in the 1870s with warehouse and derrick (destroyed 1901 when the schooner J. Eppinger wrecked into it); a wire chute operated c.1901-1920/21, rebuilt 1910, then dismantled and its machinery moved to Timber Cove. Vessels loaded lumber, cordwood, tanbark, stone, hides, produce and passengers; a railway was cut into the cliff's northern rim from blufftop to wharf.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "tanbark",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Call family (Fort Ross)"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "trough chute 1867-c.1900 (out over 12 ft of water, 6 mooring lines); wire chute c.1901-1920; wharf loading alongside"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes — Benitz stone wharf (pre-1870s) and Call wharf+warehouse (1870s-1901)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "cliff-cut railway from bluff to wharf (hand/animal); no locomotive line"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Russian-American Company (1812-41); William Benitz (1840s-60s); James W. Dixon (chute, 1867); George W. Call (1870s-1900s)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Fort Ross Anchorage",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Lawrence 2016 Research Design, Fort Ross data sheet",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://cdn.fortross.org/uploads/2021/09/Sonoma_Research_Design_6_20_16.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS 'Doghole Port: Fort Ross Cove'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_fortross.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Fort Ross Conservancy, 'Shipbuilding' (first ships built in California, 1818-1824)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.fortross.org/history/shipbuilding"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Pomona (1908, NRHP #07000306) lies in the cove. Site trinomial CA-SON-1454/H. Ship years per fortross.org history pages (some sources give build spans 1816-18 etc.). Coordinate source: GNIS 223704 Fort Ross Cove (38.5121351,-123.2472299)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/fort-ross-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park, Mercedes Pearce Staff Collection, E11.19,777pl (SAFR 21374), per NOAA caption · 1892",
    "alt": "Fort Ross Landing"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "russian-gulch-landing-sonoma",
   "name": "Russian Gulch Landing (Sonoma)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 55,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1875",
    "display": "c.1875–1910",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1875,
    "last": 1910
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    38.46686,
    -123.15667
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Landing at the only sand-beach gulch north of the Russian River; vessels entered a 100-yard rock passage to load at a short, very steep chute built from the southeast point (1889 Coast Pilot; 11 ft at the chute end, 3 mooring buoys (Davidson 1889)). It received Rule's Landing's business in 1884 and was supplied by steam railroad from the Russian River mills; after 1900 the Western Redwood Lumber Company operated a wire chute and storage yard here (c.1904 photo). Archaeology (2016) found railroad ties, roadbeds and buried wire cable.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Western Redwood Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "trough/slide chute first (late 1890s photos show two slide chutes), then wire chute (Western Redwood Lumber Co. era)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "steam railroad connection from Russian River mills; hoist house at the chute"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Western Redwood Lumber Company (post-1900); Russian River mills (suppliers, via rail)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Russian Gulch Landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS 'Doghole Port: Russian Gulch'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_russiangulch.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Lawrence 2016 Research Design, Russian Gulch data sheet",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://cdn.fortross.org/uploads/2021/09/Sonoma_Research_Design_6_20_16.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "End of operations not pinned; Jenner Headlands IRMP (Sonoma Land Trust 2012) is the survey's cited local source. Wrecks nearby: D.C. Haskins 1885, Maggie Ross 1892, Joseph S. Spinney 1892, Whitelaw 1893. Coordinate source: GNIS 1723332 Russian Gulch Creek (prim/mouth 38.4668583,-123.1566714); GNIS 232048 Russian Gulch valley (38.4667517,-123.1569255)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/russian-gulch-landing-sonoma.jpg",
    "credit": "Sonoma County Library, per NOAA GFNMS caption · ca. 1904",
    "alt": "Russian Gulch Landing (Sonoma)"
   },
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "rules-landing",
   "name": "Rule's Landing (Rules Head)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 56,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1877",
    "display": "c.1877–1884",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1877,
    "last": 1884
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Rules Head"
   ],
   "coords": [
    38.4637,
    -123.1514
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Wire-chute-only landing under Rule's Head, 1.5 mi NW of the Russian River mouth, on the Rule family ranch (John and Elizabeth Rule, land bought 1870). The 1889 Coast Pilot: 'located in 1877, but has since been abandoned'; a wire cable ran 150 yards from the bluff to a rock, vessels mooring beneath; the owners dismantled the cable in 1884 and shifted the trade to Russian Gulch Landing. Douglass (1995) recorded railroad ties, a possible turntable, and frayed wire cable; the cove was the Russians' 'harbor sheltered for baidarkas.'",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "railroad ties"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wire chute only (cliffs too high for a trough chute); cable reportedly brought from Duncan's Landing"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "short tramway/track at the bluff (ties and possible turntable found; Douglass 1995)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Rule family ranch/timber operation"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot, Rules Landing entry (wire cable, abandoned 1884)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Robert G. Douglass, Rule's Landing: A Lumber Shipping Focus on the Sonoma Coast (CDPR report, 1995)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS 'Doghole Port: Rule's Landing'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_ruleslanding.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "No historical photos of the chute located; no shipwrecks reported. Coordinates are my estimate of Rule's Head from the Coast Pilot description. Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal: Davidson 1889:255 'It lies one and [a half] miles northwest from the mouth of Russian River, under a high head... which we have named Rules Head'; along-coast interpolation between GNIS 267200 Russian River mouth (38.4504698,-123.1294482) and GNIS 1723332 Russian Gulch Creek mouth",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/rules-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Lithograph (a drawing of the Rule Ranch, not a photograph): Thompson & West, Historical Atlas of Sonoma County, 1877; David Rumsey Historical Map Collection, per NOAA caption · 1877",
    "alt": "Rule's Landing (Rules Head)"
   },
   "symbol": "wirechute"
  },
  {
   "id": "duncans-landing",
   "name": "Duncan's Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 57,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1876",
    "display": "c.1876–1889",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1876,
    "last": 1889
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "coords": [
    38.39297,
    -123.09473
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "summary": "Doghole cove on Duncan's Point used to tranship lumber from the Duncan brothers' mill on the lower Russian River (the river itself being unnavigable to lumber vessels). The 1876 USC&GS T-sheet shows two trough chutes projecting into the cove with four moorings; by 1889 the railroad to Duncans Mills had eliminated water shipment. 2016 NOAA/CSP survey recorded eye bolts, chain, pins and traces of the headland railway; divers found no anchors.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Duncan brothers"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "2 trough/slide chutes (1876 T-sheet); 2-4 mooring buoys"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "short railway on the headland to the chutes (archaeological trace); North Pacific Coast RR's 1877 arrival at Duncans Mills killed the sea trade"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Samuel & Alexander Duncan (Duncan's Mill on Russian River)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Lawrence, Sonoma Coast Doghole Port Project Research Design (NOAA ONMS, 2016), Duncan's Landing data sheet",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://cdn.fortross.org/uploads/2021/09/Sonoma_Research_Design_6_20_16.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Deborah Marx, 'Doghole Port: Duncan's Landing' (NOAA GFNMS)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_duncanslanding.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] USC&GS T-sheet 1876 (two chutes, moorings)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole_duncanslanding.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Research design says the Duncans 'established lumber mill in early 1877' at Duncans Mills; start date of the landing itself is not pinned in sources located. Wrecks: Emma Adelia (1872), Sovereign (1873). Coordinate source: GNIS 222718 Duncans Point (38.3929711,-123.0947251); Wikipedia 'Duncans Landing' (redirects to Duncans Point) 38.393,-123.0947 - same point (Wikipedia's coordinate) The Duncans' mill dates from 1860; the MPDF's canonical LANDING span opens with the 1876 T-sheet chutes.",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "shelter-cove",
   "name": "Shelter Cove",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "coords": [
    40.02047,
    -124.06786
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1860",
    "display": "c.1860s lightering; pier 1885-1930s (maintenance abandoned in the 1930s)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "The only semi-sheltered roadstead on the Lost Coast (Davidson 1889 describes it as the standard summer refuge). A 960-ft pier of 1885 served the southern Humboldt backcountry - tanbark, wool, hides, butter out; supplies in - by mule train and later wagon road. Its timber-products traffic was captured by Bear Harbor and Needle Rock in the 1890s, and the pier decayed until maintenance was abandoned in the 1930s; salmon fishing then rum-running sustained the place.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "960-foot pier built 1885 (Humboldt Co. Historical Society); goods previously ferried from the beach; mule trains brought cargo over the coastal trails"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - 960-ft pier (1885); eucalyptus planted locally for pier/bulkhead timbers; maintenance abandoned 1930s"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Ray brothers ('improved' Bear Harbor and Shelter Cove, Mendocino Beacon 25 Jul 1885); San Francisco tanbark buyers/investors (per HCHS nugget); wool/produce shippers of the South Fork Eel country (pre-1885 'people at the time packed their wool and produce a distance north to Shelter Cove for shipment since that was their only option' - Bear Harbor NR narrative (citing Mendocino Beacon 1 Jan 1881))"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Martha Roscoe, 'Shelter Cove,' Humboldt County Historical Society history nugget, 20 Apr 2023",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.humboldthistory.org/history-nuggets/2023/4/20/shelter-cove"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot (1889), pp. 300-301 (Point Delgada and Shelter Cove) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Bear Harbor NR nomination (Shelter Cove as prior outlet, its 1890s decline)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Mendocino%20County_Doghole%20Ports%20MPS_Bear%20Harbor%20Landing_REDACTED.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Resort Improvement District No. 1, 'About' (pier built to ship lumber, wool, hides, butter; commercial fishing from 1900s)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://sheltercove-ca.gov/about/"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1860,
    "last": 1930
   },
   "notes": "Pier length/date from HCHS (no footnotes given). Lumber as an export is NOT documented in sources seen - Shelter Cove belongs on the map as a tanbark/ranch-produce doghole, not a lumber port proper. Coordinate source: Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot (on-disk fulltext): C&GS secondary astronomical station 40°01'13.7\"N, 124°04'04.3\"W on the cliff overlooking the harbor; GNIS 232947 Shelter Cove (bay) 40.02431,-124.06364 corroborates Audit: lumber export is not documented for the pier; wool, produce, and tanbark are the attested cargoes.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "https://cdm16166.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/iiif/palmquist/961/full/!800,800/0/default.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, Peter E. Palmquist Working Photograph Collection — \"Shelter Cove Warf 1923\" · 1923",
    "alt": "Shelter Cove"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "mattole-wharf-sea-lion-rock",
   "name": "Mattole Wharf (Sea Lion Rock)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "coords": [
    40.30958,
    -124.35366
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1908",
    "display": "1908-c.1914 (wharf dedicated 22 Aug 1908; landing 'so badly damaged by storms' Feb 1914 that repair was doubtful; the operating decade is given as 1908-1918 by the Mattole Valley Historical Society)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "The Mattole Valley's one industrial shipping point: a 2,000-ft wharf at the river mouth (1908) with a donkey-powered high line from Sea Lion Rock loading tanoak bark onto seasonal schooners for San Francisco tanneries, fed by a 36-inch-gauge railroad with a single Vulcan saddletank engine. Storm-wrecked by February 1914; the trade died with the tanbark. Before 1908 the valley's bark went out by mule and wagon via Shelter Cove.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "High-line WIRE from a donkey engine set on Sea Lion Rock: bark hoisted from railroad flatcars, run out on the wire to the moored schooner, tipped and dumped aboard. Four-point moorings (outside pair in 11 fathoms, inside in 8, with ~2-ton anchors)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - 2,000 ft long, 20 ft wide, half trestle over the beach and half over water, Douglas-fir piles; tracks ran its length from Collins Gulch Landing to the Sea Lion Rock terminus"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Mattole Lumber Co. narrow gauge, 36-inch: Vulcan Iron Works (Wilkes-Barre, PA) 0-4-2T saddletank 'Mattole Engine No. 1', wood-burning, 17,500 lbs, ordered 11 Jul 1908, arrived at the landing 20 Jul 1909; hauled special flatcars from The Landing near Collins Gulch to the wharf"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Mattole Lumber Company (built wharf and railroad, bought tanbark rights valley-wide, ran the Petrolia store); Johnson & Stewart (ordered the locomotive, 1908); landowner William Clark (contract of 1 Jul 1908 for Sea Lion Rock); competing tannery landowners: Eberhard Tanning Co. (Santa Clara), Kron Tannery (Santa Cruz), Wagner Leather Co. (Stockton)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Laura Cooskey, 'Tanbarking in Mattole, Part 1,' West of the Redwoods (Mattole Valley Historical Society), 18 Feb 2020",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://mattolehistory.wordpress.com/2020/02/18/tanbarking-in-mattole-part-1/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "West of the Redwoods, categories 'Tanbark and Wharf' and 'Mattole Lumber Co.' (Clark contract 1 Jul 1908; Vulcan order 11 Jul 1908; Oct 1913 and Feb 1914 reports)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://mattolehistory.wordpress.com/category/tanbark-and-wharf/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot (1889), p. 308 (Mattole River breaking through the coast barrier; steam-schooner class described for these northern outports) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] W. W. Elliott, History of Humboldt County (1881), 'Point Gorda and Mattole River' coast description and Mattole township · VERIFIED by full-text search (leaf 25 ff.)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofhumbold00wwel"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1908,
    "last": 1918
   },
   "notes": "Primary documentation is newspaper-based via the MVHS compilation (Ferndale Enterprise 1907-09; Susie Van Kirk's Mattole River Newspaper References). End date: damaged Feb 1914, but Cooskey frames the wharf decade as 1908-1918 - final abandonment date unverified. Coordinate source: GNIS 253832 (Sea Lion Rock, Petrolia quad, Humboldt Co., BGN 1973); mattolehistory.wordpress.com (Mattole Valley Hist. Soc.)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/mattole-wharf-sea-lion-rock.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, Palmquist Collection — \"Mattole Wharf,\" photo by James Joseph McCloskey, 1907 · 1907",
    "alt": "Mattole Wharf (Sea Lion Rock)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "eureka-humboldt-bay",
   "name": "Eureka (Humboldt Bay)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-deepwater",
   "radius": 10,
   "port_class": "deepwater / major wharf",
   "coords": [
    40.80207,
    -124.16367
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1850",
    "display": "1850-1940s+ (first sawmill and first lumber cargo 1850; first redwood cargo 1855; timber port for over a century)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "California's redwood metropolis: nine mills on the bay by 1854, the first redwood cargo 1855, and by 1889 'the great lumber center of this region' with enormous shipping, direct foreign trade, and eight feeder railroads (Davidson). Its notorious shifting bar bred the earliest tug-assisted bar-crossing system on the coast (c.1852) and, from 1889-91, federal jetties. John Dolbeer's donkey engine (Eureka, Aug 1881) mechanized West Coast logging from here. The NWP's completion (23 Oct 1914) turned the lumber flow from sea to rail, though steam schooners persisted into the 1920s-30s.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "Douglas fir",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "railroad ties"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Dolbeer & Carson",
    "Hammond Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "Wharves along the Eureka waterfront - 'Vessels lie at the wharves to load lumber and produce, and rest on the mud at low-tide' (Davidson 1889); mill-side wharves on Indian/Gunther Island ('extensive saw-mill buildings and wharves,' 1889); channel to Eureka dredged by U.S. Engineers (1889). BAR SYSTEM: shifting bar with 12-24 ft at low water (Davidson 1889); steam tug stationed on the bar from c.1852 - flag hoisted on Red Bluff, tug goes out, 'The best advice we can offer in regard to entering the bay is to wait for the tug' (Davidson 1869); pilots' flagstaff ranges on Red Bluff; lumber-laden vessels detained up to 25-31 days in bad weather (1851, 1861); can-buoy moorings outside (1869). USACE jetties: two-parallel-jetty plan in Chief of Engineers Annual Report 1877; south jetty begun 1889, north jetty 1891 (Magoon, Sloan & Shimizu 1976)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - multiple town and mill wharves from the 1850s"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Eight railroads feeding the bay by 1889 (Davidson). Documented: Eel River & Eureka RR (organized 14 Nov 1882 by John M. Vance, Wm. Carson et al.; 25 mi Eureka-Burnells, standard gauge, ~2,000-ft Table Bluff tunnel; to SF & Northwestern Oct 1902, NWP later); Pacific Lumber's connection at Alton (1885) and spur to Fields Landing (1884); Bucksport & Elk River RR (Dolbeer & Carson + Elk River Mill, 1885 log line, 12 mi); Eureka & Klamath River RR (inc. 1893, Vance: Samoa-Essex, Eureka by ferry); Humboldt Northern Ry (Carson, 1905, Cole's Landing north toward McKinleyville); Arcata & Mad River (see Arcata); Oregon & Eureka (Hammond, see Samoa). NWP golden spike at Cain Rock 23 Oct 1914 connected Humboldt Bay to San Francisco by rail - rail then replaced steam schooners as the main means of getting Humboldt lumber to market (Timber Heritage Assoc.; Humboldt Co. Hist. Soc.)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Ryan & Duff (1852, first successful mill - ship Santa Clara's engines); Martin White's Bay Mill (1852) → John Dolbeer & partners 1856 → DOLBEER & CARSON (partnership 17 Apr 1863; John Dolbeer invented the donkey engine at Eureka Aug 1881, patent 256,553 issued 18 Apr 1882; William Carson); Vance & Garwood 1853/1856 → John Vance Mill & Lumber Co. (Eureka mill burned 1892); Kentfield & Jones (Gunther Island mill from 1866); Humboldt Lumber & Manufacturing Co. (1854 pool, $380,000; exported 20,567,000 ft 1854; failed Dec 1854); California Redwood Company (Edinburgh syndicate, 1882-c.1892, land-fraud scandal - Shepherd 2010); Excelsior Redwood Co. (Freshwater logging railroad c.1890; controlled by Charles A. Hooper - succession from CRC is REPORTED but not verified in this pass); Occidental and other waterfront mills (1856: seven sawmills cutting 2,000,000 bf/month - Humboldt Bay Harbor District)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] George Davidson, Coast Pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington Territory (Washington: GPO, 1869), pp. 98-103 (Humboldt bar history 1851-69, tug system, Eureka, Arcata) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/pacificcoastcoa00survgoog"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot (1889), pp. 318-328 (Eureka 'great lumber center,' eight railroads, dredging, Indian Island mills, Fort Humboldt abandoned) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Edwin C. Bearss, Redwood National Park: History Basic Data (NPS, 1969), ch. X.A ('The Lumber Industry in Humboldt County 1850-1860') - read via Wayback",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/redw/history10a.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'John Dolbeer invents the donkey engine... August 1881,' HistoryLink.org Essay 5331 (patent 256,553, 18 Apr 1882)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.historylink.org/File/5331"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Magoon, Sloan & Shimizu, 'Design and Construction of Humboldt Jetties, 1880 to 1975,' Coastal Engineering Proceedings 15 (1976) - quotes Chief of Engineers Annual Report 1877",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://icce-ojs-tamu.tdl.org/icce/article/view/3192"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Humboldt Bay Harbor District, 'Historic Humboldt Bay' (1856: seven sawmills, 2M bf/month)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://humboldtbay.org/historic-humboldt-bay"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marvin D. Shepherd, A Scottish Syndicate in the Redwoods: Monopoly & Fraud in the California Redwoods, 1882-1892 - not directly read; identified as the study of the California Redwood Co.",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.humboldthistory.org/bookstore/a-scottish-syndicate-in-the-redwoods-monopoly-fraud-in-the-california-redwoods-1882-1892"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Eel River and Eureka Railroad (organized 14 Nov 1882; standard gauge; SF&NW Oct 1902), Wikipedia",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel_River_and_Eureka_Railroad"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1850,
    "last": 1940
   },
   "notes": "1850s mill genealogy from Bearss 1969 (NPS History Basic Data, itself census- and newspaper-based). 'First redwood shipped 1855' is Bearss; Carson shipped 20,000 bf redwood via brig Tigress dated 1854-55 in the same source - treat 1855 as the conventional date. Excelsior-CRC succession unverified. Tonnage of largest vessels not pinned in sources seen. Coordinate source: GNIS 277605 (Eureka populated place); Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot Audit: Vance chronology corrected (John Vance died 1892; his heirs built the Samoa mill 1893); Eureka & Klamath River RR incorporated 1896; the Humboldt Northern claim awaits a rail-history citation.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/eureka-humboldt-bay.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, Palmquist Collection — \"Excelsior Redwood Co.; Eureka Mills, Eureka,\" photo by A.W. Ericson, c. 1890s · c. 1890s",
    "alt": "Eureka (Humboldt Bay)"
   },
   "symbol": "anchor",
   "symbol_major": true
  },
  {
   "id": "bucksport",
   "name": "Bucksport",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-deepwater",
   "radius": 10,
   "port_class": "deepwater / major wharf",
   "coords": [
    40.77513,
    -124.19228
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1850",
    "display": "townsite 1850 (David A. Buck); town absorbed by Eureka by 1870; rail-to-bay log dump and mill sites 1885-1953",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Gold-rush townsite (1850) that faded into south Eureka but became the bay-shore terminus of the Elk River timber railroads: from 1885 Dolbeer & Carson's and the Elk River Mill & Lumber Co.'s standard-gauge line delivered logs and the Falk company town's lumber (1884-1937) to Humboldt Bay wharves here. Rail operation persisted under Pacific Lumber to 1953.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Dolbeer & Carson",
    "Pacific Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "log dump and mill wharves on the bay; logs rafted to bay mills"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (log dump/mill landing; 1869 Davidson noted a wharf reachable with ten feet of water 'when approached from the northward' - 1889 ed. notes Fort Humboldt above it abandoned)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Elk River log railroad 1885, standard gauge, 12 miles (Dolbeer & Carson + Elk River Mill); formally incorporated as Bucksport & Elk River Railroad Co. 14 May 1932 (J.M. Carson pres.); replaced by log trucks 1953. Falk's locomotive: Marschutz & Cantrell 0-4-0 (1884), preserved (Timber Heritage Assoc.)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Dolbeer & Carson (with Elk River Mill & Lumber Co. built the 1885 standard-gauge, 12-mile Elk River log railroad to the bay; 'Three sawmills depended upon railroad deliveries by 1887' (Wikipedia 'Bucksport, California')); Elk River Mill and Lumber Company (Noah Falk, mill and company town of FALK 1884, ~400 residents; mill closed 1937; lumber out via Bucksport); Pacific Lumber Co. (operated the Bucksport & Elk River line until 15 Jan 1953)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'Bucksport, California,' Wikipedia (Buck 1850; D&C 1885 standard-gauge 12-mi log railroad; B&ER inc. 14 May 1932; PALCO to 15 Jan 1953)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucksport,_California"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Falk,' Humboldt County Historical Society nugget (8 Jul 2022); 'Noah Falk...' Redheaded Blackbelt (10 Sep 2024); Falk Archaeological District, Wikipedia",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.humboldthistory.org/history-nuggets/2022/7/8/falk"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Coast Pilot 1869 p.101 and Pacific Coast Pilot 1889 p.322 (Bucksport wharf; Fort Humboldt) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] W. W. Elliott, History of Humboldt County (1881), Bucksport coverage · VERIFIED (index pp. 95, 110, 150)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofhumbold00wwel"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Edwin C. Bearss, Redwood National Park: History Basic Data (NPS, 1969), ch. X · cite via Wayback snapshot; the live nps.gov/parkhistory URL now redirects to a generic page",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://web.archive.org/web/2021/https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/redw/history10a.htm"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1850,
    "last": 1953
   },
   "notes": "The 1885 line vs. the 1932-incorporated Bucksport & Elk River Co. are distinct legal entities on the same corridor - dates as given by Wikipedia/Bucksport and Falk sources; not checked against ICC records. Coordinate source: GNIS 1655852 (Bucksport populated place, Eureka quad) Audit: Davidson's ten-foot/northward description dates to the 1889 edition (1886 conditions); the preserved-Falk-locomotive claim awaits a live THA citation.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "https://humboldthistoryresearch.org/files/original/f5d80342521c6f56cbe16afbc7e0eeeaee13e8e7.jpg",
    "credit": "Humboldt County Historical Society — 'Bucksport, south Eureka city limits, 1938' · 1938",
    "alt": "Bucksport"
   },
   "symbol": "anchor",
   "symbol_major": true
  },
  {
   "id": "fields-landing",
   "name": "Fields Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-deepwater",
   "radius": 10,
   "port_class": "deepwater / major wharf",
   "coords": [
    40.72457,
    -124.21506
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1862",
    "display": "landing named for Waterman Field (town est. 1862 per Wikipedia); lumber-wharf era 1884-20th c.; whaling station 1940-1951",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "The south-bay deepwater railhead: from 1884 an Eel River & Eureka spur, and above all the Pacific Lumber Company's route from Scotia, put Eel River redwood aboard ships here until the NWP (1914) gave PL an all-rail route south. Later a WWII small-shipyard and (1940-51) California's last shore whaling station.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Pacific Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "railroad wharf on the deepwater South Bay channel; lumber transferred rail-to-ship"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - Eel River & Eureka RR spur reached Fields Landing 1884; 'a large wharf was being built at Fields Landing' (1890s, Eel River valley station history); 'For many years the Pacific Lumber Company used the railroad to move their lumber from the mills to shipping areas' (sunnyfortuna.com Eel River valley station history, via Wayback); shipment ran over the Fields Landing wharf until the NWP's completion in 1914"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Eel River & Eureka RR spur (1884, standard gauge); later NWP"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Pacific Lumber Company (Scotia mill; principal user of the wharf pre-1914); Eel River & Eureka Railroad (spur 1884); WWII-era shipyard (wooden tugs for the British Ministry of War - HCHS); whaling station operators 1940-1951"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'Eel River Valley NWP Railroad Stations,' sunnyfortuna.com (ER&E to Fields Landing 1884; PL use of the wharf pre-1914)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.sunnyfortuna.com/railroad/local_stations.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Fields Landing, California,' Wikipedia (names; whaling station 1940-1951; NWP 1914)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_Landing,_California"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Ship Building on Humboldt Bay,' Humboldt County Historical Society (Fields Landing wooden tugs for British Ministry of War)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.humboldthistory.org/history-nuggets/2020/11/19/ship-building-on-humboldt-bay"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Irvine, History of Humboldt County (1915): 'Fields Landing or South Bay is but six miles south of Eureka…next to Eureka so far as shipping is concerned' · VERIFIED (leaf 151)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofhumbold00irvi"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Fred A. Stindt, The Northwestern Pacific Railroad (1964) · the standard reference for ER&E/NWP corporate history",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/northwesternpaci0000fred"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1862,
    "last": 1951
   },
   "notes": "1862 founding and name sequence from Wikipedia (unverified against county sources). PL wharf construction date not pinned - '1890s' per sunnyfortuna. Coordinate source: GNIS 1656012 (Fields Landing populated place, Fields Landing quad) Not to be confused with 'Field's Landing', an alias of Bridgeport Landing on the Mendocino coast. Audit: the 1884 spur date awaits Stindt; the WWII British-tugs claim is HCHS-cited but unverified.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "https://cdm16166.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/iiif/shuster/1370/full/!800,800/0/default.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, Merle Shuster Aerial Photograph Collection — \"Fields Landing Dock,\" 1947 · 1947",
    "alt": "Fields Landing"
   },
   "symbol": "anchor",
   "symbol_major": true
  },
  {
   "id": "samoa",
   "name": "Samoa",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-deepwater",
   "radius": 10,
   "port_class": "deepwater / major wharf",
   "coords": [
    40.81874,
    -124.18645
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1892",
    "display": "1892/1894-1940s+ (Vance mill's first lumber 1894; Hammond era 1900-1956; Georgia-Pacific 1956, Louisiana-Pacific after 1972-73)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "The Vance heirs' 1892-94 Samoa mill - largest in Humboldt County - became the West Coast flagship of A.B. Hammond's empire after his $1,000,000 purchase of 1 Sept 1900. Hammond shipped redwood from his own dock in his own vessels, ran the Oregon & Eureka RR up the coast to Crannell/Trinidad (into the NWP 1907), and built seven wooden steamships at Samoa during WWI. Logging lines reached Big Lagoon until fire destroyed the trestles in 1945.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "Douglas fir"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Hammond Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "mill dock on the deepwater channel behind the North Spit; company steam schooners and steamers loaded alongside"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - mill wharves"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Eureka & Klamath River RR (Vance, inc. 1893: Samoa-Essex, ferry link to Eureka); Hammond's OREGON & EUREKA RR (formed via 1903 agreement with Southern Pacific, 36 miles; extended 1906 to Little River Redwood Co. mill at Crannell; merged into NWP 8 Jan 1907, extended to Trinidad 22 Jun 1907-1 Jul 1911 service; NWP ended Trinidad service 1 Mar 1933 and sold the northern stub back to Hammond); Hammond logging lines north to Little River and BIG LAGOON until the 1945 trestle-destroying wildfire; Samoa shops/roundhouse survive (Timber Heritage Assoc.)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Samoa Land and Improvement Co. (sold frontage 1892); Vance Lumber Co. (John Vance's heirs; Samoa mill first lumber 1894, 60-70,000 bf/day; Eureka mill had burned 1892); A.B. HAMMOND - bought John Vance Mill & Lumber Co. + Eureka & Klamath River RR for $1,000,000 on 1 Sept 1900; Hammond Lumber Co. (modern new mill, WWI emergency shipyard: 7 wooden steamships 1917-19; company town; sold to Georgia-Pacific 1956 (Louisiana-Pacific took Samoa in the 1972-73 split)); Little River Redwood Co. at Crannell (merged with Hammond 1931 - not verified in this pass)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'Hammond Lumber Company,' Wikipedia ($1M purchase 1 Sep 1900; Samoa 1892-94; WWI shipyard 1917-19; 1945 fire; Big Lagoon)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_Lumber_Company"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Samoa - A Lumber Company Town,' Cal Poly Humboldt Special Collections",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.humboldt.edu/special-collections/samoa-lumber-company-town"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Oregon and Eureka Railroad,' Wikipedia (1903 SP agreement, 36 mi; Crannell 1906; NWP merger 8 Jan 1907; Trinidad service 1911-1933)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_and_Eureka_Railroad"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Louisiana Pacific/Hammond Lumber Company Collection finding aid, OAC",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8sj1rxr"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Greg Gordon, When Money Grew on Trees: A. B. Hammond and the Age of the Timber Baron (Norman: U Oklahoma Press, 2014) · the scholarly biography covering the Vance purchase, Samoa mill, and Hammond's rail/shipping system",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/whenmoneygrewont0000gord"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1892,
    "last": 1956
   },
   "notes": "Core dates cross-checked (Wikipedia Hammond Lumber Co.; Cal Poly Humboldt; O&E RR Wikipedia). Crannell/Little River merger date and successor-yard details unverified. Coordinate source: GNIS 1656274 (Samoa populated place, 2023 record); Wikipedia 'Samoa, California' coordinate 40.81861,-124.18639 agrees Audit: Hammond's Vance purchase closed 30 Aug 1900 (about $1 million as reported); mill built 1893, first-lumber and capacity figures unverified.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/samoa.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, A.W. Ericson Photograph Collection — \"Samoa Mill yard, drying lumber\" (location confirmed by Sam Swanlund, 2002) · c. 1900",
    "alt": "Samoa"
   },
   "symbol": "anchor",
   "symbol_major": true
  },
  {
   "id": "arcata-wharf",
   "name": "Arcata Wharf",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-deepwater",
   "radius": 10,
   "port_class": "deepwater / major wharf",
   "coords": [
    40.85525,
    -124.09559
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1855",
    "display": "1855-early 20th c. (wharf completed May 1855; USACE-dredged channel and active lumber loading described 1889; superseded in the NWP era - end date unverified)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Arcata's mile-and-a-half wharf across the mudflats (1855) plus the 45¼-inch-gauge plank-walk railroad made 'Union' the earliest railroad-served port in California, first as the miners' depot for the Trinity and Klamath diggings, then as the ocean outlet for the Mad River valley mills - above all the Korbel brothers' Humboldt Lumber Mill Co., whose 1883 purchase of the Arcata & Mad River RR tied Korbel's redwood to ships at the wharf until the NWP era.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Korbel / Humboldt Lumber Mill Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "Lumber brought by railroad the length of a wharf running ~1.5-2 miles across the mudflats to reach deep water; 'A railroad from the Mad River valley carries lumber to vessels loading at this wharf' (Davidson 1889); US Engineers dredged a 10-ft low-water channel to the wharf (Davidson 1889)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - the famous Arcata Wharf: begun Dec 1854 by the Union Wharf & Plank Walk Co., in use Jan 1855, completed May 1855 at 1.5 miles, extended 600 yards in 1875"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Union Plank Walk Rail Track: California's earliest state-authorized operating railroad (horse-drawn, Jan 1855) on a one-of-a-kind 45¼-inch gauge 'based on the wheel gauge of its original four wheel horse drawn car' (PacificNG; HMDB gives 3 ft 9½ in); steam 1875; A&MR inc. 1881, Korbel purchase 1883, extended to Korbel mills; dual-gauged (third rail) Korblex-Korbel Aug 1925; standard-gauged Feb 1942; California Historical Landmark No. 842"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Union Wharf and Plank Walk Company (1854); Arcata Transportation Co. (steam from 1875); Arcata & Mad River Railroad (inc. 22 Jul 1881); F. Korbel & Bros. / HUMBOLDT LUMBER MILL CO. at North Fork/Korbel (Korbels bought the railroad 1883; sold to Northern Redwood Lumber Co. 1903); Dolly Varden and other Mad River mills"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Coast Pilot 1869 p.101 ('extensive wharf... vessels can reach at high tides') and Pacific Coast Pilot 1889 p.327 (railroad carrying lumber to vessels; USACE 10-ft dredged channel) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Arcata and Mad River Railroad,' PacificNG (45¼-in gauge origin; 1925 third rail; 1942 standard gauge)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.pacificng.com/w/index.php?title=Arcata_and_Mad_River_Railroad"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Arcata and Mad River Rail Road Company,' California Historical Landmark 842; HMDB 'Union Plank Walk Railtrack' (wharf 1.5 mi May 1855, +600 yd 1875)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://noehill.com/humboldt/cal0842.asp"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Arcata and Mad River Railroad,' Wikipedia (inc. 22 Jul 1881; Korbel purchase 1883)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcata_and_Mad_River_Railroad"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1855,
    "last": 1889
   },
   "notes": "Gauge stated as 45¼ in (PacificNG) vs 3 ft 9½ in = 45.5 in (Wikipedia/HMDB) - one-quarter-inch discrepancy between sources, noted. Date the wharf ceased loading ships unverified. Coordinate source: OSM/Nominatim (Klopp Lake, Arcata) + City of Arcata Marsh Treatment History page + Davidson 1889; wharf corridor derived-from-verbal Audit: wharf chronology (Jan/May 1855, 1875 extension) and length (sources range 1.5-2 miles with the plank walk) rest on local-history pages; corporate name = Union Plank Walk, Rail Track and Wharf Co. (inc. 15 Dec 1854); A&MR incorporated July 1881 (sources differ 16 vs 22).",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/arcata-wharf.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, A.W. Ericson Photograph Collection — \"Arcata Wharf, Humboldt County\" (schooner Letitia at dock; Laura Pike under tow) · c. 1890s",
    "alt": "Arcata Wharf"
   },
   "symbol": "anchor",
   "symbol_major": true
  },
  {
   "id": "trinidad",
   "name": "Trinidad",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "coords": [
    41.0552,
    -124.1456
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1850",
    "display": "1850-c.1920s (gold-rush supply port 1850-50s; lumber wharf by 1869; mill-company port through the 1880s-90s; Hammond owned the waterfront until 1944; whaling pier in the early 20th c.)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Discovered for the sea by the gold rush (Dec 1849-1850), Trinidad was the miners' landing for the Klamath diggings while 'great amounts of lumber... were shipped south to build San Francisco.' A lumber wharf existed by 1869; by 1889 Davidson describes a fully evolved doghole-style operation inside the rocky roadstead - derrick loading at Hooper's Wharf, a sawmill and chute lightering lumber to schooners on company moorings. The pier passed through Hammond hands until 1944 and hosted early-20th-century whaling.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Hammond Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "1869: 'A wharf is now built here, at which vessels lie to load lumber' (Davidson). 1889: vessels do NOT lie at Hooper's Wharf because of swell and undertow - they moor bow-out a few yards off and lumber is 'lowered to their decks by a derrick on the wharf' (the field's closing '(Davidson 1889)' already supplies the attribution; the run just needs quotation marks); in the NE part of the bay 'a saw-mill and a chute whence the lumber is taken on lighters to vessels at the moorings' - the mill companies' heavy ground-tackle moorings inside Prisoners Rock (Davidson 1889) inside Prisoners Rock (Davidson 1889)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - Hooper's Wharf (1889 name) on the east side of Trinidad Head; a wharf existed by 1869"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "reached by rail only in 1907-11 (O&E/NWP extension; NWP service to Trinidad 1 Jul 1911-1 Mar 1933) - by then shipping had waned"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "1850s town merchants and early mills (supply trade); Trinidad mill interests behind 'Hooper's Wharf' - the Hooper connection (Charles A./John A. Hooper family, also behind Excelsior Redwood) is INFERRED from the wharf name, not verified; California Redwood Company (Scottish syndicate) involvement at Trinidad reported in regional histories - unverified in this pass; Hammond Lumber Co. (owned all Trinidad waterfront until Earl Hallmark's Dec 1944 purchase - Mad River Union)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Coast Pilot 1869, pp. 103-104 (Trinidad Head and Bay; wharf loading lumber; wreck history) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/pacificcoastcoa00survgoog"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot 1889 (Hooper's Wharf, derrick loading, sawmill and chute with lighters, mill-company moorings) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Discover History,' trinidad-ca.com (gold-rush supply port; lumber south; whaling pier)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.trinidad-ca.com/discover/history.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Bob Hallmark, 'The fascinating true history of Trinidad Pier,' Mad River Union (Hammond waterfront ownership to Dec 1944)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.madriverunion.com/articles/the-fascinating-true-history-of-trinidad-pier/"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1850,
    "last": 1944
   },
   "notes": "The 1850s' 'only local seaport to ship lumber from area sawmills' claim is from town-history pages (unfootnoted). Hooper/CRC corporate history at Trinidad needs archival verification. Whaling-station years not pinned (local pages say 'early 1900s'). Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal: Davidson 1889 bearings from GNIS 231063 Prisoner Rock (41.05235,-124.14479); GNIS 236544 Trinidad Bay 41.05429,-124.14090 Audit: the 1850s lumber-to-San-Francisco and early-1900s whaling-pier claims are unfootnoted local history.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/trinidad.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, Boyle Photograph Collection — \"Trinidad wharf with steamer Emily loading passengers,\" attributed to A.W. Ericson · c. 1893",
    "alt": "Trinidad"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "klamath-river-mouth-requa",
   "name": "Klamath River mouth / Requa",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "coords": [
    41.54679,
    -124.06646
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1881",
    "display": "1881 mill scheme; ocean log-rafting c.1918-1926+",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Not a conventional port but a genuine export point: after failed 1880s mill ventures at the treacherous Klamath bar, Bull & Dunn's 1920s cedar was bound into Davis-patent ocean rafts of several million feet, floated over the bar at flood tide and towed to Eureka for trans-shipment to Japan - the coast's most exotic solution to a barred river mouth.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "river-mouth log rafting: Davis-patent cabled ocean rafts ('swifters,' 32 patents, several million feet each) assembled in the slough below Douglas Bridge, floated over the bar at flood tide, towed by the small freighter Golden West down the coast to Eureka, where cedar was broken out for export to Japan (Bearss). The bar was nearly impassable - the Humboldt tug failed to enter in 1860 (Davidson 1869)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Klamath Commercial Co. (R.D. Hume, 1881: cedar/laurel/oak mill scheme, shipped to Crescent City by small schooner; unsuccessful); Bull & Dunn Cedar Co. (post-WWI logging of Klamath Bluff); G.G. Davis & sons (raft engineers)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Bearss, Redwood National Park: History Basic Data (1969), ch. X.C §§4-5 (Klamath sawmills; Davis rafts, Golden West, 1926) - read via Wayback",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/redw/history10c.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Coast Pilot 1869, p. 106 (Humboldt tug's failed 1860 attempt to enter the Klamath) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/pacificcoastcoa00survgoog"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1881,
    "last": 1926
   },
   "notes": "Entirely from Bearss (NPS 1969), who cites the Del Norte Record; not independently verified. Coordinate source: GNIS 1659500 (Requa populated place, Requa quad); Wikipedia 'Requa, California' 41.54667,-124.06639 agrees Audit: the rafting cargo was cedar logs/timber, not sawn redwood.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "https://cdm16166.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/iiif/schoenrock/93/full/!800,800/0/default.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, Schoenrock Collection — \"Requa, Long Before The Fire of 1914\" · pre-1914",
    "alt": "Klamath River mouth / Requa"
   },
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "crescent-city",
   "name": "Crescent City",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-deepwater",
   "radius": 10,
   "port_class": "deepwater / major wharf",
   "coords": [
    41.7465,
    -124.20452
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1853",
    "display": "1853-1939 as a lumber port (town 1853; first lumber wharf/cargo 1869-70; Hobbs Wall shutdown 22 Feb 1939); harbor breakwater era 1920s+; post-1945 truck-logging revival shipped by other means",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Del Norte's only real port: a rock-strewn open roadstead that Davidson called the most dangerous regularly used on the coast, yet from the 1869 community mill venture and the 1871 arrival of Hobbs, Pomeroy (later Hobbs, Wall & Co.) it shipped spruce and redwood lumber and millions of boxes to San Francisco for seven decades. Hobbs Wall's mills, 12-mile Crescent City & Smith River RR (1890-94), wharf-spur locomotives (1903), and company steamers Del Norte, Mandalay, and Westport made it a company county until the sudden shutdown of February 1939.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Hobbs, Wall & Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "Pre-1869: freight lightered at $3/ton; lumber rolled 200 yards on rollers to lighters from the beach. 1869-70: wharf built (contractors Justus Welles & J.K. Johnson); first lumber cargo left aboard schooner Fanny Jane (Capt. Peter Caughell); lighters loaded directly from the wharf as it extended. Battery Point wharf noted by Davidson 1869 ('landing is now easily effected in good weather. In southeasters the breakers wash over it'); coasting steamers anchored close in and discharged into lighters. Rail spur to the wharf (first railroad in Del Norte, Hobbs-Pomeroy 1870s); first locomotive on the new wharf track May 1903"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - Crescent City Wharf with railroad spur; rebuilt/extended repeatedly; federal outer breakwater works after WWI (Board of Engineers report 20 Dec 1921; today 4,700-ft outer breakwater + 2,400-ft sand barrier to Whaler Island - USACE SPN)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Hobbs-Pomeroy spur Elk Valley Mill→wharf (first RR in Del Norte, 1870s); CRESCENT CITY & SMITH RIVER RAILROAD, common carrier, built 1890-1894, 12 miles from the Smith River logging camps to the two mills with spur to the wharf (gauge not verified); Del Norte & Southern RR from 1908 over Howland Hill (7% and 9% switchback grades) into Mill Creek, extended for WWI Sitka spruce, with three inclined railways 1,800-3,600 ft in the 1920s"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Crescent City Mill & Transportation Co. (community corporation 1869; Lake Earl Mill, 32,000 ft/day 1881, spruce; dam 1880; mill-to-wharf railroad); → J. Wenger & Co. (Lake Earl Mill; burned 1890, rebuilt 1894, 50,000 ft/day; steamers Albion and Scotia; absorbed by Hobbs Wall May 1903; Lake Earl mill closed 1912); HOBBS, WALL & CO.: Hobbs, Gilmore & Co. of SF → Hobbs, Pomeroy & Co. inc. 1871 (Elk Creek mill + box factory, 45-50,000 ft/day 1880); renamed Hobbs, Wall & Co. after David Pomeroy drowned 1879 in the foundering of the Mary D. Pomeroy (lumber-laden for SF); Elk Valley Mill 6M→8.5M ft/yr 1880-93; 'termed the main business artery of the county' (quoted in Bearss); ceased operations Feb-Apr 1939; Hume, Westbrook & Bomhoff (Smith River mouth mill 1882-83); Van Pelt brothers (small Pebble Beach mill, 1860s-70s)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Coast Pilot 1869, pp. 106-107 (Crescent City Bay dangers, Battery Point wharf, lighters, town statistics 1853/1860) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/pacificcoastcoa00survgoog"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot 1889 (Whaler Island, Fauntleroy Rock buoy 1886-89, anchorage toward 'the saw-mill at the east side of Elk Creek') - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Bearss, Redwood NP History Basic Data (1969), ch. X.B-X.D (Crescent City Mill & Transportation Co.; Hobbs, Pomeroy/Hobbs Wall; J. Wenger; CC&SR RR 1890-94; 1908 wharf tonnage; 1939 shutdown) - read via Wayback",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/redw/history10b.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Del Norte's Economic History,' Del Norte County Historical Society",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://delnortehistory.org/del-nortes-economic-history/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] USACE San Francisco District, Crescent City Harbor project page (breakwater dimensions); Board of Engineers report 20 Dec 1921 (via search)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.spn.usace.army.mil/Missions/Projects-and-Programs/Current-Projects/Crescent-City-Harbor-/"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1853,
    "last": 1945
   },
   "notes": "Chronology rests on Bearss 1969 (well-documented NPS study). Breakwater construction dates only bracketed (post-1921 report); CC&SR gauge unverified. The 1858 'sawmill landed from the schooner Brother Jonathan at Smith River, eventually Hobbs Wall's first mill' is from Del Norte County Historical Society - note the vessel Brother Jonathan (steamer lost 1865) discrepancy; treat cautiously. Coordinate source: GNIS 218735 (Battery Point); Davidson 1889 Coast Pilot verbal geometry; Wikipedia Battery Point Light 41.7441,-124.2031 corroborates the frame Audit: the May-1903 first-locomotive date and the modern breakwater dimensions are unverified pending DNCHS/USACE sources.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/crescent-city.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, Schoenrock Collection — \"The Wharf, Crescent City Calif., Whale Island in Distance\" · c. 1910",
    "alt": "Crescent City"
   },
   "symbol": "anchor",
   "symbol_major": true
  },
  {
   "id": "smith-river-mouth",
   "name": "Smith River (mouth)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "coords": [
    41.92817,
    -124.14703
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1882",
    "display": "mill 1882/83-1909 (idle mid-1880s-1894; reopened 1894 with the railroad; closed for good by 1909)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "A cautionary entry: the 1882-83 Hume-Westbrook-Bomhoff mill at the Smith River mouth was defeated by the shifting river channel, revived briefly by the 1894 railroad connection, and dead by 1909 - leaving Hobbs Wall a county monopoly. Smith River worked better as a timber source (rail to Crescent City) than as a port.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "lumber shipped OUT THE SMITH RIVER channel - 'as the channel was constantly shifting this plagued the operators' (Bearss); after 1894 lumber could instead move by the Crescent City & Smith River RR to Crescent City wharf"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "unknown - river-bank mill landing"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Crescent City & Smith River RR reached Smith River 1894"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "R.D. Hume, Henry Westbrook & John Bomhoff (built the large mill 1882-83); Del Norte Commercial Co. (purchasers; closed the mill); Robert Foster's water-powered Smith River Mill, 12 miles from Crescent City on the river (1870: 5,000 ft/day redwood)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Bearss, Redwood NP History Basic Data (1969), ch. X.C §3 'Hume, Westbrook & Bomhoff' - read via Wayback",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/redw/history10c.htm"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1882,
    "last": 1909
   },
   "notes": "Single-source (Bearss 1969). Coordinate source: GNIS 1659799 (Smith River populated place = Smith River Corners); NPS Redwood NHP online history (nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/redw/history10) via search snippet",
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "bolinas",
   "name": "Bolinas",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "coords": [
    37.90937,
    -122.68637
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1849",
    "display": "c.1849-1870s for lumber (first Marin sawmills; 25,000,000+ bf exported); schooner trade in produce continued to the 1880s-90s",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "VERIFIED as a major 1850s lumber port: gold-rush San Francisco's nearest redwood came out of the Bolinas Lagoon by lighter from the 1850s Lighter Wharf, over 25 million board feet in all, with the township briefly holding half of Marin's population. Logging-driven siltation and the exhaustion of accessible timber ended the lumber era; by Davidson's 1889 survey it was a high-water produce-schooner harbor with one foot on the lagoon bar.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "LIGHTER system: the Lighter Wharf (1850s) inside Bolinas Lagoon loaded lumber onto lighters towed through the lagoon channel to ships in deeper Bolinas Bay (CHL No. 221 'Site of the Lighter Wharf at Bolinas'). Davidson 1889: lagoon entrance only ~100 yds wide with ONE FOOT on the bar at low water - 'small produce schooners... must enter and leave at high water as they load on the west side just inside the entrance'"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - Lighter Wharf inside the lagoon (1850s); no ocean wharf"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Dogtown/Pine Gulch sawmill operators (first sawmill in Marin County is CHL No. 207); shipbuilders on the lagoon (1860s-80s)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Scott Fletcher, 'The Early History of Bolinas,' Marin History Museum blog",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://marinhistory.org/blog/post-24/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "California Historical Landmark No. 221, 'Site of the Lighter Wharf at Bolinas,' OHP",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/221"
    },
    {
     "citation": "California Historical Landmark No. 207, 'First Sawmill in Marin County,' OHP",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/207"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot 1889, p. 191 (Ballenas Bay: lagoon entrance, 1-ft bar, produce schooners, name etymology) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1849,
    "last": 1880
   },
   "notes": "'15 ships a day' and the 25M bf total are unfootnoted local-history figures; the structural story (lighter wharf, 1850s primacy, decline by siltation) is corroborated by CHL listings and Davidson 1889's description of the shrunken trade. Coordinate source: GNIS 277476 (Bolinas populated place); Davidson 1869 Coast Pilot (on-disk fulltext); GNIS 219605 Bolinas Lagoon 37.91826,-122.68110 Audit: the 25-million-board-feet total is local-history tradition (Bolinas Museum lineage), not a period figure.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/bolinas.jpg",
    "credit": "Edgar A. Cohen photograph, Wharf Road along Bolinas Lagoon, 1904 — three decades after the schooner lumber trade — via Wikimedia Commons · 1904",
    "alt": "Bolinas"
   },
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "corte-madera-creek-landings-ross-landing-baltimore-wharf",
   "name": "Corte Madera Creek landings (Ross Landing / Baltimore wharf)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "coords": [
    37.95222,
    -122.55722
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1849",
    "display": "c.1849-1870s (Baltimore & Frederick steam mill arrived Sept 1849; Reed's pioneer mill c.1833-34 in Mill Valley predates commercial export)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "The gold-rush redwood of Baltimore Canyon went to San Francisco by small schooner from wharves on tidal Corte Madera Creek - the Baltimore & Frederick company's Cape Horn machinery of 1849 (sold unrun to B.R. Buckelew in 1850, whose Baltimore Canyon mill cut the lumber) and Ross Landing at Kentfield being the documented shipping points. A bayside precursor to the ocean lumber trade, exhausted with Marin's accessible timber by the 1860s-70s.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "lumber hauled on a sawdust road and loaded directly onto small sloops and schooners on tidal Corte Madera Creek; bulk of produce shipped to SF via Larkspur and Ross Landing (Anne T. Kent California Room)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - creek-bank wharves (Baltimore Co. wharf on the saltmarsh; Ross Landing)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Baltimore and Frederick Mining and Trading Company (Maryland argonauts, 15-blade steam mill shipped around the Horn, 1849); John T. Reed's water mill (construction date disputed, c.1834-1843; the Presidio trade predates it - see the Reed's Sawmill feature)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'When Sawmills Flourished in Larkspur,' Anne T. Kent California Room Newsletter (Medium)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://medium.com/anne-t-kent-california-room-community-newsletter/when-sawmills-flourished-in-larkspur-274b0680362f"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Scott Fletcher, 'Ross Landing,' Marin History Museum blog",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.marinhistory.org/blog/rosslanding/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] J. P. Munro-Fraser, History of Marin County, California (San Francisco: Alley, Bowen & Co., 1880) · Baltimore & Frederick Trading and Mining Company (1849 steam mill) and Ross Landing · VERIFIED by full-text search",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmarinco00munr"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1849,
    "last": 1870
   },
   "notes": "Solid local-archival sources (Anne T. Kent California Room); volumes unquantified. Coordinate source: GNIS 1658892 (Kentfield populated place); marinhistory.org 'Ross Landing' (Scott Fletcher) Reed's mill date is disputed (c.1834 landmark tradition vs 1843 in Munro-Fraser's detailed account); see the Reed's Sawmill feature.",
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "tomales-keys-creek",
   "name": "Tomales (Keys Creek)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "coords": [
    38.24199,
    -122.90514
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1850",
    "display": "1850s-1875 (schooner era; ended by Keys Creek siltation and the North Pacific Coast RR, 1875)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Included to answer the task's query: Tomales was an agricultural schooner port on Keys Creek (potatoes, grain, dairy), not a lumber shipper. Its relevance to the lumber map is as a station on the North Pacific Coast narrow gauge (1875), which moved Sonoma redwood overland and killed the local schooner trade.",
   "cargo": [
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "schooners docking in tidal Keys Creek (John Keys and Warren Dutton's shipping businesses)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "creek landings"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "North Pacific Coast RR (3-ft narrow gauge) Sausalito-Tomales-Cazadero line completed through Tomales 1875 - the rail replacement for the schooner trade"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "John Keys; Warren Dutton (shipping businesses)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Scott Fletcher, 'How Tomales Came to Be,' Marin History Museum blog",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.marinhistory.org/blog/tomales/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Tomales Regional History Center, 'The Region'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.tomaleshistory.com/the-region"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Munro-Fraser, History of Marin County (1880), Tomales Township: Keys Creek estero, John Keys, Warren Dutton · VERIFIED by full-text search",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmarinco00munr"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot (1889), Tomales Bay entry",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1850,
    "last": 1875
   },
   "notes": "Non-lumber character consistently attested; no source seen claims lumber exports. Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal: marinhistory.org 'How Tomales Came to Be' + OSM node 110396898 (junction CA-1 x Tomales-Petaluma Rd, via Overpass); GNIS 254852 Keys Creek and 236439 Tomales flank it",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/tomales-keys-creek.jpg",
    "credit": "U.S. Coast Survey, \"Tomales Bay California\" (Bache/Patterson), issued 1878 — David Rumsey Map Collection, Stanford Libraries · 1878",
    "alt": "Tomales (Keys Creek)"
   },
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "a-o-nuevo-point-new-year-wharf-crescent-bay-cove-beach",
   "name": "Año Nuevo (Point New Year Wharf / Crescent Bay-Cove Beach)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "coords": [
    37.1188,
    -122.3249
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1864",
    "display": "c.1864-1890s (Waddell's 700-ft wharf 1860s-1870s; still an active coaster wharf in Davidson 1889; Steele dairy era thereafter)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "The working outlet of the Waddell operation: a 700-ft wharf in the lee of New Year's Point shipped up to two million feet of redwood a year in the late 1860s, fed by a horse tramway under a 25-year state franchise. Davidson's 1889 text carries the wharf over from earlier survey data - the wharf was in fact washed away by 1883 ('In 1883 we found the wharf washed away') with mooring buoys - by then handling the Steele ranches' trade more than lumber.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "700-ft wharf at Crescent Bay (Cove Beach) just east of the point, built after the Waddell Beach failure; road+tramway from the mill; Davidson 1889: 'The Point New Year Wharf is built out about three hundred yards to three fathoms of water where coasters can discharge and load... Mooring buoys are laid off the wharf'; southeast gales periodically stripped the beach sand away and shoaled the berth so 'only the lightest vessels can load'"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (700 ft per park histories; ~300 yards per Davidson 1889)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Waddell's horse tramway (see previous entry)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "W.W. Waddell & Co. (builder; right-of-way granted by the Steele brothers across their dairy ranch); Steele Bros. dairy (post-lumber users)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot 1889, p. 152 (Point New Year Wharf) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Waddell's Wharf: Ordeals of Shipping Lumber from Año Nuevo Bay,' Mobile Ranger (Santa Cruz)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "http://www.mobileranger.com/santacruz/waddells-wharf-ordeals-of-shipping-lumber-from-ano-nuevo-bay/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "California State Parks, Año Nuevo SP cultural history",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=28978"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1864,
    "last": 1890
   },
   "notes": "Wharf length differs between park histories (700 ft) and Davidson (~300 yards ≈ 900 ft) - possibly extensions; flagged. Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal: Davidson 1889 from GNIS 254568 Año Nuevo Island; GNIS 254566 Año Nuevo Bay 37.11050,-122.31525 corroborates the setting One structure with two names: Davidson 1889 explicitly equates the Point New Year Wharf with 'Waddell's Landing.'",
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "pigeon-point-gazos-creek-traffic",
   "name": "Pigeon Point (+ Gazos Creek traffic)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "coords": [
    37.18189,
    -122.3947
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1860",
    "display": "c.1860-1890s (boom-and-cable rig 1860; wharf and chute early 1870s; chute operating in Davidson 1889)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "The San Mateo ocean coast's chief chute landing: from a 1860 boom-and-cable rig to the booms-and-tackle chute Davidson described in 1889, Pigeon Point loaded small coasters with redwood from the Gazos/Butano mills (delivered by flume and wagon) alongside grain and the Portuguese whaling station's oil - everything else landed by surf boat 'on sailors' backs.'",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Pacific Lumber & Mill Co. (Gazos)"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "1860: boom and cable rigged to load lumber and crops; early 1870s: wharf and grain chute; Davidson 1889 (read directly): 'a small contracted boat landing, available only in good weather... several large store houses... and a chute, with long outstretching booms and tackle, has been constructed by which small coasting vessels are loaded. But all freight for this place is delivered in surf boats and carried on shore on sailors' backs.' Gazos Creek redwood came by flume to Cloverdale Road and then by wagon to Pigeon Point (Pacific Lumber & Mill Co.)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "chute + boat landing; a wharf reported early 1870s (precise structure history unverified)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Portuguese shore-whaling company (1860s-90s, sharing the point); Pacific Lumber and Mill Company (Gazos Creek, flume; mill closure after Templeton's death 1873 and the Panic of 1873); Pescadero-area mill owners (per Stanger, Sawmills in the Redwoods, 1967 - not directly consulted)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot 1889, pp. 155-156 area (Pigeon Point chute description; Carrier Pigeon naming) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "California State Parks, Pigeon Point Light Station SHP cultural history (1860 boom and cable; early-1870s wharf and grain chute)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=28555"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Gazos Creek: A Historic Road...' Santa Cruz Mountains Stewardship Action Center (Pacific Lumber & Mill flume to Cloverdale Rd, hauled to Pigeon Point)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://santacruztrails.org/blog/gazos-creek-a-historic-road-in-need-of-timely-care/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Frank M. Stanger, Sawmills in the Redwoods: Logging on the San Francisco Peninsula, 1849-1967 (San Mateo County Historical Assn., 1967) - KEY SOURCE, print only, not directly consulted",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1860,
    "last": 1890
   },
   "notes": "Chute/wharf construction dates from park and local-history pages (secondary, lightly footnoted); Davidson 1889 is the reliable anchor for the operating method. Stanger 1967 is the key deep source and was not directly accessible online. Coordinate source: GNIS 230645 (Pigeon Point cape); Wikipedia Pigeon Point Lighthouse 37.18175,-122.39392 corroborates Audit: the 1860 boom-and-cable and early-1870s wharf/chute dates await Stanger page cites; the Gazos flume detail is unverified. The Gazos operator was Pacific Lumber & MILL Co. - unrelated to Scotia's Pacific Lumber Co.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/pigeon-point-gazos-creek-traffic.jpg",
    "credit": "HABS CA-1997-18, Library of Congress — photocopy of ca. 1921 photograph by Arthur Spaulding Co., Pigeon Point Light Station, general view from north · ca. 1921",
    "alt": "Pigeon Point (+ Gazos Creek traffic)"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "gordons-chute-tunitas-creek",
   "name": "Gordon's Chute (Tunitas Creek)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "coords": [
    37.35661,
    -122.3997
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1872",
    "display": "1872-1885 (built by Alexander Gordon; destroyed by storm 1885)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Included with an exclusion flag: Alexander Gordon's 1872 cliff chute at Tunitas Creek is the San Mateo coast's iconic chute image, but the documented cargo was farm produce; its lumber role is unproven in sources consulted. Destroyed by storm in 1885.",
   "cargo": [
    "farm produce",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "gravity slide chute from a 150-ft cliff directly to vessels anchored below - the most spectacular apron chute on the central coast; eyebolts survive in the cliff face"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Alexander Gordon (farmer/promoter; abandoned chute and farm after 1885, moved to Redwood City)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'Fabulous Gordon's Chute at Tunitas Creek,' Pescadero Memories (2008)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://pescaderomemories.com/2008/06/fabulous-gordons-chute-at-tunitas-creek/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Tunitas Creek,' Wikipedia (1872 build, 1885 storm destruction)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunitas_Creek"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot (1889), 'Gordon's Chute' entry, San Mateo coast (7⅓ mi N of Pescadero Point): 'built in 1872, was destroyed in the great southeast gale of November 17th…over one hundred feet high, and securely guyed with wire-cable' · VERIFIED by full-text search (leaf 391)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Frank M. Stanger, Sawmills in the Redwoods: Logging on the San Francisco Peninsula, 1849–1967 (San Mateo County Historical Assn., 1967) · OpenLibrary OL7023368W (not online)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7023368W"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1872,
    "last": 1885
   },
   "notes": "Popular-history sourcing only; June Morrall's site pairs it with 'lumbering legends' (Grabtown was a mill hamlet above Tunitas), so minor lumber use is plausible but UNVERIFIED. Coordinate source: GNIS 236624 (Tunitas Creek, primary point = mouth); Wikipedia 'Tunitas Creek' + halfmoonbaymemories.com/pescaderomemories.com; derived-from-verbal",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/gordons-chute-tunitas-creek.jpg",
    "credit": "\"Gordon's Chute at Tunitas Creek,\" lithograph from Moore & DePue, The Illustrated History of San Mateo County, 1878 · 1878",
    "alt": "Gordon's Chute (Tunitas Creek)"
   },
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "davenport-landing",
   "name": "Davenport Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "coords": [
    37.02439,
    -122.2158
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1868",
    "display": "1868-c.1880 (wharf built 1868; landing abandoned by 1880 as silt filled the berth and costs rose)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Whaling captain John P. Davenport's 1868 wharf shipped north-coast Santa Cruz timber, tanbark, cordwood, and posts to San Francisco for a decade before silting and costs closed it by 1880. Its successor economy shows the rail transition perfectly: when logging resumed above Davenport (San Vicente Lumber Co., 1908-23) the product went out by railroad, not by sea.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "tanbark",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "posts & split stuff"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "450-ft wharf in the cove at the mouth of Agua Puerca Creek - 'considered one of the best landings along the coast'; loaded small sailing vessels for San Francisco"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - 450 ft (1868)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Capt. John Pope Davenport (whaling captain; shore-whaling station + wharf); local timber and tanbark cutters"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'How about a little history about Davenport?' and 'Davenport History: Whaling, Cement and Immigrants,' Santa Cruz Waves (2014)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.santacruzwaves.com/2014/03/how-about-a-little-history-about-davenport/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Davenport, California,' Wikipedia",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davenport,_California"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Donald T. Clark, Santa Cruz County Place Names: A Geographical Dictionary (Santa Cruz Historical Society, 1986) · OpenLibrary OL4108490W",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://openlibrary.org/works/OL4108490W"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Edward Martin, History of Santa Cruz County, California (1911) · Davenport and north-coast town coverage (verified hits)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofsantac00mart"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Derek R. Whaley's santacruztrains.com Davenport/coastal-shipping articles · use its CITED sources per the semi-scholarly rule, not the page itself",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.santacruztrains.com/2025/01/curiosities-coastal-shipping.html"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1868,
    "last": 1880
   },
   "notes": "Dates from consistent local secondary sources (Santa Cruz Waves, Wikipedia); Sandy Lydon's work underlies much Davenport history but was not directly consulted. Coordinate source: GNIS 1655952 (Davenport Landing populated place, Davenport quad) Audit: wharf length 400-450 ft (sources differ), built c.1867-68; silted and defunct by the 1880s.",
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "santa-cruz-wharves",
   "name": "Santa Cruz wharves",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-deepwater",
   "radius": 10,
   "port_class": "deepwater / major wharf",
   "coords": [
    36.9615,
    -122.0208
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1849",
    "display": "1849-1931 (first chute/wharf 1849; SP removed tracks from the Municipal Wharf 1931)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Santa Cruz's wharves shipped redwood, lime, and powder from 1849, climaxing with the 1875-76 Railroad Wharf built to put San Lorenzo Valley flume-and-rail lumber straight onto steamers. The South Pacific Coast narrow gauge (May 1880) then made rail to San Francisco cheaper than sea; coastal lumber shipping withered within a decade, and the county's biggest later mills (Loma Prieta, San Vicente) were rail-only operations. Sea-borne lumber here effectively ends a generation before it does on the North Coast.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "farm produce"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "conventional finger wharves; from 1875-76 the Railroad Wharf transferred lumber directly from Santa Cruz & Felton trains (and the San Lorenzo Valley V-flume's product) onto steamships"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - four successive major wharves"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Santa Cruz & Felton (1875, narrow gauge, to the Railroad Wharf); Santa Cruz RR (1876, to Watsonville); South Pacific Coast (1880, over the mountains to Alameda/SF); SP standard-gauging early 1900s"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Elihu Anthony & Edward S. Penfield (1849 chute→Cowell's Wharf); David Gharky (1857); Henry Cowell Lime & Cement Co. (lime; abandoned Cowell's Wharf by 1909 after 1907 storm); Santa Cruz & Felton RR (1875, narrow gauge); SOUTH PACIFIC COAST RR (3-ft narrow gauge, through service SF-Santa Cruz May 1880 - the rail replacement for coastwise shipping; leased to SP 1887); California Powder Works (powder shipments); San Lorenzo Valley flume & lumber interests; LOMA PRIETA LUMBER CO. (1883-1923, Aptos Creek: mill to 140,000 bf/day, standard-gauge Loma Prieta Branch off the SP at Aptos, opened 13 Nov 1883 - entirely RAIL-shipped, 2M-bf storage yard at Pajaro; the type case of Santa Cruz lumber that never touched salt water)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Derek R. Whaley, 'Curiosities: Coastal Shipping,' santacruztrains.com (24 Jan 2025); also 'Freight Stops: Santa Cruz Wharves' (2020)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.santacruztrains.com/2025/01/curiosities-coastal-shipping.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Railroads: Santa Cruz & Felton Railroad,' santacruztrains.com",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.santacruztrains.com/2019/10/railroads-santa-cruz-felton-railroad.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Loma Prieta,' santacruztrains.com (branch opened 13 Nov 1883; 140,000 bf/day; 1883-1923)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.santacruztrains.com/2014/12/loma-prieta.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'The Santa Cruz Rail Road, Built by Giants,' Aptos History Museum",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://aptoshistory.org/?p=589"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot (1889) Santa Cruz entry, and Coast Pilot (1869) Santa Cruz anchorage · port state as of the 1867-69 and 1885-87 surveys",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Rick Hamman, California Central Coast Railways (Boulder: Pruett, 1980) · SC&F/South Pacific Coast rail-to-wharf history",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/californiacentra0000hamm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Edward Martin, History of Santa Cruz County (1911) · Elihu Anthony's first wharf (verified hit, leaf 58)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofsantac00mart"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1849,
    "last": 1931
   },
   "notes": "Chronology from Whaley's heavily newspaper-cited work (secondary but rigorous); PCSS's precise last lumber call not pinned. Coordinate source: Derived-from-verbal: Wikipedia 'Santa Cruz Wharf' coordinate 36.96149,-122.02187 + mobileranger.com 'Santa Cruz's Many Wharves' and Santa Cruz County history journal 'Notes on the History of Santa Cruz Wharves' Audit: Loma Prieta figures need re-sourcing (founded 1882, mill opened spring 1884, ~70,000 bf/day per santacruztrains); the 140,000 bf/day and 1923 end-date are unconfirmed.",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/santa-cruz-wharves.jpg",
    "credit": "Geo. R. Lawrence Co., panoramic photograph \"Santa Cruz, California,\" copyright 1906 — Library of Congress, Panoramic Photographs Collection · c. 1906",
    "alt": "Santa Cruz wharves"
   },
   "symbol": "anchor",
   "symbol_major": true
  },
  {
   "id": "redwood-city-embarcadero-bayside-reference-point",
   "name": "Redwood City embarcadero (bayside reference point)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "coords": [
    37.50188,
    -122.22232
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1850",
    "display": "c.1850-1880s for lumber (peninsula redwood era)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Included for completeness of the San Mateo picture the task raises via Stanger: nearly all San Francisco Peninsula redwood went NOT over the ocean coast but by wagon to the bayside embarcadero at Redwood City and thence by scow schooner to San Francisco - context that explains why the ocean-coast chutes (Pigeon Point, Tunitas) stayed small.",
   "cargo": [
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "scow schooners on tidal Redwood Creek"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "creek wharves"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "SF & San Jose RR (1863) progressively diverted traffic"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "peninsula mill owners of the Woodside/Kings Mountain belt (documented in Stanger 1967)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Frank M. Stanger, Sawmills in the Redwoods (1967) - key source, not directly consulted; framing corroborated by SM County history museum materials",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Frank M. Stanger, Sawmills in the Redwoods (San Mateo County Historical Assn., 1967) · catalog record; not digitized, consult via SMCHA/library",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://openlibrary.org/works/OL7023368W"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1850,
    "last": 1880
   },
   "notes": "Framing claim rests on Stanger 1967 (standard county history, print; not directly consulted in this pass) - marked accordingly.",
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "san-simeon",
   "name": "San Simeon",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "coords": [
    35.64386,
    -121.19075
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1850",
    "display": "shore whaling 1852-1893; general landing; Hearst's 1,000-ft wharf 1878; pier rebuilt 1957",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Verification result the task requested: San Simeon's chute-and-wharf trade was quicksilver, dairy, hides, wool, and cattle OUT, lumber IN (notably for Hearst Castle construction). It belongs on the map as a non-lumber chute/wharf port or should be excluded from a lumber-specific layer.",
   "cargo": [
    "farm produce",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wharf in the sheltered north hook of San Simeon Bay; steamers ~3x weekly"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - 1,000 ft (George Hearst, 1878)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "George Hearst (rancho, wharf, warehouse); Cambria/San Simeon merchants; coastal steamer lines"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'San Simeon History and Timeline,' visitsansimeonca.com (1878 Hearst wharf; mercury $280,000 1867-70; steamers 3x weekly with Cambria produce)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://visitsansimeonca.com/san-simeon-history/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "California State Parks, Hearst San Simeon SHM, 'Later mining, agriculture and development'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=1098"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot 1889, pp. 120-121 (Bay of San Simeon and approaches; San Simeon wharf bearings; Leffingwell's Landing 'five miles east of San Simeon wharf... a small cove') - read directly (partly OCR-degraded)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Myron Angel, History of San Luis Obispo County, California (Oakland: Thompson & West, 1883) · San Simeon township/wharf and mining chapters · VERIFIED by full-text search",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofsanluis00ange"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1850,
    "last": 1957
   },
   "notes": "Negative finding on lumber export, from consistent secondary sources; no period manifest checked. Coordinate source: GNIS 248966 (San Simeon populated place); Davidson 1889 (on-disk fulltext); GNIS 248967 San Simeon Bay 35.63969,-121.18881",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/san-simeon.jpg",
    "credit": "Plate: 'Cutting In a Whale — San Simeon Bay,' from Goode, The Fisheries and Fishery Industries of the United States (1887), via Wikimedia Commons · 1887 publication",
    "alt": "San Simeon"
   },
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "leffingwell-landing-cambria",
   "name": "Leffingwell Landing (Cambria)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "coords": [
    35.57497,
    -121.11464
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1859",
    "display": "c.1859-1880s",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Verification result: Leffingwell's landing near Cambria had a genuine sawmill, but its pine lumber built Cambria itself; the wharf's export trade was the region's produce. Like San Simeon, flag as non-lumber-export.",
   "cargo": [
    "farm produce",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "small cove wharf (Davidson 1889 lists 'Leffingwell's Landing' five miles east of San Simeon wharf); Leffingwell's sawmill was horse- then steam-powered"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - small wharf 'for some years' (Cambria Historical Society)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "William Leffingwell Sr. (settled 1859; sawmill + wharf)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Cambria Historical Society, 'History' (Leffingwell 1859, sawmill, wharf at the cove)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.cambriahistoricalsociety.com/history.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot 1889, p. 121 (Leffingwell's Landing) - read directly",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Myron Angel, History of San Luis Obispo County (1883) · Cambria chapter and William Leffingwell Sr. · VERIFIED by full-text search (11 Leffingwell hits, Cambria chapter)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofsanluis00ange"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1859,
    "last": 1880
   },
   "notes": "Based on Cambria Historical Society narrative; no period shipping records checked. Coordinate source: GNIS 1703081 (Leffingwell Cove, Cambria quad); GNIS 244714 Leffingwell Creek mouth 35.58136,-121.11880",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "san-francisco-lumber-wharves-and-yards-the-receiving-end",
   "name": "San Francisco lumber wharves and yards (the receiving end)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "receiving",
   "radius": 10,
   "port_class": "deepwater / major wharf",
   "coords": [
    37.77076,
    -122.39414
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1849",
    "display": "1849-1930s (Mission Creek schooner traffic from at least 1855; Channel St. lumber wharves peak 1880s-1910s)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "The redwood fleet's destination: Mission Creek/Channel Street's finger-pier lumber district and the Steuart Street dealer row (99 lumber firms in the 1887 directory) absorbed the coast's schooner cargoes - each doghole port's output consigned to specific dealers (Bear Harbor's tanbark to Higgins & Collins at Pier 10, ties to L.E. White). The 1906 fire doubled record redwood receipts within six months and pulled the whole northern coast into a rebuilding boom; after 1914 rail increasingly displaced the sea leg.",
   "cargo": [
    "Douglas fir",
    "tanbark",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "L.E. White Lumber Co.",
    "E.K. Wood Lumber Co.",
    "Hobbs, Wall & Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "DISCHARGE side: lumber schooners and steam schooners unloaded at dealers' finger piers on Channel Street ('deep finger-piers that extended from the back doors of Berry Street wood-finishing businesses out to meet the incoming lumber schooners'; 'the south side of Channel Street, from Fourth to Third, was an open wharf for lumber' - FoundSF/SF Story); big schooners like the 4-masted Okanogan discharged at Pope & Talbot's yard at Third & Berry with its Channel St. wharf; northern waterfront: Steuart St. dealer row - the 1887 SF directory lists NINETY-NINE lumber businesses, incl. Higgins & Collins at Pier 10 Steuart (redwood commission merchants), L.E. White at 15 Steuart (ties and posts), Iversen & Jensen at 18 Market (Corran 1887, via Bear Harbor NR)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - dozens of private lumber wharves and yards"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Southern Pacific/State Belt RR served the yards; after NWP completion (Oct 1914) increasing shares of northern redwood arrived by rail"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Higgins & Collins (Pier 10 Steuart; principal Bear Harbor receiver; Elisha Higgins + George H. Collins, partnership by 1870, 'one of the powerful San Francisco lumber companies of the time' (Bear Harbor NR); owned doghole schooners incl. Gussie Klose); L.E. White Lumber Co. (15 Steuart; ties and fence posts); Pope & Talbot (Third & Berry yard; Puget Sound fir fleet); E.K. Wood Lumber Co. (wholesale yard at foot of Spear St. 1888; inc. 1895; managing owner of C.A. Thayer; Hoquiam fir to its SF/Oakland yards); Charles Nelson Co., Charles R. McCormick, Hobbs Wall (own SF yards) - standard trade names, not individually verified in this pass; tanneries and box factories as end-users (Hobbs, Gilmore & Co. box works fed from Crescent City)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Bear Harbor NR nomination (Corran 1887 SF directory: 99 lumber businesses; Higgins & Collins Pier 10 Steuart; L.E. White 15 Steuart; Iversen & Jensen 18 Market; southern-CA destinations incl. San Pedro Lumber Co., 1892-99)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Mendocino%20County_Doghole%20Ports%20MPS_Bear%20Harbor%20Landing_REDACTED.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'A Walk on Long Bridge,' San Francisco Story; FoundSF Mission Bay articles (Channel St. finger piers; open lumber wharf Third-Fourth; 1855 schooner traffic)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.sanfranciscostory.com/walk-on-long-bridge/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Keith Skinner, 'Lumber Schooners of the Redwood Coast' (Okanogan at Pope & Talbot, Third & Berry)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://keith-skinner.com/lumber-schooners-of-the-redwood-coast/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'Redwood in the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake & Fires: A Photo Essay,' Forest History Today (Spring 2006) - PDF read directly (Oct 1906 shipments double the prior record)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://foresthistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/FHT_2006_Redwood-in-1906-san-francisco.pdf"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Cox, Mills and Markets (1974) · cargo consignment, dealer row, and fleet ownership structure of the SF receiving trade to 1900",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/millsmarketshist0000coxt"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1849,
    "last": 1930
   },
   "notes": "Dealer-level detail is exceptionally well documented via the Bear Harbor NR's use of Corran's 1887 directory. Southern-California re-export geography (San Pedro Lumber Co., Redondo Beach, LA rail companies receiving Bear Harbor ties 1892-99) is documented in the same nomination. Coordinate source: GNIS 1657128 (Mission Bay, historical); foundsf.org (Mission Creek; Work on Land & Water 1880-1920) E.K. Wood's docks at the head of Channel/Mission Creek are where C.A. Thayer discharged her Grays Harbor cargoes, including in June 1906 two months after the earthquake. Audit: the finger-pier and open-wharf descriptions and the 1855 Mission Creek date are FoundSF-derived and await re-verification.",
   "tags": [
    "thayer"
   ],
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/san-francisco-lumber-wharves-and-yards-the-receiving-end.jpg",
    "credit": "\"Unloading a lumber schooner, San Francisco, California,\" stereograph by C.H. Graves / Universal Photo Art Co., 1905 — Library of Congress · 1905",
    "alt": "San Francisco lumber wharves and yards (the receiving end)"
   },
   "symbol": "anchor",
   "symbol_major": true
  },
  {
   "id": "oakland-estuary-lumber-yards",
   "name": "Oakland (estuary lumber yards)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "receiving",
   "radius": 10,
   "port_class": "deepwater / major wharf",
   "coords": [
    37.77678,
    -122.23904
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1860",
    "display": "c.1860s-1940s (E.K. Wood dock era c.1891-20th c.)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "The East Bay's share of the receiving trade: estuary lumber docks - E.K. Wood Lumber Co.'s above all - took Washington fir and northern California redwood off schooners and steam schooners for the Oakland/inland market. E.K. Wood also closes the loop with Zone 1: the company (SF yard 1888, inc. 1895) was managing owner of the Bendixsen-built C.A. Thayer, resolving the task's 'E.K. Wood' query - a fleet-and-yard firm, not a Humboldt millowner, on the evidence found.",
   "cargo": [
    "Douglas fir",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "E.K. Wood Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "schooners and steam schooners discharged at private yard docks on the estuary"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes - company docks"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "SP/Western Pacific yard trackage"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "E.K. Wood Lumber Co. (Edwin & Marian Wood moved to Oakland 1891; inc. 1895; docks in Oakland and San Pedro, yards in Oakland, LA, San Rafael, San Anselmo, Fresno, SF; fed by its Hoquiam, WA fir mill and vessels incl. C.A. Thayer and steam schooner Lassen, 1917); other estuary dealers (unenumerated in this pass)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'E.K. Wood Lumber Company,' Oakland LocalWiki (1888 Spear St yard; 1891 Oakland; inc. 1895; docks Oakland & San Pedro)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://localwiki.org/oakland/E.K._Wood_Lumber_Company"
    },
    {
     "citation": "SF Maritime NHP / museumships C.A. Thayer materials (named for E.K. Wood secretary Clarence A. Thayer; E.K. Wood managing owner)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://nps.gov/safr/learn/historyculture/c-a-thayer.htm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Guide to the Lassen (steam schooner) pilot house logs 1924-1932, OAC (built Hoquiam 1917 for E.K. Wood; SF, Oakland, Ventura runs)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8m3301q/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Thomas R. Cox, Mills and Markets: A History of the Pacific Coast Lumber Industry to 1900 (Seattle: U Washington Press, 1974) · the scholarly study of the trade's marketing/receiving end",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/millsmarketshist0000coxt"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] HAER No. CA-61, C.A. Thayer, data pages (Library of Congress) · E.K. Wood fleet operations; already cited in this dataset at feature bendixsen-shipyard-fairhaven",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/ca1201/"
    }
   ],
   "active": {
    "first": 1860,
    "last": 1940
   },
   "notes": "Oakland yard's precise location/dates not pinned beyond LocalWiki/Calisphere leads. Coordinate source: OSM/Nominatim geocode of 727 Kennedy Street, Oakland (documented company address) + localwiki.org/oakland/E.K._Wood_Lumber_Company Audit: the 1891 arrival and yard list are LocalWiki-derived, unverified; the pin sits at the 1949 office address (727 Kennedy St) - the historic yard was at King & Frederick Sts.",
   "tags": [
    "thayer"
   ],
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/oakland-estuary-lumber-yards.jpg",
    "credit": "\"Oaklands' 'Water-Front', April 1st, 1908\" — panoramic photograph, Library of Congress, Panoramic Photographs Collection · 1908",
    "alt": "Oakland (estuary lumber yards)"
   },
   "symbol": "anchor",
   "symbol_major": true
  },
  {
   "id": "bodega-bay",
   "name": "Bodega Bay",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "coords": [
    38.33325,
    -123.04806
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1843",
    "display": "c.1843–1900",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1843,
    "last": 1900
   },
   "summary": "Sheltered bay anchorage and village port, listed by NOAA among the regional doghole ports though it functioned mainly as a produce/potato and general-cargo port rather than a chute port. Its lumber significance is early: Capt. Stephen Smith landed machinery in 1843 for California's first steam saw- and grist-mill near Bodega (in operation 1843/44; Bancroft and the MPDF say 1844) and shipped lumber to San Francisco in his vessel Fayaway. The 1889 Coast Pilot describes Bodega Port village on the lagoon behind the sand spit, used by small schooners, with no chute; the harbor was protected N/W/E and open only past Bodega Rock.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "farm produce",
    "cordwood & firewood"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Stephen Smith (Bodega mill)"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "Anchorage/lighter and small landing at Bodega Port; no lumber chute documented"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "small village landing at Bodega Port (1889 Coast Pilot); details of any wharf structure unverified"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Stephen Smith mill (1843, Rancho Bodega)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] George Davidson, Pacific Coast. Coast Pilot of California, Oregon, and Washington, 4th ed. (USC&GS, 1889), Bodega Bay/Bodega Port sections",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Bodega Bay Historical Marker (HMDB): Smith's 1843 first steam saw/grist mill",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=73709"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Wikipedia, 'Rancho Bodega' (Smith 1843 machinery, Fayaway)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancho_Bodega"
    },
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS Doghole Ports overview (names Bodega Bay)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole.html"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] History of Sonoma County (San Francisco: Alley, Bowen & Co. [Munro-Fraser], 1880): 'Bodega Port · This was a shipping place at the head of the bay…' + Stephen Smith and the Fayaway · VERIFIED by full-text search (leaf 236 and passim)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofsonomac00alle"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Not one of the MPDF's 57 doghole ports; a lagoon anchorage rather than a chute port. Its lumber significance is early: Stephen Smith's 1843 steam sawmill, California's first. Coordinate source: GNIS 1658093 Bodega Bay populated place (38.33325,-123.0480571); GNIS 254639 Bodega Harbor (38.3235281,-123.0477795)",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/bodega-bay.jpg",
    "credit": "Sonoma County Library heritage collection (item p15763coll11/5761), via Wikimedia Commons · ca. 1910",
    "alt": "Bodega Bay"
   },
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "usal",
   "name": "Usal",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-pier",
   "radius": 7,
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "coords": [
    39.83237,
    -123.85197
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1889",
    "display": "c.1889–1902",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1889,
    "last": 1902
   },
   "summary": "In 1880 Palmer found only two or three buildings and a telegraph line; the industrial town came in 1889, when a mill, wharf and company town were built at the Usal Creek mouth with a railroad running about three miles up the creek; the Usal Redwood Co. built the mill, town, and 1,600-ft wharf in 1889; Robert Dollar took the operation over and started the mill up in 1893 per his own memoirs (some accounts say 1894), running it about six years (his steamer Newsboy served the port); flag this discrepancy. The mill was destroyed by fire in 1902 (with schoolhouse, warehouse and the county bridge), the railroad was dismantled (its Shay No. 1 sold to Glen Blair in 1903), and the surviving hotel burned in 1969. Palmer's 'Northport,' 16 miles north of Cottoneva with a steam-powered cable-and-cage instead of a chute (Funk & Co., resident partner Walter Fisk), lay in this vicinity; its precise relation to Usal is unresolved.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber",
    "tanbark",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Robert Dollar Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "wharf; earlier/nearby cable-and-cage steam hoist (Northport, 1880)"
    ],
    [
     "Wharf/pier",
     "yes (1889)"
    ],
    [
     "Rail",
     "Usal Railroad, ~3 mi up Usal Creek, 1889-1902 (gauge unverified; Shay-powered)"
    ],
    [
     "Operators",
     "Usal Redwood Co. / Robert Dollar Co. (1889-1902; acquisition date disputed); Funk & Co. ('Northport,' c.1880)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Palmer 1880, Usal and 'Northport' (Ten-Mile Township ports)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    },
    {
     "citation": "Wikipedia, 'Lost Coast' (Dollar built mill/wharf/town 1889; burned 1902; RR 3 mi)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Coast"
    },
    {
     "citation": "FoundSF, 'Captain Robert Dollar' (blocked to scripted fetch · lead)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://www.foundsf.org/Captain_Robert_Dollar"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Robert Dollar, Memoirs of Robert Dollar (San Francisco, 1917): 'In 1893 I started up a mill and lumbering establishment at Usal, in Mendocino County…and ran it for six years,' plus the Newsboy wharf narrative · VERIFIED (leaf 49)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/memoirsofrobertd01dollrich"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Not one of the MPDF's 57 (its 'Usal Landing' is an alias of Monroe Landing, a different site). Robert Dollar's purchase of the Usal operation in 1894 and the steam schooner Newsboy he bought to serve it were the seed of the Dollar Steamship empire. Coordinate source: GNIS 236939 Usal Creek (prim/mouth 39.8323738,-123.8519669)",
   "symbol": "pier"
  },
  {
   "id": "port-kenyon",
   "name": "Port Kenyon (Salt River, Ferndale)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-river-bar",
   "radius": 8,
   "port_class": "river bar harbor",
   "coords": [
    40.59513,
    -124.27978
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1876",
    "display": "c.1876–1900s",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1876,
    "last": 1909
   },
   "summary": "River port on the Salt River near Ferndale, founded 1876 by John Gardner Kenyon, with wharf and warehouses from August 1876 and regular steamer traffic (the Thos. A. Whitelaw was built in 1878 for this trade). The town had a lumber mill, but the cargo was predominantly Eel-delta dairy; silting of the Salt and Eel rivers killed the port. Included under the all-landings rule with its cargo stated honestly.",
   "cargo": [
    "farm produce",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Cargo note",
     "predominantly dairy/butter; mill town, lumber secondary"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Cal Poly Humboldt Special Collections, 'Brief History of Port Kenyon'",
     "url": "https://www.humboldt.edu/special-collections/brief-history-port-kenyon",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Wikipedia, 'Port Kenyon, California'",
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Kenyon,_California",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot (1889), Eel River section: 'The steamers have a landing at Port Kenyon, three and a half miles up Salt Slough…' · VERIFIED (leaf 675)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] W. W. Elliott, History of Humboldt County, California (1881): J. G. Kenyon 'the original owner of the land upon which the shipping point known as Port Kenyon is situated' + Salt River navigability · VERIFIED (leaves 202, 252; index pp. 126, 158, 196)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofhumbold00wwel"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Leigh H. Irvine, History of Humboldt County, California (1915) · Port Kenyon references",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofhumbold00irvi"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: GNIS 230949 (Port Kenyon populated place, Ferndale quad); Wikipedia 'Port Kenyon, California' 40.595,-124.27972 agrees",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/port-kenyon.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, Palmquist Collection — \"Mary D. Hume tied up at the Port Kenyon Wharf,\" photo by Nathan Bixby Strong, c. 1890s · c. 1890s",
    "alt": "Port Kenyon (Salt River, Ferndale)"
   },
   "symbol": "riverbar"
  },
  {
   "id": "notleys-landing",
   "name": "Notley's Landing (Palo Colorado)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "coords": [
    36.3983,
    -121.90357
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1898",
    "display": "c.1898–1907",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1898,
    "last": 1907
   },
   "summary": "Doghole landing at the Palo Colorado River mouth built by William and Godfrey Notley; a village stood here 1898-1907, with heavy use 1903-1907 shipping tanbark and lumber by cable and chute to schooners including the Confianza and Acme. The settlement emptied once the surrounding slopes were cut over.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Notley brothers"
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "cable/chute over the shore rocks"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Wikipedia, 'Notleys Landing, California'",
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notleys_Landing,_California",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "SFGate, 'Big Sur Trust buys historic overlook / Notley's Landing was important in timber trade'",
     "url": "https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Big-Sur-Trust-buys-historic-overlook-Notley-s-2919451.php",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Jeff Norman with the Big Sur Historical Society, Big Sur (Arcadia, Images of America, 2004) · OpenLibrary OL5742601W",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://openlibrary.org/works/OL5742601W"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Henson & Usner, The Natural History of Big Sur (UC Press, 1993)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof00hens"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Jepson, California Tanbark Oak, USDA FS Bulletin 75 (1911) · trade context for the Monterey-coast tanbark district",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/californiatanbar75jeps"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Secondary sourcing; period-source confirmation still pending (Coast Pilot 1909 southern pages, Monterey county histories). Coordinate source: GNIS 1661124 (Notleys Landing populated place, Soberanes Point quad); Wikipedia 'Notleys Landing, California' 36.39833,-121.90361 agrees",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/notleys-landing.jpg",
    "credit": "Notley's Landing village, Big Sur coast, photo by Louis S. Slevin, 1914 · 1914",
    "alt": "Notley's Landing (Palo Colorado)"
   },
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "partington-cove",
   "name": "Partington Cove (Big Sur)",
   "type": "port",
   "layer": "class-chute",
   "radius": 5,
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "coords": [
    36.17496,
    -121.69773
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1880",
    "display": "c.1880s–1890s",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1880,
    "last": 1900
   },
   "summary": "John Partington's tanbark landing of the 1880s: a 200-foot tunnel cut through the headland to a timber ship's landing bolted to the bedrock of the west cove, from which tanoak bark from the canyons above was slung to waiting coasters. Structural remnants survive in Julia Pfeiffer Burns State Park.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Loading",
     "tunnel + hoist/chute to a rock-bolted landing"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Convergent popular accounts (hikinginbigsur.com; Lonely Planet; CA State Parks interpretive material)",
     "url": "https://hikinginbigsur.com/hikes_partingtoncove.html",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] George Davidson, Pacific Coast Pilot, 4th ed. (Washington: GPO, 1889), p. 132, 'Partington and West Landing' · open anchorage 3.25 mi SE of Pfeiffer's Point; VERIFIED by full-text search (leaf 335 + index entry 'Partington Landing, 132')",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/cihm_15816"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Willis L. Jepson, California Tanbark Oak, USDA Forest Service Bulletin 75 (Washington: GPO, 1911) · the tanbark trade incl. the San Mateo–Santa Cruz–Monterey coast district (coverage verified by full-text search)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/californiatanbar75jeps"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Paul Henson & Donald J. Usner, The Natural History of Big Sur (Berkeley: UC Press, 1993), human-history chapters",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/naturalhistoryof00hens"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Popular sourcing only; verify dates against Monterey county histories before citing in print. Coordinate source: GNIS 277447 (Partington Cove, bay, Partington Ridge quad); GNIS 272884 Partington Point 36.17524,-121.69801 adjacent",
   "symbol": "chute"
  },
  {
   "id": "bendixsen-shipyard-fairhaven",
   "name": "Bendixsen shipyard, Fairhaven · birthplace of C.A. Thayer",
   "type": "shipyard",
   "layer": "industry",
   "radius": 6,
   "coords": [
    40.78513,
    -124.20284
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1875",
    "display": "1875-1901 (Bendixsen; successor yard to c.1920)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1875,
    "last": 1920
   },
   "summary": "Hans Ditlev Bendixsen's yard on the North Spit built over one hundred vessels for the lumber trade; 39 two-masted, 35 three-masted, and 11 four-masted schooners among them. The three-masted schooner C.A. Thayer, launched here 9 July 1895 for the E.K. Wood Lumber Co., survives at San Francisco's Hyde Street Pier as the last of the West Coast sailing lumber fleet.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [
    "Bendixsen shipyard",
    "E.K. Wood Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Output",
     "100+ vessels incl. 85 lumber schooners (Kortum, in Martin 1983)"
    ],
    [
     "C.A. Thayer",
     "launched 2:09 pm, 9 July 1895; 453 GT; 575,000 board feet capacity"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "HAER No. CA-61, C.A. Thayer (1988), data pages, quoting Daily Humboldt Times, July 10, 1895",
     "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/ca1201/",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Karl Kortum, foreword to Wallace E. Martin, comp., Sail and Steam on the Northern California Coast (1983)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "tags": [
    "thayer"
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: GNIS 1656006 (Fairhaven populated place, Eureka quad); HAER CA-61 (C.A. Thayer) data pages on disk",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/bendixsen-shipyard-fairhaven.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, A.W. Ericson Photograph Collection — \"Bendixsen's Ship Yard,\" 1892 (schooner on the ways, possibly O.M. Kellogg) · 1892",
    "alt": "Bendixsen shipyard, Fairhaven — birthplace of C.A. Thayer"
   },
   "symbol": "shipyard"
  },
  {
   "id": "peterson-shipyard-little-river",
   "name": "Thomas Peterson shipyard, Little River",
   "type": "shipyard",
   "layer": "industry",
   "radius": 6,
   "coords": [
    39.27407,
    -123.7914
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1868",
    "display": "c.1868-1879",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1868,
    "last": 1885
   },
   "summary": "Thomas H. Peterson, 'Dean of Mendocino County shipbuilders,' built two-masted lumber schooners on the shore of Little River cove in the 1868-1879 years; thirteen doghole schooners launched from a beach yard directly below the bluff, for the very trade the cove's chutes served.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Output",
     "13 two-masted schooners, 1868–1879 (NOAA GFNMS; Kelley House)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "NOAA GFNMS doghole-ports pages (Little River shipbuilding)",
     "url": "https://farallones.noaa.gov/heritage/doghole.html",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Louis Hough, 'Thomas H. Petersen, Master Shipbuilder' (Kelley House Museum, 2015)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Lyman L. Palmer, History of Mendocino County (1880), Little River shipbuilding lists · the same IA item this dataset already cites at little-river-landing",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmendoci00palm"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: GNIS 227343 (Little River stream, primary point = mouth/cove); kelleyhousemuseum.org 'A Vanished Landmark at Little River'; GNIS 1658981 Little River town 39.27073,-123.78835",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/peterson-shipyard-little-river.jpg",
    "credit": "John P. Soule stereoview, 'Little River Harbor, Mendocino Co.', Robert N. Dennis Collection, New York Public Library, via Wikimedia Commons — the harbor where Peterson's beach yard built its schooners · ca. 1875",
    "alt": "Thomas Peterson shipyard, Little River"
   },
   "symbol": "shipyard"
  },
  {
   "id": "dehaven-feeder",
   "name": "DeHaven (feeder mill · shipped via Westport Landing)",
   "type": "feeder-mill",
   "layer": "industry",
   "radius": 4,
   "coords": [
    39.66016,
    -123.78502
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "None",
    "display": "see summary",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Mill settlement at DeHaven Creek. The MPDF is explicit that lumber from the DeHaven-area mills was hauled to Westport Landing for shipment; no chute of its own.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Shipped via",
     "Westport Landing"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021) (feeder attribution: Davidson 1889; Sullenberger 1980)",
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: GNIS 1658380 DeHaven (populated place)",
   "symbol": "mill"
  },
  {
   "id": "howard-creek-feeder",
   "name": "Howard Creek (feeder mill · shipped via Union Landing / Westport)",
   "type": "feeder-mill",
   "layer": "industry",
   "radius": 4,
   "coords": [
    39.67794,
    -123.79085
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "None",
    "display": "see summary",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Mills on Howard Creek (c.1899-1920 per the MPDF); output moved by rail to Union Landing and also shipped via Westport (MPDF); a feeder site, not a port.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Shipped via",
     "Union Landing / Westport"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021) (feeder attribution: Davidson 1889; Sullenberger 1980)",
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: GNIS 225696 Howard Creek mouth (Westport quad)",
   "symbol": "mill"
  },
  {
   "id": "schooner-gulch-feeder",
   "name": "Schooner Gulch (feeder mill · shipped via Saunders' Landing)",
   "type": "feeder-mill",
   "layer": "industry",
   "radius": 4,
   "coords": [
    38.8666,
    -123.65554
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "None",
    "display": "see summary",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "summary": "Despite the name, the MPDF (citing Davidson 1889:268) records that the Schooner Gulch mill hauled its cut down to Saunders' Landing to be shipped; a feeder mill, not a loading site.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Shipped via",
     "Saunders' Landing"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021) (feeder attribution: Davidson 1889; Sullenberger 1980)",
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: GNIS 232695 Schooner Gulch (valley mouth)",
   "symbol": "mill"
  },
  {
   "id": "big-lagoon-feeder",
   "name": "Big Lagoon (logging outpost · no ocean shipping)",
   "type": "feeder-mill",
   "layer": "industry",
   "radius": 4,
   "coords": [
    41.16537,
    -124.12823
   ],
   "coord_precision": "area",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1908",
    "display": "c.1908–1945",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1908,
    "last": 1945
   },
   "summary": "Answering the task's query: Big Lagoon was a Hammond logging-railroad outpost and company hamlet, with logs handled inside the barrier-beach lagoon - no documented ocean loading. Exclude from the shipping-point layer or mark as an inland log-transfer node.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [
    "Hammond Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Status",
     "rail-served logging outpost; NOT an ocean shipping point"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "'Hammond Lumber Company,' Wikipedia (Big Lagoon rail outposts; 1945 fire; 1947 salvage mill trucking to Crannell)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammond_Lumber_Company"
    },
    {
     "citation": "'What's the Story With That Place? Big Lagoon's Ghost Town,' Lost Coast Outpost, 5 Dec 2014",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://lostcoastoutpost.com/2014/dec/5/whats-story-place-big-lagoons-ghost-town/"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Greg Gordon, When Money Grew on Trees (2014) · Hammond's logging railroads north of Samoa, the 1945 fire, and the Crannell salvage operation",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/whenmoneygrewont0000gord"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate = GNIS Big Lagoon (waterbody) vicinity; included to preempt the assumption that every named coastal lumber site shipped by sea.",
   "symbol": "mill"
  },
  {
   "id": "point-arena-lighthouse",
   "name": "Point Arena Lighthouse",
   "type": "lighthouse",
   "layer": "lighthouses",
   "radius": 5,
   "coords": [
    38.95475,
    -123.74061
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1870",
    "display": "first lit 1870",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "summary": "First lit 1 May 1870, sited as redwood traffic and wrecks mounted along the Mendocino coast in the 1850s-60s; rebuilt after the 1906 earthquake. The tall tower marks the turning point of the doghole coast.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "USCG Historian's Office; lighthousefriends.com (ID 65)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Point Arena Light Station, National Register listed 7/16/1991 (Light Stations of California MPS) · CA OHP listed-resource record N1701 · VERIFIED live",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/N1701"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Ralph Shanks & Janetta Thompson Shanks, Lighthouses and Lifeboats on the Redwood Coast (San Anselmo: Costano Books, 1978)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/lighthouseslifeb00shan"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: Wikipedia 'Point Arena Light' (geotagged article coordinate); GNIS 253765 Point Arena cape 38.95574,-123.74141 corroborates",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/point-arena-lighthouse.jpg",
    "credit": "Original 1870 brick tower, Point Arena Light Station (destroyed 1906) — U.S. Coast Guard Historian's Office · 1870-1906",
    "alt": "Point Arena Lighthouse"
   },
   "symbol": "lighthouse"
  },
  {
   "id": "trinidad-head-lighthouse",
   "name": "Trinidad Head Lighthouse",
   "type": "lighthouse",
   "layer": "lighthouses",
   "radius": 5,
   "coords": [
    41.05194,
    -124.15144
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1871",
    "display": "first lit 1871",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "summary": "First lit December 1871 as Trinidad became an important lumber-shipping roadstead; the little tower still stands on the head above the wharf site.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Trinidad Museum; USCG Historian's Office; lighthousefriends.com (ID 61)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Trinidad Head Light Station, National Register listed 9/3/1991 · CA OHP listed-resource record N1720 · VERIFIED live",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/N1720"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Shanks & Shanks, Lighthouses and Lifeboats on the Redwood Coast (1978)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/lighthouseslifeb00shan"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: Wikipedia 'Trinidad Head Light' (geotagged article coordinate); GNIS 255158 Trinidad Head 41.05374,-124.15340 corroborates",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/trinidad-head-lighthouse.jpg",
    "credit": "Cal Poly Humboldt Library Special Collections, A.W. Ericson Photograph Collection — \"Trinidad Lighthouse and part of Trinidad Head\" · c. 1890s-1900s",
    "alt": "Trinidad Head Lighthouse"
   },
   "symbol": "lighthouse"
  },
  {
   "id": "st-george-reef-lighthouse",
   "name": "St. George Reef Lighthouse",
   "type": "lighthouse",
   "layer": "lighthouses",
   "radius": 5,
   "coords": [
    41.83633,
    -124.37587
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1892",
    "display": "first lit 1892",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "summary": "Built 1883-92 on Northwest Seal Rock after the sidewheeler Brother Jonathan was lost on the reef in 1865 with some 225 lives; the costliest American lighthouse of its day ($752,000), its granite quarried on the Mad River and finished at a depot on Humboldt Bay's north spit.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Del Norte County Historical Society; lighthousefriends.com (ID 26); NR #93001373",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: Wikipedia 'St. George Reef Light' (geotagged article coordinate); GNIS 276899 North West Seal Rock 41.83734,-124.37731 corroborates",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/st-george-reef-lighthouse.jpg",
    "credit": "Construction-era plate (engraving, not a photograph): 'St. George's Reef Light Station' — view from the SW showing the rock and the cableway landing men from the schooner La Ninfa, c.1880s · 1884",
    "alt": "St. George Reef Lighthouse"
   },
   "symbol": "lighthouse"
  },
  {
   "id": "point-cabrillo-lighthouse",
   "name": "Point Cabrillo Lighthouse",
   "type": "lighthouse",
   "layer": "lighthouses",
   "radius": 5,
   "coords": [
    39.3486,
    -123.82612
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1909",
    "display": "first lit 1909",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "summary": "First lit 10 June 1909, built to protect the lumber fleet of the redwood trade (station history: 'a lighthouse was critical to the safety of the ships and their valuable cargo'); it stands beside Frolic Cove, where the 1850 wreck of the brig Frolic set off the discovery of the Mendocino timber.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Point Cabrillo Light Station (pointcabrillo.org); U.S. Lighthouse Society Keeper's Log",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Point Cabrillo Light Station, National Register listed 9/3/1991 · CA OHP listed-resource record N1723 · VERIFIED live",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/N1723"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: Wikipedia 'Point Cabrillo Light' (geotagged article coordinate); GNIS 230848 Cabrillo Point 39.34934,-123.82835 corroborates",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/point-cabrillo-lighthouse.png",
    "credit": "Point Cabrillo Lighthouse under construction, 1909 — reproduced in The Keeper's Log 23:4 (2007) · 1909",
    "alt": "Point Cabrillo Lighthouse"
   },
   "symbol": "lighthouse"
  },
  {
   "id": "punta-gorda-lighthouse",
   "name": "Punta Gorda Lighthouse",
   "type": "lighthouse",
   "layer": "lighthouses",
   "radius": 5,
   "coords": [
    40.24943,
    -124.35022
   ],
   "coord_precision": "exact",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1912",
    "display": "first lit 1912",
    "confidence": "year"
   },
   "summary": "Lit 15 January 1912 after a decade of Lost Coast wrecks, including the 1907 collision that sank the liner Columbia with the lumber steamer San Pedro off Shelter Cove; abandoned 1951, the tower still stands on the loneliest stretch of the coast.",
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "lighthousefriends.com (ID 63); historic-structures.com",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "[P] Punta Gorda Light Station, National Register listed 9/1/1976 · CA OHP listed-resource record N435 · VERIFIED live",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/ListedResources/Detail/N435"
    },
    {
     "citation": "[S] Shanks & Shanks, Lighthouses and Lifeboats on the Redwood Coast (1978) · covers Punta Gorda's construction and the wreck sequence incl. the 1907 Columbia/San Pedro collision",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/lighthouseslifeb00shan"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate source: Wikipedia 'Punta Gorda Light' (geotagged article coordinate); GNIS 231095 Punta Gorda cape 40.26125,-124.36283 for the point itself",
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/punta-gorda-lighthouse.jpg",
    "credit": "Punta Gorda Light Station — U.S. Coast Guard photo, USCG Historian's Office · USCG service era (pre-1951)",
    "alt": "Punta Gorda Lighthouse"
   },
   "symbol": "lighthouse"
  },
  {
   "id": "reeds-sawmill-mill-valley",
   "name": "Reed's Sawmill (Rancho Corte Madera del Presidio) · the Mexican-period prelude",
   "type": "mill",
   "layer": "industry",
   "radius": 6,
   "coords": [
    37.9056,
    -122.5522
   ],
   "coord_precision": "place",
   "date": {
    "iso": "1834",
    "display": "c.1834–1843 (construction date disputed)",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1834,
    "last": 1849
   },
   "summary": "The first sawmill in Marin County: John Thomas Reed (Juan Read), grantee of Rancho Corte Madera del Presidio (Figueroa, 2 Oct 1834), built a water-powered sash-saw mill in the ravine of Cascade Creek. Its construction date is genuinely disputed: the landmark tradition (CHL No. 207) says about 1833-34, while Munro-Fraser's detailed 1880 account says Reed 'erected his saw-mill in 1843, and had but just got it in operation when he died'; cutting lumber for his own adobe. The rancho's name ('cut wood for the Presidio') records the older pre-grant woodcutting trade that supplied timbers to the Presidio and Yerba Buena, not the mill's output. No Mexican-period landing or embarcadero for the mill is attested; the documented rafting of Richardson Bay timber is American-period (1849 on). The structure standing in Old Mill Park today is a 1991 reconstruction.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [
    [
     "Mill type",
     "water-powered sash saw (Munro-Fraser 1880:388-389)"
    ],
    [
     "Grant",
     "Rancho Corte Madera del Presidio, 2 Oct 1834; judicial possession 28 Nov 1835 (Hoffman's Reports, Hoffman's Reports I:74 (case number as reported))"
    ],
    [
     "Date dispute",
     "c.1833-34 (CHL 207, 1935) vs 1843 (Munro-Fraser 1880 township chapter)"
    ]
   ],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "[P] Hoffman's Reports of Land Cases (1862), U.S. v. Heirs of Juan Read, quoted in Munro-Fraser 1880:189",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "J.P. Munro-Fraser, History of Marin County (San Francisco: Alley, Bowen & Co., 1880), pp. 110-111, 385-389",
     "url": "https://archive.org/details/historyofmarinco00munr",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Bancroft, History of California, V, Pioneer Register, s.v. 'Read (John)'",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "California Historical Landmark No. 207 (registered 20 June 1935); Mill Valley Historic Resources Inventory (2021), fn. 7",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Coordinate = the reconstructed mill in Old Mill Park (the original site 'in the ravine' is conventionally identified with it; the CHL plaque stands elsewhere, at Blithedale Ave & Tower Dr; do not confuse). Both rancho diseños examined (Bancroft Land Case Maps) show no molino and no landing. Hoffman's land-case citation given as reported (case-number spelling pending verification against the Bancroft catalog). Full dossier in the project research files.",
   "tags": [
    "mexican-period"
   ],
   "photo": {
    "url": "../assets/photos/lumber-ports/reeds-sawmill-mill-valley.jpg",
    "credit": "George Tasheira photograph of the Old Mill (John Reed's sawmill), Lucretia Little History Room, Mill Valley Public Library, via Internet Archive · undated (19th c. ruin)",
    "alt": "Reed's Sawmill (Rancho Corte Madera del Presidio) — the Mexican-period prelude"
   },
   "symbol": "mill"
  }
 ],
 "routes": [
  {
   "id": "bear-harbor-eel-river-railroad-bear-harbor-lumber-co-souther",
   "label": "Bear Harbor & Eel River Railroad (Bear Harbor Lumber Co. → Southern Humboldt Lumber Co.); gauge disputed (standard vs narrow in the sources)",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Carranco & Labbe, Logging the Redwoods (Caxton, 1975), Bear Harbor Lumber Co. chapter; California State Parks, Sinkyone Wilderness SP interpretive materials on the Bear Harbor grade and incline; Project research waypoints supplied with task (pier, incline, Moody, Andersonia); Bear Harbor Landing Historical and Archaeological District, NRHP nomination (Mendocino County Doghole Ports MPS); https://www.northcoastjournal.com/humboldt/the-bear-harbor-railroad-1892-1905/Content?oid=12185246 (Jerry Roh",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-eel-river-railroad-bear-harb-bear-harbor-landing-pier-second-landing-",
     "name": "Bear Harbor Landing pier (second landing, Cluster Cone Rocks; 550-600 ft pier w/ wire chute; rails ran the length of the pier)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.91154,
      -123.93976
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1892-93 (locomotive No. 1 delivered by steamer 1892; line to Moody with incline completed June 1893); extended 1.5 mi down Indian Creek 1895 and 3.0 mi toward the Eel 1898; Bear Harbor & Eel Riv",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Bear Harbor Landing pier (second landing, Cluster Cone Rocks; 550-600 ft pier w/ wire chute; rails ran the length of the pier).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 221267 Cluster Cone Rocks (Island); NRHP §7: pier 'extended out from the cliffside just east of Cluster Cone Rocks', operated 1890-1907 — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-eel-river-railroad-bear-harb-bear-harbor-gulch-storage-yard-bear-harb",
     "name": "Bear Harbor Gulch storage yard / Bear Harbor cove",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.91293,
      -123.93809
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1892-93 (locomotive No. 1 delivered by steamer 1892; line to Moody with incline completed June 1893); extended 1.5 mi down Indian Creek 1895 and 3.0 mi toward the Eel 1898; Bear Harbor & Eel Riv",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Bear Harbor Gulch storage yard / Bear Harbor cove.",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1666467 Bear Harbor (Bay); NRHP §8 (Ferndale Enterprise 9 Jun 1893): clearing with buildings and storage area beside the tracks just inland of the landing — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-eel-river-railroad-bear-harb-railroad-creek-railbed-corridor-lost-coa",
     "name": "Railroad Creek railbed corridor (Lost Coast Trail follows the grade; Railroad Camp campsite ~1,375 ft inland of Bear Harbor)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.91791,
      -123.94605
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1892-93 (locomotive No. 1 delivered by steamer 1892; line to Moody with incline completed June 1893); extended 1.5 mi down Indian Creek 1895 and 3.0 mi toward the Eel 1898; Bear Harbor & Eel Riv",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Railroad Creek railbed corridor (Lost Coast Trail follows the grade; Railroad Camp campsite ~1,375 ft inland of Bear Harbor).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: NHD flowline point ~1.0 km up the NW drainage into Bear Harbor (hydro.nationalmap.gov); liveandlethike.com Needle Rock-Wheeler trail description ('the trail along here roughly follows the railbed... along the broader Railroad Creek'); NRHP §7 Railroad Camp — precision: area; reconstructed"
    },
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-eel-river-railroad-bear-harb-incline-base-cookhouse-3-rail-gravity-in",
     "name": "Incline base (cookhouse; 3-rail gravity incline starts 2.0 rail-miles from the landing)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.9378,
      -123.9502
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1892-93 (locomotive No. 1 delivered by steamer 1892; line to Moody with incline completed June 1893); extended 1.5 mi down Indian Creek 1895 and 3.0 mi toward the Eel 1898; Bear Harbor & Eel Riv",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Incline base (cookhouse; 3-rail gravity incline starts 2.0 rail-miles from the landing).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: DERIVED-FROM-VERBAL: ~600 m downslope S of the documented incline top (incline length 1,900-2,000 ft, 600-ft rise, NRHP §7-8; NCJ (byline correction per audit: Evans)) — precision: area; CONJECTURAL bearing"
    },
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-eel-river-railroad-bear-harb-incline-top-usal-road-at-the-head-of-and",
     "name": "Incline top — Usal Road at the head of Anderson Creek",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.94286,
      -123.94783
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1892-93 (locomotive No. 1 delivered by steamer 1892; line to Moody with incline completed June 1893); extended 1.5 mi down Indian Creek 1895 and 3.0 mi toward the Eel 1898; Bear Harbor & Eel Riv",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Incline top — Usal Road at the head of Anderson Creek.",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: NHD Anderson Creek headwater tip, measured 158 m from OSM 'Usal Road' way (Overpass); NRHP §8: 'at the top of the incline, at the head of Anderson Creek at the ridge road (present-day Usal Road)' — precision: place; derived intersection of two named geometries"
    },
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-eel-river-railroad-bear-harb-anderson-creek-indian-creek-confluence-l",
     "name": "Anderson Creek-Indian Creek confluence (line descended to Indian Creek)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.94654,
      -123.89893
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1892-93 (locomotive No. 1 delivered by steamer 1892; line to Moody with incline completed June 1893); extended 1.5 mi down Indian Creek 1895 and 3.0 mi toward the Eel 1898; Bear Harbor & Eel Riv",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Anderson Creek-Indian Creek confluence (line descended to Indian Creek).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 218252 Anderson Creek (Stream, mouth coords); NRHP §8: from the incline top 'the railway went to Indian Creek' — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-eel-river-railroad-bear-harb-moody-engine-house-shops-warehouse-hotel",
     "name": "Moody (engine house, shops, warehouse, hotel/saloon; terminus 10 rail-miles from the port)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.96154,
      -123.87559
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1892-93 (locomotive No. 1 delivered by steamer 1892; line to Moody with incline completed June 1893); extended 1.5 mi down Indian Creek 1895 and 3.0 mi toward the Eel 1898; Bear Harbor & Eel Riv",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Moody (engine house, shops, warehouse, hotel/saloon; terminus 10 rail-miles from the port).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 229000 Moody Creek (Stream, mouth-on-Indian-Creek coords) as proxy; NRHP §8: 'Moody sat on the northwest bank of Indian Creek'; NCJ (byline correction per audit: Evans) same — precision: place (proxy via eponymous creek confluence)"
    },
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-eel-river-railroad-bear-harb-indian-creek-mouth-at-south-fork-eel-and",
     "name": "Indian Creek mouth at South Fork Eel (Andersonia dam & 20-million-ft log pond site)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.97682,
      -123.80615
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1892-93 (locomotive No. 1 delivered by steamer 1892; line to Moody with incline completed June 1893); extended 1.5 mi down Indian Creek 1895 and 3.0 mi toward the Eel 1898; Bear Harbor & Eel Riv",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Indian Creek mouth at South Fork Eel (Andersonia dam & 20-million-ft log pond site).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 234067 Indian Creek (Stream, mouth coords); NRHP §8: sawmill, dam and mill pond 'sat on Indian Creek where it connected into the south fork of the Eel River across from Piercy' — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-eel-river-railroad-bear-harb-andersonia-sawmill-town-formerly-camp-10",
     "name": "Andersonia (sawmill town, formerly Camp 10; railhead terminus, ~17.5-18 rail-miles from Bear Harbor)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.97793,
      -123.80726
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1892-93 (locomotive No. 1 delivered by steamer 1892; line to Moody with incline completed June 1893); extended 1.5 mi down Indian Creek 1895 and 3.0 mi toward the Eel 1898; Bear Harbor & Eel Riv",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Andersonia (sawmill town, formerly Camp 10; railhead terminus, ~17.5-18 rail-miles from Bear Harbor).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1657931 Andersonia (Populated Place); Wikipedia 'Andersonia, California' gives 39.97806, -123.80722 (agrees within ~15 m) — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: Project's fixed waypoints (pier, incline base/top, Anderson/Indian confluence, Moody, Andersonia) densified with USGS NHD large-scale flowlines (hydro.nationalmap.gov nhd MapServer layer 6): GNIS 'Anderson Creek' incline top to confluence, GNIS 'Indian Creek' . 26.5 km total. Coastal terrace leg reconstructed along the shore bench; the gravity incline is drawn as the straight segment [39.9378,-123.9502] to [39.94286,-123.94783], which is faithful to an incli TOTAL LENGTH: 17.5 mi (NRHP §7) / 'nearly 18 miles of track ran from Bear Harbor wharf to Andersonia' by fall 1905 (NCJ 22 Nov 2018, quoted in NRHP). INCLINE: three readings — 1,900 ft (archaeological Feature 1, MEN-2149H), 2,",
   "path": [
    [
     39.91154,
     -123.93976
    ],
    [
     39.9218,
     -123.9452
    ],
    [
     39.933,
     -123.9492
    ],
    [
     39.9378,
     -123.9502
    ],
    [
     39.94286,
     -123.94783
    ],
    [
     39.93886,
     -123.94125
    ],
    [
     39.93996,
     -123.93958
    ],
    [
     39.93953,
     -123.93503
    ],
    [
     39.9379,
     -123.93328
    ],
    [
     39.93317,
     -123.93273
    ],
    [
     39.931,
     -123.92824
    ],
    [
     39.93096,
     -123.92548
    ],
    [
     39.92938,
     -123.92301
    ],
    [
     39.93288,
     -123.92039
    ],
    [
     39.93338,
     -123.91717
    ],
    [
     39.93497,
     -123.91507
    ],
    [
     39.93408,
     -123.91331
    ],
    [
     39.93169,
     -123.91225
    ],
    [
     39.93465,
     -123.90624
    ],
    [
     39.93394,
     -123.90304
    ],
    [
     39.93191,
     -123.9016
    ],
    [
     39.92913,
     -123.89531
    ],
    [
     39.93219,
     -123.89272
    ],
    [
     39.93356,
     -123.8934
    ],
    [
     39.93429,
     -123.89217
    ],
    [
     39.93842,
     -123.8923
    ],
    [
     39.94117,
     -123.89484
    ],
    [
     39.94153,
     -123.89691
    ],
    [
     39.94332,
     -123.89812
    ],
    [
     39.94442,
     -123.89751
    ],
    [
     39.94646,
     -123.89912
    ],
    [
     39.95056,
     -123.8959
    ],
    [
     39.95448,
     -123.89658
    ],
    [
     39.95707,
     -123.89288
    ],
    [
     39.95966,
     -123.89304
    ],
    [
     39.96121,
     -123.89089
    ],
    [
     39.96267,
     -123.89233
    ],
    [
     39.96343,
     -123.89173
    ],
    [
     39.96256,
     -123.88983
    ],
    [
     39.96449,
     -123.88882
    ],
    [
     39.96343,
     -123.88657
    ],
    [
     39.96727,
     -123.88031
    ],
    [
     39.96146,
     -123.87567
    ],
    [
     39.96195,
     -123.87205
    ],
    [
     39.96428,
     -123.87073
    ],
    [
     39.96489,
     -123.86863
    ],
    [
     39.97067,
     -123.86587
    ],
    [
     39.97217,
     -123.86243
    ],
    [
     39.97161,
     -123.85993
    ],
    [
     39.97258,
     -123.85751
    ],
    [
     39.97418,
     -123.85979
    ],
    [
     39.97633,
     -123.85845
    ],
    [
     39.9767,
     -123.85708
    ],
    [
     39.97575,
     -123.85433
    ],
    [
     39.97842,
     -123.8505
    ],
    [
     39.9798,
     -123.85132
    ],
    [
     39.98033,
     -123.85379
    ],
    [
     39.98104,
     -123.85363
    ],
    [
     39.98171,
     -123.8484
    ],
    [
     39.98105,
     -123.84704
    ],
    [
     39.98382,
     -123.84659
    ],
    [
     39.98527,
     -123.84272
    ],
    [
     39.98513,
     -123.84047
    ],
    [
     39.98265,
     -123.83647
    ],
    [
     39.98436,
     -123.83655
    ],
    [
     39.9859,
     -123.83458
    ],
    [
     39.98632,
     -123.83095
    ],
    [
     39.9838,
     -123.8215
    ],
    [
     39.9793,
     -123.812
    ],
    [
     39.97793,
     -123.80726
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "bear-harbor-first-landing-rail-line-at-morgan-rock-mccornack",
   "label": "Bear Harbor first-landing rail line at Morgan Rock (McCornack; predecessor of the BH&ER; distinct site); gauge not recorded",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "documented",
   "citation": "Bear Harbor Landing Historical and Archaeological District, NRHP nomination (Mendocino County Doghole Ports MPS); GNIS via carto.nationalmap.gov",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-first-landing-rail-line-at-m-morgan-rock-pier-crossed-the-rock-levele",
     "name": "Morgan Rock (pier crossed the rock; leveled shelf with in-situ wooden planks, Feature 3 of CA-MEN-3852H)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.9171,
      -123.94726
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "circa 1885-1889 (pier and trough chute opened July 1885, abandoned 1890 when the second landing was built 0.5 mi SE)",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Morgan Rock (pier crossed the rock; leveled shelf with in-situ wooden planks, Feature 3 of CA-MEN-3852H).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 229055 Morgan Rock (Arch); NRHP §7: pier and trough chute alignment over Morgan Rock matches Peterson 1885 map — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "bear-harbor-first-landing-rail-line-at-m-coastal-terrace-rail-landing-area-15-acr",
     "name": "Coastal-terrace rail/landing area (15-acre site, rail-to-pier transition = Feature 1)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.91293,
      -123.93809
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "circa 1885-1889 (pier and trough chute opened July 1885, abandoned 1890 when the second landing was built 0.5 mi SE)",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Coastal-terrace rail/landing area (15-acre site, rail-to-pier transition = Feature 1).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1666467 Bear Harbor (Bay) as terrace anchor; NRHP §7: site 'west of Briceland Thorn Road and about 1,200 feet northwest of Orchard Camp' — precision: area; reconstructed"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Distinct from the BH&ER: separate NRHP contributing site (MEN-3852H, 'lumber rail line, circa 1885 to 1889') at the FIRST landing; the 1892-93 railroad served the SECOND landing (MEN-2149H). Horse haulage is documented on the second landing's coastal stretch; motive power on the 1885-89 line is not stated — do not label it 'horse tram' as fact."
  },
  {
   "id": "california-western-railroad-ex-fort-bragg-railroad-the-skunk",
   "label": "California Western Railroad (ex-Fort Bragg Railroad; the Skunk Train); standard (4 ft 8.5 in)",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "documented",
   "citation": "Spencer Crump, Redwoods, Iron Horses, and the Pacific: The Story of the California Western Skunk Railroad (Trans-Anglo, 1963); Active heritage operation (Skunk Train), Fort Bragg; line opened to Willits 1911 on the 1885-1905 Fort Bragg RR/CWR alignment; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Western_Railroad; https://www.skunktrain.com/pudding-creek-history/; Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021), line ~1772 entry; GNIS",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "california-western-railroad-ex-fort-brag-fort-bragg-mill-site-depot",
     "name": "Fort Bragg (mill site/depot)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.44573,
      -123.80531
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Opened 1885 as Fort Bragg Railroad (Fort Bragg Redwood Co., 6.6 mi up Pudding Creek to Glen Blair); renamed California Western Railroad & Navigation Co. 1905 under Union Lumber; completed 40 mi to NWP",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Fort Bragg (mill site/depot).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1656027 Fort Bragg (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "california-western-railroad-ex-fort-brag-northspur-mid-line-station-on-the-noyo-r",
     "name": "Northspur (mid-line station on the Noyo River)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.42267,
      -123.55197
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Opened 1885 as Fort Bragg Railroad (Fort Bragg Redwood Co., 6.6 mi up Pudding Creek to Glen Blair); renamed California Western Railroad & Navigation Co. 1905 under Union Lumber; completed 40 mi to NWP",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Northspur (mid-line station on the Noyo River).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1659255 Northspur (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "california-western-railroad-ex-fort-brag-irmulco-irvine-muir-lumber-co-station",
     "name": "Irmulco (Irvine & Muir Lumber Co. station)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.42211,
      -123.51753
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Opened 1885 as Fort Bragg Railroad (Fort Bragg Redwood Co., 6.6 mi up Pudding Creek to Glen Blair); renamed California Western Railroad & Navigation Co. 1905 under Union Lumber; completed 40 mi to NWP",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Irmulco (Irvine & Muir Lumber Co. station).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1658833 Irmulco (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "california-western-railroad-ex-fort-brag-willits-nwp-interchange-1911",
     "name": "Willits (NWP interchange, 1911)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.40961,
      -123.35558
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Opened 1885 as Fort Bragg Railroad (Fort Bragg Redwood Co., 6.6 mi up Pudding Creek to Glen Blair); renamed California Western Railroad & Navigation Co. 1905 under Union Lumber; completed 40 mi to NWP",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Willits (NWP interchange, 1911).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1652654 Willits (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: OSM via Overpass API: 78 ways tagged name='California Western Railroad' (railway=rail and railway=disused, operator Sierra Northern Railway) in bbox 39.30..39.48, -123.83..-123.33, stitched Fort Bragg depot to Willits by shortest-path over the way graph; 970 r. Real mapped geometry throughout: Fort Bragg, Pudding Creek, Tunnel 1 crossover into the Noyo watershed at [39.44846,-123.76426], the Noyo canyon, and the summit horseshoe loops west of Willits (the ti 1885 original main ran up Pudding Creek to Glen Blair; the Noyo River alignment with tunnel became the through main, and Pudding Creek became the Glen Blair branch (see Glen Blair route).",
   "path": [
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    ],
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    ],
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    ],
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    ],
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    ],
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    ],
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     39.42019,
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    ],
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     39.41535,
     -123.42199
    ],
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     39.4134,
     -123.42508
    ],
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    ],
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     39.41324,
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    ],
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     39.4157,
     -123.41993
    ],
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     39.42057,
     -123.4233
    ],
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     39.42114,
     -123.42171
    ],
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     39.41442,
     -123.41812
    ],
    [
     39.41224,
     -123.42018
    ],
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     39.40603,
     -123.41949
    ],
    [
     39.40085,
     -123.41316
    ],
    [
     39.40348,
     -123.40345
    ],
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     39.40341,
     -123.38955
    ],
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     39.40574,
     -123.38812
    ],
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     39.40761,
     -123.38064
    ],
    [
     39.40409,
     -123.37359
    ],
    [
     39.40224,
     -123.36372
    ],
    [
     39.40287,
     -123.34789
    ],
    [
     39.40419,
     -123.34701
    ],
    [
     39.40918,
     -123.35026
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "caspar-south-fork-eastern-railroad-caspar-lumber-co-ex-jugha",
   "label": "Caspar, South Fork & Eastern Railroad (Caspar Lumber Co.; ex-Jughandle RR, ex-Caspar & Hare Creek RR); standard (4 ft 8.5 in) after the 1874-75 wooden-rail start",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Ted Wurm, Mallets on the Mendocino Coast: Caspar Lumber Company Railroads (Trans-Anglo, 1986); Jackson State Forest interpretive record of Caspar Lumber Co. grades in the Caspar Creek and Hare Creek drainages; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caspar,_South_Fork_and_Eastern_Railroad; GNIS; NHD",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "caspar-south-fork-eastern-railroad-caspa-caspar-mill-at-caspar-creek-mouth",
     "name": "Caspar mill (at Caspar Creek mouth)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.36351,
      -123.81586
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "1874 wooden-railed Jughandle RR (horse+mules) 1.5 mi north to Jug Handle Creek; 1875 first steam locomotive on the Mendocino coast; 1884 160-ft trestle over Jug Handle Creek; by 1890 rails 8 mi from C",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Caspar mill (at Caspar Creek mouth).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1658232 Caspar (Populated Place); Caspar Creek mouth GNIS 220677 at 39.36184,-123.81808 — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "caspar-south-fork-eastern-railroad-caspa-jug-handle-creek-crossing-1884-160-ft-tr",
     "name": "Jug Handle Creek crossing (1884 trestle, 1,000 ft long and 160 ft high; creek-mouth coordinate, trestle stood inland of it)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.37684,
      -123.81697
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "1874 wooden-railed Jughandle RR (horse+mules) 1.5 mi north to Jug Handle Creek; 1875 first steam locomotive on the Mendocino coast; 1884 160-ft trestle over Jug Handle Creek; by 1890 rails 8 mi from C",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Jug Handle Creek crossing (1884 160-ft trestle; creek-mouth coordinate, trestle stood inland of it).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 234098 Jug Handle Creek (Stream, mouth coords); Wikipedia CSF&E for the trestle — precision: area"
    },
    {
     "id": "caspar-south-fork-eastern-railroad-caspa-south-fork-hare-creek-confluence-hare-cr",
     "name": "South Fork Hare Creek confluence (Hare Creek watershed logging)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.38851,
      -123.73669
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "1874 wooden-railed Jughandle RR (horse+mules) 1.5 mi north to Jug Handle Creek; 1875 first steam locomotive on the Mendocino coast; 1884 160-ft trestle over Jug Handle Creek; by 1890 rails 8 mi from C",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "South Fork Hare Creek confluence (Hare Creek watershed logging).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 235014 South Fork Hare Creek (Stream) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "caspar-south-fork-eastern-railroad-caspa-upper-hare-creek-drainage-6-km-up-the-cr",
     "name": "Upper Hare Creek drainage (~6 km up the creek; '8 miles from the sawmill by 1890')",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.40456,
      -123.76462
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "1874 wooden-railed Jughandle RR (horse+mules) 1.5 mi north to Jug Handle Creek; 1875 first steam locomotive on the Mendocino coast; 1884 160-ft trestle over Jug Handle Creek; by 1890 rails 8 mi from C",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Upper Hare Creek drainage (~6 km up the creek; '8 miles from the sawmill by 1890').",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: NHD Hare Creek flowline point ~6 km upstream (hydro.nationalmap.gov) + Wikipedia mileage — precision: area; reconstructed"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: NHD flowline GNIS 'Caspar Creek' from the tidewater mill at Caspar anchorage upstream ~11 km, then a 1.9 km connector over the low divide (the straight step [39.37593,-123.71673] to [39.3876,-123.73232]), then NHD GNIS 'Hare Creek' upper flowline southeast to . 18.1 km drawn. The divide connector into the Hare Creek watershed is conjectural in its exact crossing point; the creek corridors on either side are the sourced route. OSM contains one short way named Ted Wurm, 'Mallets on the Mendocino Coast' is the standard monograph (not consulted directly). The 'South Fork' of the corporate name refers to the later push toward the South Fork Noyo watershed.",
   "path": [
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     -123.8177
    ],
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     -123.81411
    ],
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    ],
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    ],
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    ],
    [
     39.3478,
     -123.74132
    ],
    [
     39.34845,
     -123.73901
    ],
    [
     39.34804,
     -123.73737
    ],
    [
     39.34717,
     -123.73625
    ],
    [
     39.34879,
     -123.73507
    ],
    [
     39.35125,
     -123.73566
    ],
    [
     39.35193,
     -123.73666
    ],
    [
     39.35256,
     -123.73643
    ],
    [
     39.35303,
     -123.73537
    ],
    [
     39.3536,
     -123.73507
    ],
    [
     39.36209,
     -123.73551
    ],
    [
     39.36344,
     -123.73418
    ],
    [
     39.364,
     -123.73099
    ],
    [
     39.36486,
     -123.73026
    ],
    [
     39.3656,
     -123.72732
    ],
    [
     39.36668,
     -123.72529
    ],
    [
     39.37027,
     -123.7233
    ],
    [
     39.37211,
     -123.72074
    ],
    [
     39.37356,
     -123.72031
    ],
    [
     39.37451,
     -123.71804
    ],
    [
     39.37593,
     -123.71673
    ],
    [
     39.3876,
     -123.73232
    ],
    [
     39.38609,
     -123.72711
    ],
    [
     39.38575,
     -123.72401
    ],
    [
     39.38586,
     -123.72282
    ],
    [
     39.387,
     -123.72108
    ],
    [
     39.38683,
     -123.71908
    ],
    [
     39.38352,
     -123.71298
    ],
    [
     39.38313,
     -123.71034
    ],
    [
     39.38208,
     -123.70821
    ],
    [
     39.38076,
     -123.70334
    ],
    [
     39.37837,
     -123.70044
    ],
    [
     39.37798,
     -123.69935
    ],
    [
     39.37829,
     -123.69683
    ],
    [
     39.37961,
     -123.69547
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "mendocino-lumber-co-railroad-big-river",
   "label": "Mendocino Lumber Co. Railroad (Big River); standard (4 ft 8.5 in)",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "W. Francis Jackson, Big River Was Dammed (FMMC Books, 1991); Carranco & Labbe, Logging the Redwoods (1975) on Mendocino Lumber Co. river and rail operations; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_Lumber_Company; http://www.krisweb.com/krisbigriver/krisdb/html/krisweb/history/infrastr.htm; GNIS; NHD (Big River flowline points at 3/6/9 km: 39.30036,-123.76241; 39.29062,-123.74113; 39.29185,-123.72486)",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "mendocino-lumber-co-railroad-big-river-mendocino-lumber-co-mill-at-big-river-mo",
     "name": "Mendocino Lumber Co. mill at Big River mouth (lumber shipped from the bluff at the river mouth)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.30212,
      -123.79475
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Railroad operations 1883-1931 (Wikipedia); upper-river steel line built from 1900 (first locomotive steamed 17 Aug 1900, krisweb Big River history); 3-mi extension Laguna Creek→Little North Fork compl",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Mendocino Lumber Co. mill at Big River mouth (lumber shipped from the bluff at the river mouth).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 219234 Big River (Stream, mouth coords); Wikipedia: mill on the navigable Big River estuary — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "mendocino-lumber-co-railroad-big-river-mendocino-town-headland-shipping-point-a",
     "name": "Mendocino town (headland shipping point above the mill)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.30768,
      -123.79947
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Railroad operations 1883-1931 (Wikipedia); upper-river steel line built from 1900 (first locomotive steamed 17 Aug 1900, krisweb Big River history); 3-mi extension Laguna Creek→Little North Fork compl",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Mendocino town (headland shipping point above the mill).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1659106 Mendocino (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "mendocino-lumber-co-railroad-big-river-little-north-fork-big-river-confluence-1",
     "name": "Little North Fork Big River confluence (1912 railhead)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.31323,
      -123.70503
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Railroad operations 1883-1931 (Wikipedia); upper-river steel line built from 1900 (first locomotive steamed 17 Aug 1900, krisweb Big River history); 3-mi extension Laguna Creek→Little North Fork compl",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Little North Fork Big River confluence (1912 railhead).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 227311 Little North Fork Big River (Stream); krisweb: 'newly completed 3 mile railroad extension from Laguna Creek to the Little Northfork' — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "mendocino-lumber-co-railroad-big-river-laguna-creek-confluence-1900-railhead-ar",
     "name": "Laguna Creek confluence (1900 railhead area; 'Fraser's landing to near Laguna Creek')",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.29351,
      -123.67197
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Railroad operations 1883-1931 (Wikipedia); upper-river steel line built from 1900 (first locomotive steamed 17 Aug 1900, krisweb Big River history); 3-mi extension Laguna Creek→Little North Fork compl",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Laguna Creek confluence (1900 railhead area; 'Fraser's landing to near Laguna Creek').",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 234124 Laguna Creek (Stream); krisweb Big River infrastructure notes 6 Jul 1900 — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: NHD flowline GNIS 'Big River' from the tidewater mill and boom at the river mouth (Mendocino), followed upstream and trimmed at 13.5 km. Rails ran along the north bank above tidewater; the river centerline is used as the corridor. Terminus at ~8.5 miles is approximate because railheads and camps moved progressively upstream over the co Unusual layout: the railroad fed logs INTO the river for drives down to the mill pond at tidewater rather than hauling to the wharf.",
   "path": [
    [
     39.304,
     -123.7906
    ],
    [
     39.30218,
     -123.79349
    ],
    [
     39.30128,
     -123.79132
    ],
    [
     39.30073,
     -123.78753
    ],
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     39.30081,
     -123.78689
    ],
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     39.30244,
     -123.78536
    ],
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     39.30343,
     -123.78359
    ],
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     39.30392,
     -123.7806
    ],
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     39.3034,
     -123.77674
    ],
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     39.30332,
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    ],
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     39.3014,
     -123.76755
    ],
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     39.30041,
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    ],
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    ],
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     39.30126,
     -123.75551
    ],
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    ],
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     39.29536,
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    ],
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     39.29358,
     -123.75185
    ],
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     39.29331,
     -123.75018
    ],
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     39.29561,
     -123.74641
    ],
    [
     39.29561,
     -123.74504
    ],
    [
     39.29487,
     -123.74395
    ],
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     39.29318,
     -123.74339
    ],
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     39.29157,
     -123.74219
    ],
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     39.2899,
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    ],
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     39.28957,
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    ],
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    ],
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    ],
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    ],
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     39.30012,
     -123.73159
    ],
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     39.30048,
     -123.73057
    ],
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     39.30035,
     -123.72958
    ],
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     39.29958,
     -123.72756
    ],
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     39.2987,
     -123.72681
    ],
    [
     39.29407,
     -123.72623
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    [
     39.29085,
     -123.72404
    ],
    [
     39.28801,
     -123.71862
    ],
    [
     39.28454,
     -123.71632
    ],
    [
     39.28263,
     -123.7132
    ],
    [
     39.28267,
     -123.71108
    ],
    [
     39.28352,
     -123.70878
    ],
    [
     39.28457,
     -123.70812
    ],
    [
     39.28611,
     -123.70825
    ],
    [
     39.28671,
     -123.70702
    ],
    [
     39.28617,
     -123.70526
    ],
    [
     39.28355,
     -123.7011
    ],
    [
     39.28261,
     -123.697
    ],
    [
     39.28382,
     -123.69511
    ],
    [
     39.2844,
     -123.69298
    ],
    [
     39.2862,
     -123.69092
    ],
    [
     39.28683,
     -123.68945
    ],
    [
     39.29042,
     -123.68804
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "albion-lumber-co-line-albion-southeastern-fort-bragg-southea",
   "label": "Albion Lumber Co. line / Albion & Southeastern / Fort Bragg & Southeastern (Albion River to Wendling); 40-in narrow gauge 1881-c.1902; standard after the A&SE rebuild",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Fred A. Stindt & Guy L. Dunscomb, The Northwestern Pacific Railroad: Redwood Empire Route (1964), Albion branch (the A&SE was absorbed into the NWP system in 1907); Carranco & Labbe, Logging the Redwoods (1975) on the Albion operations; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Bragg_and_Southeastern_Railroad; https://www.kelleyhousemuseum.org/albions-lost-railroad/; https://www.mendorailhistory.org/1_towns/albion/albion.htm; GNIS; NHD",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "albion-lumber-co-line-albion-southeaster-albion-mill-wharf-albion-river-mouth",
     "name": "Albion mill & wharf (Albion River mouth)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.22713,
      -123.77031
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "1889 rails onto the 1,200-ft Albion wharf; Albion & Southeastern formed 1 Apr 1902 to extend toward the Navarro/Anderson Valley; renamed Fort Bragg & Southeastern 1905; Keene's Summit→Wendling complet",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Albion mill & wharf (Albion River mouth).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 218079 Albion River (Stream, mouth coords); Albion PPL GNIS 1657904 at 39.22352,-123.76864 — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "albion-lumber-co-line-albion-southeaster-albion-river-mid-valley-6-km-upriver",
     "name": "Albion River mid-valley (~6 km upriver)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.24423,
      -123.72497
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "1889 rails onto the 1,200-ft Albion wharf; Albion & Southeastern formed 1 Apr 1902 to extend toward the Navarro/Anderson Valley; renamed Fort Bragg & Southeastern 1905; Keene's Summit→Wendling complet",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Albion River mid-valley (~6 km upriver).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: NHD Albion River flowline point ~6 km upstream — precision: area; reconstructed"
    },
    {
     "id": "albion-lumber-co-line-albion-southeaster-keene-summit-divide-crossing-into-the-na",
     "name": "Keene Summit (divide crossing into the Navarro watershed)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.22546,
      -123.59753
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "1889 rails onto the 1,200-ft Albion wharf; Albion & Southeastern formed 1 Apr 1902 to extend toward the Navarro/Anderson Valley; renamed Fort Bragg & Southeastern 1905; Keene's Summit→Wendling complet",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Keene Summit (divide crossing into the Navarro watershed).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 226449 Keene Summit (Gap); Wikipedia FB&SE: construction 'from Keene's Summit to Wendling' — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "albion-lumber-co-line-albion-southeaster-wendling-navarro-mill-town-terminus-ande",
     "name": "Wendling / Navarro (mill town terminus, Anderson Valley)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.15185,
      -123.54197
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "1889 rails onto the 1,200-ft Albion wharf; Albion & Southeastern formed 1 Apr 1902 to extend toward the Navarro/Anderson Valley; renamed Fort Bragg & Southeastern 1905; Keene's Summit→Wendling complet",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Wendling / Navarro (mill town terminus, Anderson Valley).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 229429 Navarro (Populated Place); Wendling was renamed Navarro — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: NHD flowlines GNIS 'Albion River' and 'South Fork Albion River' from the tidewater mill up the valley; a ~2.6 km conjectural divide crossing from the upper South Fork ([39.23762,-123.60649]) to the Flynn Creek headwaters; NHD GNIS 'Flynn Creek' down to the Nor. 40.2 km drawn, consistent with the ~25-mile Albion-to-Wendling line as completed 1905. The Albion valley and Navarro valley segments are creek-corridor reconstructions; the divide crossing between the Despite the 1905 'Fort Bragg' name it never reached Fort Bragg; it was the Albion River line.",
   "path": [
    [
     39.2266,
     -123.7654
    ],
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     39.22823,
     -123.76246
    ],
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     39.23057,
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    ],
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     39.23144,
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    ],
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     39.23277,
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     39.23285,
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    ],
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     39.23694,
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    ],
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     39.23915,
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     39.23922,
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    ],
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    ],
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    ],
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     39.24393,
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    ],
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     39.24217,
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    ],
    [
     39.23992,
     -123.72983
    ],
    [
     39.23942,
     -123.72877
    ],
    [
     39.24432,
     -123.72616
    ],
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     39.24468,
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    ],
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     39.24089,
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    ],
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     39.24051,
     -123.71995
    ],
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    ],
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    ],
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     39.24583,
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    ],
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     39.25867,
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     39.26032,
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     39.26192,
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     39.26109,
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     39.26046,
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    ],
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     39.25879,
     -123.68724
    ],
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     39.25725,
     -123.68606
    ],
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     39.25753,
     -123.68424
    ],
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     39.25711,
     -123.68216
    ],
    [
     39.25597,
     -123.6794
    ],
    [
     39.2545,
     -123.67792
    ],
    [
     39.25372,
     -123.67497
    ],
    [
     39.25273,
     -123.67675
    ],
    [
     39.25173,
     -123.67665
    ],
    [
     39.24943,
     -123.67067
    ],
    [
     39.24605,
     -123.66879
    ],
    [
     39.2441,
     -123.66875
    ],
    [
     39.24338,
     -123.66579
    ],
    [
     39.24214,
     -123.66431
    ],
    [
     39.24216,
     -123.66268
    ],
    [
     39.24142,
     -123.66117
    ],
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     39.2418,
     -123.65939
    ],
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     39.24036,
     -123.65605
    ],
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     39.23587,
     -123.65483
    ],
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     39.23223,
     -123.64676
    ],
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     39.22953,
     -123.64458
    ],
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     39.22875,
     -123.64001
    ],
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     39.22561,
     -123.63616
    ],
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     39.22486,
     -123.62807
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     39.22676,
     -123.61962
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     39.22736,
     -123.61912
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     39.22989,
     -123.62078
    ],
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     39.23232,
     -123.62075
    ],
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     39.23817,
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    ],
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     39.23885,
     -123.6154
    ],
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     39.23762,
     -123.60649
    ],
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     39.2143,
     -123.59946
    ],
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     39.21479,
     -123.60114
    ],
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     39.21451,
     -123.60225
    ],
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     39.2035,
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     39.2015,
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    ],
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     39.20036,
     -123.60653
    ],
    [
     39.19133,
     -123.60356
    ],
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     39.19009,
     -123.60214
    ],
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     39.18828,
     -123.60169
    ],
    [
     39.18596,
     -123.59968
    ],
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     39.18304,
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    ],
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     39.18208,
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    ],
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     39.17979,
     -123.59624
    ],
    [
     39.17178,
     -123.58996
    ],
    [
     39.15878,
     -123.60207
    ],
    [
     39.15813,
     -123.60164
    ],
    [
     39.15628,
     -123.59933
    ],
    [
     39.1577,
     -123.59387
    ],
    [
     39.15569,
     -123.59411
    ],
    [
     39.15479,
     -123.59324
    ],
    [
     39.15611,
     -123.58584
    ],
    [
     39.15715,
     -123.58544
    ],
    [
     39.15911,
     -123.58645
    ],
    [
     39.16048,
     -123.58552
    ],
    [
     39.16091,
     -123.58229
    ],
    [
     39.16025,
     -123.57916
    ],
    [
     39.15799,
     -123.57664
    ],
    [
     39.15624,
     -123.57616
    ],
    [
     39.15697,
     -123.57354
    ],
    [
     39.15959,
     -123.57166
    ],
    [
     39.15963,
     -123.57055
    ],
    [
     39.15853,
     -123.56881
    ],
    [
     39.15892,
     -123.56759
    ],
    [
     39.16002,
     -123.56704
    ],
    [
     39.1546,
     -123.5372
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "glen-blair-branch-fort-bragg-railroad-1885-glen-blair-lumber",
   "label": "Glen Blair branch (Fort Bragg Railroad 1885 / Glen Blair Lumber Co., junction with CWR); standard (the 1885 Fort Bragg RR trackage; Wikipedia CWR)",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Spencer Crump, Redwoods, Iron Horses, and the Pacific (1963), Glen Blair Junction and the Glen Blair branch of the CWR; Mendocino County histories of the Glen Blair Redwood Co. mill on upper Pudding Creek; https://mcmrhs.org/mill-towns/glen-blair; https://www.skunktrain.com/glen-blair-bar/; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Western_Railroad; GNIS; NHD",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "glen-blair-branch-fort-bragg-railroad-18-fort-bragg-mill-wharf-end",
     "name": "Fort Bragg (mill/wharf end)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.44573,
      -123.80531
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "First Fort Bragg RR rails 1885; rails reached the Glen Blair mill 1887; Glen Blair mill operated 1886-1928 (part of Union Lumber from 1891); Pudding Creek line became a branch off the Noyo main at Glen Blair Junction",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Fort Bragg (mill/wharf end).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1656027 Fort Bragg — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "glen-blair-branch-fort-bragg-railroad-18-pudding-creek-mid-valley-4-km-up-glen-bl",
     "name": "Pudding Creek mid-valley (~4 km up; Glen Blair Junction area on the branch)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.44916,
      -123.77543
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "First Fort Bragg RR rails 1885; rails reached the Glen Blair mill 1887; Glen Blair mill operated 1886-1928 (part of Union Lumber from 1891); Pudding Creek line became a branch off the Noyo main at Glen Blair Junction",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Pudding Creek mid-valley (~4 km up; Glen Blair Junction area on the branch).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: NHD Pudding Creek flowline point ~4 km upstream; skunktrain.com locates Glen Blair Junction on Pudding Creek Rd — precision: area; reconstructed"
    },
    {
     "id": "glen-blair-branch-fort-bragg-railroad-18-glenblair-mill-town-6-6-rail-miles-up-pu",
     "name": "Glenblair (mill town, 6.6 rail-miles up Pudding Creek)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.45767,
      -123.72531
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "First Fort Bragg RR rails 1885; rails reached the Glen Blair mill 1887; Glen Blair mill operated 1886-1928 (part of Union Lumber from 1891); Pudding Creek line became a branch off the Noyo main at Glen Blair Junction",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Glenblair (mill town, 6.6 rail-miles up Pudding Creek).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1658616 Glenblair (Populated Place); mcmrhs.org/skunktrain: 'location of the mill is 6.6 miles by rail up Pudding Creek' — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: Junction fixed from the OSM California Western geometry at the point where the mapped main line leaves Pudding Creek for Tunnel 1 (39.4485,-123.7643, verified within 77 m of the NHD creek line); branch then follows NHD GNIS 'Pudding Creek' flowline upstream fo. The junction point is solid (it is where today's mapped Skunk Train alignment turns away from Pudding Creek). The terminus is placed 5.2 km up the creek per the roughly 3-mile branch length in CWR acc GNIS spells the place 'Glenblair'. The Glen Blair company also ran its own logging trackage above the mill (not mapped).",
   "path": [
    [
     39.4485,
     -123.7643
    ],
    [
     39.44787,
     -123.76468
    ],
    [
     39.44723,
     -123.76328
    ],
    [
     39.44733,
     -123.76239
    ],
    [
     39.44798,
     -123.76104
    ],
    [
     39.44893,
     -123.76036
    ],
    [
     39.44974,
     -123.75768
    ],
    [
     39.45163,
     -123.75528
    ],
    [
     39.45209,
     -123.75521
    ],
    [
     39.45308,
     -123.75715
    ],
    [
     39.45374,
     -123.75769
    ],
    [
     39.45562,
     -123.7574
    ],
    [
     39.45635,
     -123.75662
    ],
    [
     39.45593,
     -123.75459
    ],
    [
     39.45398,
     -123.75556
    ],
    [
     39.45339,
     -123.75488
    ],
    [
     39.45376,
     -123.7524
    ],
    [
     39.45308,
     -123.74835
    ],
    [
     39.45323,
     -123.74576
    ],
    [
     39.45269,
     -123.74551
    ],
    [
     39.45084,
     -123.74611
    ],
    [
     39.44955,
     -123.7423
    ],
    [
     39.44827,
     -123.74074
    ],
    [
     39.44789,
     -123.73937
    ],
    [
     39.44842,
     -123.73625
    ],
    [
     39.45055,
     -123.73555
    ],
    [
     39.45211,
     -123.73571
    ],
    [
     39.45232,
     -123.73263
    ],
    [
     39.45381,
     -123.73156
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "usal-railroad-usal-redwood-co-robert-dollar",
   "label": "Usal Railroad (Usal Redwood Co. / Robert Dollar); gauge not recorded",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Carranco & Labbe, Logging the Redwoods (1975) on the Usal mill and railroad; Robert Dollar, Memoirs of Robert Dollar (1917 and later editions), his Usal operation of the 1890s; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_Coast; GNIS; NHD; Calisphere lead (bot-blocked, record only): https://calisphere.org/item/ark:/87293/d3042k/ — 'Usal, California, scene of Robert Dollar's Lumber Mill'",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "usal-railroad-usal-redwood-co-robert-dol-usal-wharf-mill-usal-creek-mouth",
     "name": "Usal wharf & mill (Usal Creek mouth)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.83238,
      -123.85198
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Mill and 1,600-ft wharf built 1889 at Usal Creek mouth (Robert Dollar bought in 1888-89); railroad ran ~3 mi up Usal Creek; 1902 fire destroyed the mill and the railroad was dismantled",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Usal wharf & mill (Usal Creek mouth).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 236939 Usal Creek (Stream, mouth coords); Wikipedia 'Lost Coast': 'sawmill and 1,600-foot wharf at the mouth of Usal Creek in 1889' — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "usal-railroad-usal-redwood-co-robert-dol-usal-creek-valley-2-mi-up",
     "name": "Usal Creek valley (~2 mi up)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.8449,
      -123.82984
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Mill and 1,600-ft wharf built 1889 at Usal Creek mouth (Robert Dollar bought in 1888-89); railroad ran ~3 mi up Usal Creek; 1902 fire destroyed the mill and the railroad was dismantled",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Usal Creek valley (~2 mi up).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: NHD Usal Creek flowline point ~3.2 km upstream — precision: area; reconstructed"
    },
    {
     "id": "usal-railroad-usal-redwood-co-robert-dol-upper-railhead-3-mi-up-usal-creek",
     "name": "Upper railhead (~3 mi up Usal Creek)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      39.85493,
      -123.84003
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Mill and 1,600-ft wharf built 1889 at Usal Creek mouth (Robert Dollar bought in 1888-89); railroad ran ~3 mi up Usal Creek; 1902 fire destroyed the mill and the railroad was dismantled",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Upper railhead (~3 mi up Usal Creek).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: NHD Usal Creek flowline point ~4.8 km upstream; Wikipedia 'Lost Coast': 'a railroad for transporting logs extended three miles up Usal Creek' — precision: area; derived-from-verbal"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: NHD flowline GNIS 'Usal Creek' from the beach and wharf site at Usal cove, followed upstream and trimmed at 5.5 km (~3.4 mi). Wharf point at the creek mouth; the mill stood just upstream. Creek centerline used as the corridor for the roughly 3-mile line; terminus approximate. Usal townsite itself is not a GNIS feature; Usal Rock GNIS 236940 (39.83238 area) marks the cove. The doghole MPDF covers 'Monroe Landing (Hale's Grove/Usal Landing)' south of Usal as a separate later port.",
   "path": [
    [
     39.8287,
     -123.8543
    ],
    [
     39.82848,
     -123.8498
    ],
    [
     39.83123,
     -123.84966
    ],
    [
     39.83147,
     -123.84864
    ],
    [
     39.83064,
     -123.84705
    ],
    [
     39.83061,
     -123.84612
    ],
    [
     39.83152,
     -123.84571
    ],
    [
     39.833,
     -123.84613
    ],
    [
     39.83375,
     -123.84521
    ],
    [
     39.83426,
     -123.84352
    ],
    [
     39.83492,
     -123.84294
    ],
    [
     39.83515,
     -123.84173
    ],
    [
     39.83579,
     -123.84094
    ],
    [
     39.83573,
     -123.8403
    ],
    [
     39.83843,
     -123.83898
    ],
    [
     39.83884,
     -123.83715
    ],
    [
     39.84087,
     -123.83601
    ],
    [
     39.84155,
     -123.83508
    ],
    [
     39.84229,
     -123.83359
    ],
    [
     39.84115,
     -123.83116
    ],
    [
     39.84134,
     -123.83028
    ],
    [
     39.84202,
     -123.82953
    ],
    [
     39.844,
     -123.82929
    ],
    [
     39.8449,
     -123.82984
    ],
    [
     39.8455,
     -123.82933
    ],
    [
     39.8465,
     -123.82968
    ],
    [
     39.85036,
     -123.83372
    ],
    [
     39.85036,
     -123.83557
    ],
    [
     39.85115,
     -123.8371
    ],
    [
     39.85299,
     -123.83804
    ],
    [
     39.85386,
     -123.83974
    ],
    [
     39.85457,
     -123.84012
    ],
    [
     39.85561,
     -123.83966
    ],
    [
     39.85658,
     -123.83984
    ],
    [
     39.85904,
     -123.84211
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "crescent-city-smith-river-railroad-hobbs-wall-co",
   "label": "Crescent City & Smith River Railroad (Hobbs, Wall & Co.); gauge not recorded",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "A. J. Bledsoe, History of Del Norte County, California (1881), early wharf and railroad of Hobbs, Wall & Co.'s predecessors; Del Norte County Historical Society materials on Hobbs, Wall & Co. and the Crescent City & Smith River Railroad; https://wx4.org/to/foam/shortlines/coc/1DelNorteRRs.html; https://www.ijpr.org/show/as-it-was/2019-12-10/as-it-was-lumber-mill-builds-crescent-city-and-smith-river-railroad; https://www.nps.gov/parkhistory/online_books/redw/history10c.htm; https://delnortehistor",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "crescent-city-smith-river-railroad-hobbs-crescent-city-wharf-hobbs-wall-mill",
     "name": "Crescent City wharf & Hobbs Wall mill",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      41.75595,
      -124.20176
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Initial ~5 mi operating 1884 (wx4.org); NPS Redwood history says the 12-mi Smith River line was 'built in the period 1890-1894' — dates conflict, report both; 16.35 mi incl. 2.6-mi Fort Dick branch by",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Crescent City wharf & Hobbs Wall mill.",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 277494 Crescent City (Populated Place) — precision: place (wharf on the bay at town)"
    },
    {
     "id": "crescent-city-smith-river-railroad-hobbs-elk-valley",
     "name": "Elk Valley",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      41.75582,
      -124.19112
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Initial ~5 mi operating 1884 (wx4.org); NPS Redwood history says the 12-mi Smith River line was 'built in the period 1890-1894' — dates conflict, report both; 16.35 mi incl. 2.6-mi Fort Dick branch by",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Elk Valley.",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 223129 Elk Valley (Valley, Del Norte) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "crescent-city-smith-river-railroad-hobbs-lake-earl-east-side-1870-lake-earl-mill-",
     "name": "Lake Earl (east side; 1870 Lake Earl mill of Crescent City Mill & Transportation Co.)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      41.82746,
      -124.18905
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Initial ~5 mi operating 1884 (wx4.org); NPS Redwood history says the 12-mi Smith River line was 'built in the period 1890-1894' — dates conflict, report both; 16.35 mi incl. 2.6-mi Fort Dick branch by",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Lake Earl (east side; 1870 Lake Earl mill of Crescent City Mill & Transportation Co.).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 222843 Lake Earl (Lake); Del Norte County Historical Society economic history — precision: area (lake feature, line passed east of it)"
    },
    {
     "id": "crescent-city-smith-river-railroad-hobbs-fort-dick-branch-terminus-north-of-lake-",
     "name": "Fort Dick (branch terminus north of Lake Earl)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      41.8679,
      -124.14898
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Initial ~5 mi operating 1884 (wx4.org); NPS Redwood history says the 12-mi Smith River line was 'built in the period 1890-1894' — dates conflict, report both; 16.35 mi incl. 2.6-mi Fort Dick branch by",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Fort Dick (branch terminus north of Lake Earl).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 223696 Fort Dick (Populated Place); wx4.org '2.6 Fort Dick branch, north of Lake Earl' — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "crescent-city-smith-river-railroad-hobbs-smith-river-south-bank-main-line-railhea",
     "name": "Smith River, south bank (main-line railhead; town of Smith River)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      41.92817,
      -124.14704
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Initial ~5 mi operating 1884 (wx4.org); NPS Redwood history says the 12-mi Smith River line was 'built in the period 1890-1894' — dates conflict, report both; 16.35 mi incl. 2.6-mi Fort Dick branch by",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Smith River, south bank (main-line railhead; town of Smith River).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1659799 Smith River (Populated Place); JPR 'As It Was': rails 'extended from Crescent City out to the south bank of the Smith River' — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: Wharf-to-town leg hand-traced NE from the Crescent City wharf; Elk Valley leg follows the NHD flowline GNIS 'Elk Creek' (Del Norte County) northeast through Elk Valley, trimmed near the mill site; OSM has no historic trace here (the only railway tags in the bb. 6.4 km trunk drawn: wharf, through town, up Elk Valley to the mill area. The town leg is conjectural street-level routing. The NORTHERN BRANCH toward Lake Earl and Smith River (via Fort Dick) is NOT d Hobbs, Wall & Co. owned ~8,700 acres between Crescent City and Smith River; the line doubled as a popular passenger picnic railway.",
   "path": [
    [
     41.744,
     -124.1885
    ],
    [
     41.7562,
     -124.1806
    ],
    [
     41.75971,
     -124.1814
    ],
    [
     41.76066,
     -124.18116
    ],
    [
     41.76313,
     -124.17713
    ],
    [
     41.76552,
     -124.1748
    ],
    [
     41.7672,
     -124.1741
    ],
    [
     41.7674,
     -124.17333
    ],
    [
     41.76839,
     -124.17245
    ],
    [
     41.77188,
     -124.16674
    ],
    [
     41.77349,
     -124.16487
    ],
    [
     41.77567,
     -124.16078
    ],
    [
     41.77337,
     -124.15462
    ],
    [
     41.77464,
     -124.15019
    ],
    [
     41.77456,
     -124.14761
    ],
    [
     41.77646,
     -124.1448
    ],
    [
     41.77699,
     -124.14331
    ],
    [
     41.77659,
     -124.14271
    ],
    [
     41.77663,
     -124.14124
    ],
    [
     41.77624,
     -124.14042
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "arcata-mad-river-railroad-ex-union-plank-walk-rail-track-wha",
   "label": "Arcata & Mad River Railroad (ex-Union Plank Walk, Rail Track & Wharf Co.); 45.25 in (one-of-a-kind, from the original horse-car wheel g",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "documented",
   "citation": "Stanley T. Borden's Western Railroader monograph on the Arcata & Mad River R.R.; Lynwood Carranco, Redwood Lumber Industry (Golden West, 1982); the 1854 Union Plank Walk predecessor and the Annie & Mary line; https://www.pacificng.com/w/index.php?title=Arcata_and_Mad_River_Railroad; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcata_and_Mad_River_Railroad; https://www.californiahistoricallandmarks.com/landmarks/chl-842; GNIS",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "arcata-mad-river-railroad-ex-union-plank-arcata-plaza-wharf-ran-2-mi-11-000-ft-so",
     "name": "Arcata (plaza; wharf ran ~2 mi / 11,000 ft south into Humboldt Bay — wharf-end coords not established, see gaps)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.86652,
      -124.08285
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Union Plank Walk, Rail Track & Wharf Co. incorporated 15 Dec 1854 (horse-powered, along an 11,000-ft wharf into Humboldt Bay and across the marsh into Union/Arcata — oldest railroad operation in Calif",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Arcata (plaza; wharf ran ~2 mi / 11,000 ft south into Humboldt Bay — wharf-end coords not established, see gaps).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 277471 Arcata (Populated Place); pacificng.com A&MR page for the wharf — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "arcata-mad-river-railroad-ex-union-plank-korblex-junction-mad-river-crossing-area",
     "name": "Korblex (junction, Mad River crossing area)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.90347,
      -124.07147
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Union Plank Walk, Rail Track & Wharf Co. incorporated 15 Dec 1854 (horse-powered, along an 11,000-ft wharf into Humboldt Bay and across the marsh into Union/Arcata — oldest railroad operation in Calif",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Korblex (junction, Mad River crossing area).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1658921 Korblex (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "arcata-mad-river-railroad-ex-union-plank-blue-lake-chl-842-marker-at-blue-lake-mu",
     "name": "Blue Lake (CHL 842 marker at Blue Lake Museum/depot)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.88149,
      -123.99091
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Union Plank Walk, Rail Track & Wharf Co. incorporated 15 Dec 1854 (horse-powered, along an 11,000-ft wharf into Humboldt Bay and across the marsh into Union/Arcata — oldest railroad operation in Calif",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Blue Lake (CHL 842 marker at Blue Lake Museum/depot).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: californiahistoricallandmarks.com CHL #842 GPS 40.8814888,-123.9909138 — precision: exact (marker)"
    },
    {
     "id": "arcata-mad-river-railroad-ex-union-plank-korbel-terminus-north-fork-mad-river-mil",
     "name": "Korbel (terminus, North Fork Mad River mills)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.87041,
      -123.95841
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Union Plank Walk, Rail Track & Wharf Co. incorporated 15 Dec 1854 (horse-powered, along an 11,000-ft wharf into Humboldt Bay and across the marsh into Union/Arcata — oldest railroad operation in Calif",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Korbel (terminus, North Fork Mad River mills).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1658920 Korbel (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: OSM via Overpass: abandoned/disused ways including one tagged 'Arcata and Mad River Railroad', the 'Annie & Mary Bridge', and connected 'Logging Railroad' ways, stitched Arcata to Korbel; one 3.4 km unmapped gap across the Arcata bottoms bridged straight ([40.. 20 km. Path verified to pass Glendale (40.903,-124.041), the Annie & Mary bridge site, and Blue Lake (40.884,-123.994) en route to Korbel on the North Fork Mad River. The wharf leg into Humboldt Bay i The 1854 plank-walk/wharf horse tramway is the 'oldest railroad in California' claim usually cited for Arcata (CHL 842 marker text: 'the oldest line on the north coast').",
   "path": [
    [
     40.8412,
     -124.097
    ],
    [
     40.8578,
     -124.0927
    ],
    [
     40.8655,
     -124.09268
    ],
    [
     40.87267,
     -124.09005
    ],
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     40.87579,
     -124.09099
    ],
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     40.87728,
     -124.09074
    ],
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     40.87861,
     -124.08965
    ],
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     40.87912,
     -124.08866
    ],
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     40.87946,
     -124.08479
    ],
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     40.90501,
     -124.06917
    ],
    [
     40.90739,
     -124.06921
    ],
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     40.90869,
     -124.06989
    ],
    [
     40.9101,
     -124.06489
    ],
    [
     40.90969,
     -124.06171
    ],
    [
     40.9067,
     -124.05854
    ],
    [
     40.90665,
     -124.04952
    ],
    [
     40.90616,
     -124.04797
    ],
    [
     40.90436,
     -124.04591
    ],
    [
     40.90331,
     -124.04342
    ],
    [
     40.90304,
     -124.03583
    ],
    [
     40.90208,
     -124.0336
    ],
    [
     40.90056,
     -124.03197
    ],
    [
     40.90138,
     -124.02935
    ],
    [
     40.90027,
     -124.02528
    ],
    [
     40.90072,
     -124.02241
    ],
    [
     40.90038,
     -124.01858
    ],
    [
     40.89948,
     -124.01631
    ],
    [
     40.89946,
     -124.01343
    ],
    [
     40.90023,
     -124.01174
    ],
    [
     40.90002,
     -124.00986
    ],
    [
     40.89612,
     -124.00697
    ],
    [
     40.89118,
     -124.0002
    ],
    [
     40.89032,
     -123.99995
    ],
    [
     40.88868,
     -124.00063
    ],
    [
     40.88779,
     -124.00011
    ],
    [
     40.88635,
     -123.9968
    ],
    [
     40.881,
     -123.99048
    ],
    [
     40.87964,
     -123.98784
    ],
    [
     40.87811,
     -123.98672
    ],
    [
     40.87692,
     -123.98261
    ],
    [
     40.87501,
     -123.97981
    ],
    [
     40.8677,
     -123.97131
    ],
    [
     40.86741,
     -123.96909
    ],
    [
     40.86848,
     -123.96618
    ],
    [
     40.86959,
     -123.9651
    ],
    [
     40.87359,
     -123.96325
    ],
    [
     40.8748,
     -123.96334
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "humboldt-bay-eel-river-railroad-pacific-lumber-co-scotia-alt",
   "label": "Humboldt Bay & Eel River Railroad / Pacific Lumber Co. (Scotia-Alton-Humboldt Bay); standard (into the NWP system 1907; through main line opened 1914ne, 1911)",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "documented",
   "citation": "Lynwood Carranco, Redwood Lumber Industry (1982), Pacific Lumber and the Humboldt Bay & Eel River lines; Stindt & Dunscomb, The Northwestern Pacific Railroad: Redwood Empire Route (1964); the HB&ER trackage became the NWP main; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eel_River_and_Eureka_Railroad; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_and_Northwestern_Railway; https://lostcoastoutpost.com/2018/mar/11/ugly-looking-bluff-lorenzo-painter-and-pacific-lum/ (Scotia Bluffs construction); GNIS",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "humboldt-bay-eel-river-railroad-pacific--scotia-pacific-lumber-mill-earlier-fores",
     "name": "Scotia (Pacific Lumber mill; earlier Forestville)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.48236,
      -124.10089
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Chartered Nov 1882 by Pacific Lumber; operations 1885; completed across the Scotia Bluffs to Alton 20 Aug 1885, connecting there with the Eel River & Eureka RR for the rest of the way to Humboldt Bay ",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Scotia (Pacific Lumber mill; earlier Forestville).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 232715 Scotia (Census) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "humboldt-bay-eel-river-railroad-pacific--alton-junction-with-eel-river-eureka-rr-",
     "name": "Alton (junction with Eel River & Eureka RR, 1885)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.54736,
      -124.1409
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Chartered Nov 1882 by Pacific Lumber; operations 1885; completed across the Scotia Bluffs to Alton 20 Aug 1885, connecting there with the Eel River & Eureka RR for the rest of the way to Humboldt Bay ",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Alton (junction with Eel River & Eureka RR, 1885).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1655796 Alton (Populated Place); Wikipedia 'Eel River and Eureka Railroad' — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "humboldt-bay-eel-river-railroad-pacific--fortuna",
     "name": "Fortuna",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.59819,
      -124.15729
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Chartered Nov 1882 by Pacific Lumber; operations 1885; completed across the Scotia Bluffs to Alton 20 Aug 1885, connecting there with the Eel River & Eureka RR for the rest of the way to Humboldt Bay ",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Fortuna.",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 277520 Fortuna (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "humboldt-bay-eel-river-railroad-pacific--fields-landing-deep-water-shipping-point",
     "name": "Fields Landing (deep-water shipping point on Humboldt Bay)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.72458,
      -124.21507
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Chartered Nov 1882 by Pacific Lumber; operations 1885; completed across the Scotia Bluffs to Alton 20 Aug 1885, connecting there with the Eel River & Eureka RR for the rest of the way to Humboldt Bay ",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Fields Landing (deep-water shipping point on Humboldt Bay).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1656012 Fields Landing (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: OSM via Overpass (kumi.systems mirror): NWP 'Humboldt Bay Block' ways (railway=rail/disused/abandoned), stitched Scotia to Fields Landing (35.7 km, one 1.1 km gap bridged near Alton) and Fields Landing to Bucksport (two gaps totaling 1.7 km bridged), trimmed a. 42.3 km on the surviving NWP corridor, which directly overlies the 1880s-1900s HB&ER/Pacific Lumber route: Scotia mill, down the Eel past Alton (junction of the Carlotta branch, not drawn), through Fo This corridor became the NWP main; the Scotia Bluffs stretch was notoriously unstable ('Our Doomed Railroad', Lost Coast Outpost).",
   "path": [
    [
     40.48534,
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    ],
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     40.48784,
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    ],
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    ],
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     40.49694,
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     40.51802,
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     40.52045,
     -124.14465
    ],
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     40.52151,
     -124.1465
    ],
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     40.52327,
     -124.14819
    ],
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     40.52723,
     -124.15071
    ],
    [
     40.52865,
     -124.15096
    ],
    [
     40.533,
     -124.1499
    ],
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     40.54158,
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    ],
    [
     40.54766,
     -124.1418
    ],
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    ],
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    ],
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     40.57541,
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    ],
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     40.61868,
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     40.62058,
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     40.64306,
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     40.64517,
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     40.6465,
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     40.64614,
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    [
     40.64714,
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    [
     40.65149,
     -124.20673
    ],
    [
     40.65458,
     -124.20136
    ],
    [
     40.6611,
     -124.19772
    ],
    [
     40.67082,
     -124.19959
    ],
    [
     40.68171,
     -124.20007
    ],
    [
     40.69839,
     -124.20356
    ],
    [
     40.70026,
     -124.20459
    ],
    [
     40.70623,
     -124.21031
    ],
    [
     40.71303,
     -124.21552
    ],
    [
     40.71444,
     -124.21626
    ],
    [
     40.71821,
     -124.21653
    ],
    [
     40.72129,
     -124.21899
    ],
    [
     40.7236,
     -124.2195
    ],
    [
     40.72521,
     -124.21905
    ],
    [
     40.73335,
     -124.21376
    ],
    [
     40.7555,
     -124.19488
    ],
    [
     40.75766,
     -124.19433
    ],
    [
     40.77338,
     -124.19419
    ],
    [
     40.78071,
     -124.19166
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "dolbeer-carson-lumber-co-bucksport-elk-river-railroad",
   "label": "Dolbeer & Carson Lumber Co.; Bucksport & Elk River Railroad; gauge not recorded",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "Jon Humboldt Gates, Falk's Claim: The Life and Death of a Redwood Lumber Town (1983); Lynwood Carranco, Redwood Lumber Industry (1982) on Dolbeer & Carson and the Elk River operations; Wikipedia, Falk, California (townsite coordinates 40.6895,-124.1308; the mill railroad extended five miles up the canyon in 1903); https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf6n39n91p/ (Dolbeer & Carson records, incl. Bucksport & Elk River Railroad Co.); Calisphere leads (bot-blocked): https://calisphere.org/item/6",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "dolbeer-carson-lumber-co-bucksport-elk-r-bucksport-humboldt-bay-railhead",
     "name": "Bucksport (Humboldt Bay railhead)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.77513,
      -124.1923
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Company records incl. Bucksport & Elk River Railroad Co. span ca. 1884-1941 (OAC finding aid); 1881-82 newspapers report steam logging at Salmon Creek and a planned railroad to Elk River; D&C ran trai",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Bucksport (Humboldt Bay railhead).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1655852 Bucksport (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "dolbeer-carson-lumber-co-bucksport-elk-r-elk-river-valley-settlement",
     "name": "Elk River (valley settlement)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.73624,
      -124.17424
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Company records incl. Bucksport & Elk River Railroad Co. span ca. 1884-1941 (OAC finding aid); 1881-82 newspapers report steam logging at Salmon Creek and a planned railroad to Elk River; D&C ran trai",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Elk River (valley settlement).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 223125 Elk River (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "dolbeer-carson-lumber-co-bucksport-elk-r-north-fork-elk-river-confluence-1930s-lo",
     "name": "North Fork Elk River confluence (1930s logging railhead direction)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      40.70236,
      -124.15257
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Company records incl. Bucksport & Elk River Railroad Co. span ca. 1884-1941 (OAC finding aid); 1881-82 newspapers report steam logging at Salmon Creek and a planned railroad to Elk River; D&C ran trai",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "North Fork Elk River confluence (1930s logging railhead direction).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 255115 North Fork Elk River (Stream); Calisphere 1934 photo captions (bot-blocked, lead only) — precision: area; reconstructed"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: Hand lead-in from Bucksport along the bay shore to the Elk River mouth; then NHD flowlines GNIS 'Elk River' (mainstem) and GNIS 'South Fork Elk River' to Falk at 40.6895,-124.1308 (Wikipedia article coordinates; the South Fork flowline passes 74 m from the tow. 21.3 km including creek meanders. Today's BLM Elk River Trail into Headwaters Forest Reserve overlies the grade near Falk. The creek centerline stands in for the grade, which ran on the adjacent valle John Dolbeer patented the steam donkey (1881-82, first used in D&C's Salmon Creek operations). D&C's mill was on the Eureka waterfront (Eureka GNIS 277605: 40.80208,-124.16369). Their separate Humboldt Northern Railway (sold 1",
   "path": [
    [
     40.779,
     -124.1877
    ],
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     40.7685,
     -124.1917
    ],
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     40.759,
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    ],
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     40.75603,
     -124.19316
    ],
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    ],
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     40.72876,
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     40.72767,
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     40.7303,
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     40.70572,
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     40.7065,
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     40.70476,
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     40.70495,
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     40.70317,
     -124.16231
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     40.70215,
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     40.70415,
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     40.70222,
     -124.15606
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     40.70141,
     -124.15365
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     40.70221,
     -124.15186
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     40.70033,
     -124.15149
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     40.70131,
     -124.14876
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     40.69831,
     -124.1493
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     40.69814,
     -124.14837
    ],
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     40.69892,
     -124.14874
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     40.69966,
     -124.14704
    ],
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     40.69693,
     -124.14755
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     40.69701,
     -124.14461
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     40.69573,
     -124.14299
    ],
    [
     40.69247,
     -124.14439
    ],
    [
     40.69314,
     -124.14217
    ],
    [
     40.69141,
     -124.1415
    ],
    [
     40.6902,
     -124.13521
    ],
    [
     40.68907,
     -124.13449
    ],
    [
     40.68967,
     -124.13252
    ],
    [
     40.68751,
     -124.131
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "salt-point-horse-railroad-quarry-mill-to-gerstle-cove-landin",
   "label": "Salt Point horse railroad (quarry/mill to Gerstle Cove landing); gauge not recorded",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "conjectural",
   "citation": "J. P. Munro-Fraser, History of Sonoma County (Alley, Bowen & Co., 1880), lumbering and chute landings at Salt Point; California State Parks, Salt Point SP interpretive materials on the Gerstle Cove landing; Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021), Salt Point Landing entry; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Point_State_Park; https://www.saltpoint.org/history; GNIS",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "salt-point-horse-railroad-quarry-mill-to-salt-point-quarry-outcrops-cut-stone-and",
     "name": "Salt Point (quarry outcrops; cut stone and tool marks still visible)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      38.56631,
      -123.3328
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Quarrying from 1853-55 ('as early as 1855 stone was cut on site and transported from a pier' — doghole MPDF); the documented horse-drawn railroad ran from the Miller sawmill (Miller Gulch mill leased ",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Salt Point (quarry outcrops; cut stone and tool marks still visible).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 232328 Salt Point (Cape) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "salt-point-horse-railroad-quarry-mill-to-gerstle-cove-landing-two-trough-chutes-o",
     "name": "Gerstle Cove landing (two trough chutes on the western side; eyebolts in the rocks)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      38.56381,
      -123.32724
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Quarrying from 1853-55 ('as early as 1855 stone was cut on site and transported from a pier' — doghole MPDF); the documented horse-drawn railroad ran from the Miller sawmill (Miller Gulch mill leased ",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Gerstle Cove landing (two trough chutes on the western side; eyebolts in the rocks).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 224133 Gerstle Cove (Bay); doghole MPDF Salt Point Landing section — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: Hand-drawn: no OSM trace, and NHD returned no feature named 'Miller Gulch' in the Salt Point bbox; straight terrace alignment from the Miller Gulch mill area to Gerstle Cove landing. CONJECTURAL throughout, as permitted by the task. Endpoints: mill area placed at the gulch ~1.5 km NW of the cove, landing at Gerstle Cove. Draw dashed. VERIFICATION RESULT on the early-railroad claim: the 1850s activity documented is quarrying + a pier (MPDF); the rail feature documented by Wikipedia/park literature is the HORSE-DRAWN RAILROAD from the Miller sawmill era (1870s), and Wikipedia makes NO 'first railroad in California' claim. Treat any '1850s railroad at Salt Point' statement as UNVERIF",
   "path": [
    [
     38.5795,
     -123.3438
    ],
    [
     38.5757,
     -123.3408
    ],
    [
     38.5716,
     -123.3377
    ],
    [
     38.5684,
     -123.3352
    ],
    [
     38.5661,
     -123.3325
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "duncans-landing-horse-tram-duncans-mills-land-lumber-co-wrig",
   "label": "Duncan's Landing horse tram (Duncans Mills Land & Lumber Co., Wright Ranch); narrow (doghole MPDF: 'The narrow-gauge railroad route paral",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "reconstructed",
   "citation": "A. Bray Dickinson, Narrow Gauge to the Redwoods (1967), the Duncan brothers' original coastal mill and the 1877 move upriver to Duncans Mills; Munro-Fraser, History of Sonoma County (1880); Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021), Duncan's Landing entry; GNIS; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncans_Point (lead)",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "duncans-landing-horse-tram-duncans-mills-tram-north-end-near-the-duncan-mill-wrig",
     "name": "Tram north end near the Duncan mill / Wrights Beach area",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      38.4052,
      -123.09891
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Mill built 1860 near the south side of the Russian River mouth; horse-drawn trams moved lumber ~1 mile through Wright Ranch to the chutes on Duncans Point; port active circa 1876-1889 (chutes shown on",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Tram north end near the Duncan mill / Wrights Beach area.",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 238197 Wrights Beach (Beach); MPDF: 'network of horse drawn trams a mile south within the Wright Ranch' — precision: area; derived-from-verbal"
    },
    {
     "id": "duncans-landing-horse-tram-duncans-mills-duncans-point-chute-infrastructure-on-th",
     "name": "Duncans Point (chute infrastructure on the headland)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      38.39298,
      -123.09474
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Mill built 1860 near the south side of the Russian River mouth; horse-drawn trams moved lumber ~1 mile through Wright Ranch to the chutes on Duncans Point; port active circa 1876-1889 (chutes shown on",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Duncans Point (chute infrastructure on the headland).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 222718 Duncans Point (Cape); MPDF: route 'connected with the infrastructure out on Duncans Point' — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "duncans-landing-horse-tram-duncans-mills-duncans-cove-two-trough-chutes-projectin",
     "name": "Duncans Cove (Duncans Cove (a pair of trough chutes shown running south over the cove on the 1876 chart))",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      38.39353,
      -123.09252
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Mill built 1860 near the south side of the Russian River mouth; horse-drawn trams moved lumber ~1 mile through Wright Ranch to the chutes on Duncans Point; port active circa 1876-1889 (chutes shown on",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Duncans Cove (Duncans Cove (a pair of trough chutes shown running south over the cove on the 1876 chart)).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1723325 Duncans Cove (Bay); MPDF Duncan's Landing section — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: Hand-drawn coast-parallel alignment on the marine terrace (today's Highway 1 bench) ending at Duncan's Landing cove (38.3927,-123.0947). ~1 mile per the project's research. The landing endpoint is firm (Duncan's Landing/Death Rock, Sonoma Coast SP); the mill endpoint is approximate, placed ~1 mile north on the terrace. If your sources  This is the 'headland railway' the task asked for: horse-drawn, narrow-gauge, coast-parallel. The Duncans moved their mill upriver to Duncans Mills in 1877 when the NPC arrived.",
   "path": [
    [
     38.4079,
     -123.0958
    ],
    [
     38.4041,
     -123.0975
    ],
    [
     38.4003,
     -123.0982
    ],
    [
     38.3968,
     -123.0972
    ],
    [
     38.3944,
     -123.0958
    ],
    [
     38.3927,
     -123.0947
    ]
   ]
  },
  {
   "id": "north-pacific-coast-railroad-sausalito-duncans-mills-narrow-",
   "label": "North Pacific Coast Railroad (Sausalito-Duncans Mills narrow gauge); 3 ft (914 mm) narrow gauge",
   "layer": "rails",
   "color": "#7f2020",
   "path_confidence": "documented",
   "citation": "A. Bray Dickinson, Narrow Gauge to the Redwoods: The Story of the North Pacific Coast Railroad (Trans-Anglo, 1967); Modern rail-trail overlays of the grade: Mill Valley-Sausalito Path, Corte Madera Pathway, Cross Marin Trail (all tagged railway=abandoned in OSM); https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Pacific_Coast_Railroad; https://www.pacificng.com/template.php?page=roads%2Fca%2Fnpc%2Findex.htm; Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021), lines ~1770-1773 entry; GN",
   "stops": [
    {
     "id": "north-pacific-coast-railroad-sausalito-d-sausalito-ferry-pier-terminal",
     "name": "Sausalito (ferry pier terminal)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      37.85917,
      -122.48529
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1874-77; opened Sausalito-Tomales Jan 1875; reached the Russian River and Duncans Mills 1877 (Cazadero extension 1886); ~93 mi with ferry connection to San Francisco; became North Shore Railroad",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Sausalito (ferry pier terminal).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 277597 Sausalito (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "north-pacific-coast-railroad-sausalito-d-point-reyes-station",
     "name": "Point Reyes Station",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      38.06909,
      -122.80695
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1874-77; opened Sausalito-Tomales Jan 1875; reached the Russian River and Duncans Mills 1877 (Cazadero extension 1886); ~93 mi with ferry connection to San Francisco; became North Shore Railroad",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Point Reyes Station.",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 1659413 Point Reyes Station (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "north-pacific-coast-railroad-sausalito-d-tomales-railhead-jan-1875-east-shore-of-",
     "name": "Tomales (railhead Jan 1875; east shore of Tomales Bay route)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      38.24631,
      -122.90557
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1874-77; opened Sausalito-Tomales Jan 1875; reached the Russian River and Duncans Mills 1877 (Cazadero extension 1886); ~93 mi with ferry connection to San Francisco; became North Shore Railroad",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Tomales (railhead Jan 1875; east shore of Tomales Bay route).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 236439 Tomales (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "north-pacific-coast-railroad-sausalito-d-valley-ford-into-sonoma-county",
     "name": "Valley Ford (into Sonoma County)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      38.31798,
      -122.92418
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1874-77; opened Sausalito-Tomales Jan 1875; reached the Russian River and Duncans Mills 1877 (Cazadero extension 1886); ~93 mi with ferry connection to San Francisco; became North Shore Railroad",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Valley Ford (into Sonoma County).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 236972 Valley Ford (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "north-pacific-coast-railroad-sausalito-d-occidental-howards-redwood-belt-crossing",
     "name": "Occidental (Howards; redwood belt crossing)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      38.40742,
      -122.94834
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1874-77; opened Sausalito-Tomales Jan 1875; reached the Russian River and Duncans Mills 1877 (Cazadero extension 1886); ~93 mi with ferry connection to San Francisco; became North Shore Railroad",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Occidental (Howards; redwood belt crossing).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 277568 Occidental (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    },
    {
     "id": "north-pacific-coast-railroad-sausalito-d-duncans-mills-russian-river-terminus-187",
     "name": "Duncans Mills (Russian River terminus, 1877)",
     "type": "rail-point",
     "coords": [
      38.45381,
      -123.05501
     ],
     "coord_precision": "place",
     "date": {
      "iso": "None",
      "display": "Built 1874-77; opened Sausalito-Tomales Jan 1875; reached the Russian River and Duncans Mills 1877 (Cazadero extension 1886); ~93 mi with ferry connection to San Francisco; became North Shore Railroad",
      "confidence": "circa"
     },
     "summary": "Duncans Mills (Russian River terminus, 1877).",
     "notes": "Waypoint source: GNIS 222722 Duncans Mills (Populated Place) — precision: place"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "Alignment: Mostly OSM via Overpass: railway=abandoned ways over the NPC grade stitched in stages (Sausalito shore path, Alto tunnel corridor, old Corte Madera depot at Menke Park, Larkspur, Kentfield, Ross, San Anselmo, Fairfax, White's Hill, Lagunitas Creek/Cross Marin . 113.6 km, simplified hard to the 120-point cap with a step-length constraint so chords do not cut across Richardson or Tomales Bays. Documented (mapped abandoned grade) for roughly Sausalito-Valley Fo Included as the rail alternative that undercut the Sonoma coast doghole trade (Duncan's Landing chutes abandoned by 1889 — Davidson 1889 via MPDF).",
   "path": [
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     37.8565,
     -122.478
    ],
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     37.8623,
     -122.49427
    ],
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     37.86702,
     -122.50085
    ],
    [
     37.87211,
     -122.50473
    ],
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     37.88703,
     -122.52426
    ],
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     37.90215,
     -122.52704
    ],
    [
     37.91366,
     -122.52372
    ],
    [
     37.92988,
     -122.53202
    ],
    [
     37.93827,
     -122.53478
    ],
    [
     37.94311,
     -122.53997
    ],
    [
     37.94881,
     -122.54949
    ],
    [
     37.9587,
     -122.55293
    ],
    [
     37.96511,
     -122.55929
    ],
    [
     37.97619,
     -122.56239
    ],
    [
     37.97795,
     -122.56911
    ],
    [
     37.98574,
     -122.58263
    ],
    [
     37.9874,
     -122.59047
    ],
    [
     37.99449,
     -122.59493
    ],
    [
     38.00117,
     -122.6017
    ],
    [
     38.00402,
     -122.61205
    ],
    [
     38.00603,
     -122.63235
    ],
    [
     38.0129,
     -122.64585
    ],
    [
     38.0135,
     -122.6678
    ],
    [
     38.00989,
     -122.70198
    ],
    [
     38.00563,
     -122.70651
    ],
    [
     38.00544,
     -122.7104
    ],
    [
     38.01076,
     -122.71162
    ],
    [
     38.01423,
     -122.7153
    ],
    [
     38.0198,
     -122.72697
    ],
    [
     38.01787,
     -122.73298
    ],
    [
     38.02447,
     -122.7371
    ],
    [
     38.02877,
     -122.7374
    ],
    [
     38.02861,
     -122.74436
    ],
    [
     38.03286,
     -122.74275
    ],
    [
     38.03668,
     -122.74675
    ],
    [
     38.0425,
     -122.74622
    ],
    [
     38.04974,
     -122.76006
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    [
     38.05593,
     -122.76082
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     38.05884,
     -122.77206
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     38.06672,
     -122.77441
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     38.07358,
     -122.77157
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    [
     38.08019,
     -122.78217
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    [
     38.07297,
     -122.78463
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    [
     38.07545,
     -122.793
    ],
    [
     38.07439,
     -122.79804
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    [
     38.06856,
     -122.80013
    ],
    [
     38.06714,
     -122.80321
    ],
    [
     38.07088,
     -122.80971
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    [
     38.07133,
     -122.81443
    ],
    [
     38.07847,
     -122.81587
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    [
     38.08067,
     -122.82612
    ],
    [
     38.09142,
     -122.82528
    ],
    [
     38.10125,
     -122.83695
    ],
    [
     38.10757,
     -122.84213
    ],
    [
     38.10827,
     -122.84514
    ],
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     38.11591,
     -122.85305
    ],
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     38.12118,
     -122.86301
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     38.12756,
     -122.86285
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     38.13344,
     -122.87084
    ],
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     38.14007,
     -122.87185
    ],
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     38.14394,
     -122.88109
    ],
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     38.14863,
     -122.88358
    ],
    [
     38.15403,
     -122.89093
    ],
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     38.15916,
     -122.89442
    ],
    [
     38.16236,
     -122.89384
    ],
    [
     38.16376,
     -122.89836
    ],
    [
     38.17455,
     -122.90379
    ],
    [
     38.1799,
     -122.90896
    ],
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     38.18816,
     -122.91281
    ],
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     38.19044,
     -122.91727
    ],
    [
     38.19925,
     -122.92046
    ],
    [
     38.20598,
     -122.92563
    ],
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     38.21531,
     -122.92524
    ],
    [
     38.22231,
     -122.92184
    ],
    [
     38.22517,
     -122.91775
    ],
    [
     38.23288,
     -122.91583
    ],
    [
     38.23499,
     -122.91068
    ],
    [
     38.23925,
     -122.90815
    ],
    [
     38.24775,
     -122.91438
    ],
    [
     38.24803,
     -122.90735
    ],
    [
     38.25476,
     -122.90476
    ],
    [
     38.26148,
     -122.89916
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    [
     38.26853,
     -122.90506
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     38.27357,
     -122.90612
    ],
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     38.27943,
     -122.89788
    ],
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     38.29072,
     -122.89885
    ],
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     38.29747,
     -122.89555
    ],
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     38.30297,
     -122.89858
    ],
    [
     38.30626,
     -122.91048
    ],
    [
     38.31261,
     -122.91205
    ],
    [
     38.31361,
     -122.91964
    ],
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     38.3187,
     -122.9236
    ],
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     38.3421,
     -122.9385
    ],
    [
     38.3556,
     -122.9445
    ],
    [
     38.3688,
     -122.9469
    ],
    [
     38.3901,
     -122.9438
    ],
    [
     38.4076,
     -122.9481
    ],
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     38.41743,
     -122.95089
    ],
    [
     38.42336,
     -122.95464
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    [
     38.42542,
     -122.96008
    ],
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     38.42973,
     -122.96192
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     38.43367,
     -122.97195
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     38.43997,
     -122.97669
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     38.44281,
     -122.976
    ],
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     38.44577,
     -122.98153
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    [
     38.44305,
     -122.98363
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     38.44273,
     -122.99335
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     38.44856,
     -123.00076
    ],
    [
     38.45369,
     -123.00068
    ],
    [
     38.45792,
     -123.01023
    ],
    [
     38.46508,
     -123.00926
    ],
    [
     38.47711,
     -123.02396
    ],
    [
     38.47109,
     -123.02766
    ],
    [
     38.46888,
     -123.03332
    ],
    [
     38.46236,
     -123.04143
    ],
    [
     38.46563,
     -123.04877
    ],
    [
     38.46123,
     -123.05397
    ],
    [
     38.4559,
     -123.04973
    ],
    [
     38.45153,
     -123.05078
    ],
    [
     38.4535,
     -123.0536
    ]
   ]
  }
 ],
 "unlocated": [
  {
   "id": "monroe-landing",
   "name": "Monroe Landing (Hale's Grove Landing, Usal Landing (alias only))",
   "type": "port",
   "port_class": "doghole with pier",
   "canon_no": 4,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1905",
    "display": "c.1905–1911",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1905,
    "last": 1911
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Hale's Grove Landing",
    "Usal Landing (alias only)"
   ],
   "summary": "Location unknown — south of Usal, possibly within Sinkyone Wilderness SP. the Ukiah Republican Press reported the Monroe Lumber Co. putting up a new pier at the Devilbliss Ranch in 1904; newspaper cargoes of shingles, lumber, and laths 1905-1911. The alias 'Usal Landing' does NOT mean Usal wharf proper.",
   "cargo": [
    "posts & split stuff",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [
    "Monroe Lumber Co."
   ],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Jackson 1977; Carpenter & Millberry 1914:548-549; Ukiah Republican Press July 29, 1904, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "reason": "Exact location unknown or undetermined (MPDF); shown here, not pinned on the map."
  },
  {
   "id": "devilbliss-landing",
   "name": "Devilbliss Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 5,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1895",
    "display": "c.1895–1896",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1895,
    "last": 1896
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "summary": "Location unknown. In Jackson's doghole list with a wire chute; appears in SF shipping intelligence 1895-96 only. Named for George Devilbliss of Cottoneva Creek, lumberman and Westport storekeeper to 1895.",
   "cargo": [
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Jackson 1977:18; Carpenter & Millberry 1914, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "reason": "Exact location unknown or undetermined (MPDF); shown here, not pinned on the map."
  },
  {
   "id": "unnamed-landing-near-uncle-abes",
   "name": "Unnamed Landing (near Uncle Abe's)",
   "type": "port",
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 29,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1889",
    "display": "c.?–1889",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": null,
    "last": 1889
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "summary": "An abandoned trough chute one-third of a mile northwest of Uncle Abe's Landing, already torn down when Davidson recorded it in 1889. Nothing else is known, including its exact location.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Davidson 1889:275, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "reason": "Exact location unknown or undetermined (MPDF); shown here, not pinned on the map."
  },
  {
   "id": "uncle-abes-landing",
   "name": "Uncle Abe's Landing",
   "type": "port",
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 30,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1876",
    "display": "c.1876–1889",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1876,
    "last": 1889
   },
   "aliases": [],
   "summary": "Single trough chute under a mile northwest of Elk Creek; two rock fasteners and two mooring anchors. Seven vessels loaded in 1882, one in 1883. Shipped lumber, shingles, posts, ties, firewood, and tanbark. Not on historic charts; exact location unknown.",
   "cargo": [
    "tanbark",
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood",
    "redwood lumber"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Davidson 1889:275, via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "reason": "Exact location unknown or undetermined (MPDF); shown here, not pinned on the map."
  },
  {
   "id": "busters-landing",
   "name": "Buster's Landing (France's Landing)",
   "type": "port",
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 34,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1871",
    "display": "c.1871–1874",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1871,
    "last": 1874
   },
   "aliases": [
    "France's Landing"
   ],
   "summary": "Location undetermined. Jackson places it a mile north of Scott's; the 1889 chart 661 shows one unnamed trough chute about two miles south of Arena Cove. SF newspapers record schooners loading railroad ties, posts, and cordwood 1871-74.",
   "cargo": [
    "railroad ties",
    "posts & split stuff",
    "cordwood & firewood"
   ],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Jackson 1977:18; USC&GS chart 661 (1889), via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "reason": "Exact location unknown or undetermined (MPDF); shown here, not pinned on the map."
  },
  {
   "id": "scotts-landing",
   "name": "Scott's Landing (Slide Rock, Scoutt's Landing)",
   "type": "port",
   "port_class": "chute-only doghole",
   "canon_no": 35,
   "date": {
    "iso": "1870",
    "display": "c.1870–1890",
    "confidence": "circa"
   },
   "active": {
    "first": 1870,
    "last": 1890
   },
   "aliases": [
    "Slide Rock",
    "Scoutt's Landing"
   ],
   "summary": "Location undetermined. A 20-year franchise of 100 ft of shore was granted to Lew Gerlock in 1870. Jackson places it north of Saunders'; shares the same unnamed-chute chart evidence as Buster's — possibly the same site.",
   "cargo": [],
   "company": [],
   "facts": [],
   "sources": [
    {
     "citation": "Jackson 1977:18; Munro-Fraser 1880a; USC&GS chart 661 (1889), via the MPDF",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null
    },
    {
     "citation": "Marx & Jaffke, Northern California Doghole Ports Maritime Cultural Landscape, NRHP MPDF draft (CA DPR, 2021)",
     "ca_record": null,
     "ia_leaf_url": null,
     "url": "https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/CA_Sonoma%20and%20Mendocino%20Counties_%20Nor%20Cal%20Doghole%20Ports_MPDF_Draft.pdf"
    }
   ],
   "notes": "",
   "reason": "Exact location unknown or undetermined (MPDF); shown here, not pinned on the map."
  }
 ],
 "symbol_min_zoom": 8,
 "symbol_key_title": "What the symbols mean",
 "symbol_key": [
  {
   "symbol": "chute",
   "label": "Doghole with a trough or apron chute"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "wirechute",
   "label": "Doghole with a wire chute"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "pier",
   "label": "Doghole with a pier"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "riverbar",
   "label": "River-bar harbour"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "anchor",
   "label": "Deepwater or major wharf port"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "shipyard",
   "label": "Shipyard"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "mill",
   "label": "Mill that shipped through another port"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "lighthouse",
   "label": "Lighthouse of the trade"
  },
  {
   "symbol": "ruin",
   "label": "Built but never used"
  }
 ]
}